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NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE.

Vol. XXIV., 1917.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zooloo^

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRINd MUSEUM.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D., Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXIV., 1917.

(WITH TWELVE PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Tring.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1917-1918.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIV. (1917).

AVES.

PiOES

1. Western Black-eared Wheatear obtained on Tuskar Rock (Plate I.).

C. J. Patten 1—16

2. On some Rallidae. Ernst Haetert ...... 265 — 274

3. Notes on Game-Birds. Ernst Haetert 275 — 292

4. Further Notes on Anthreptes malaccensis. Ernst Harteet . . 32.3

5. Notes and Descriptions of South American Birds. Ernst Haetert

and Arthur Goodson ........ 410 — 419

6. On the Forms of Coturnix coliirnix. Ernst Haetert . . . 420 — 425

7. Scolopax ruxticola mini (Plate II.). Ernst Hartert . . . 437

8. On the Crested Larks of the Nib Valley. Ernst Hartert . . 439 — 441

9. Notes on Pheasants. Ernst Hartert ...... 442 — 452

10. A Few Notes on the Birds of Yemen. Eenst Haetert . . . 454 — 462

11. The subspecies of Cyanopica cyanns. Ernst Haetert . . . 493

12. Further Notes on South American Birds. Ernst Hartert and

Arthur Goodson ......... 494 — 501

HYJIENOPTER.X.

1. Chalcididae of the Seychelles Islands. (Llustrated.) L. AIasi . . 121—230

2. Eine neue Trichogrammide von den Seychellen Inseln. (Illustrated.)

J. J. KlEFFEE 2.30

LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Classification of Pyralidae. SiE George Hampson .... 17 — 58

2. Two New American Moths. Kael .Jordan ..... 50. 60

3. Supplemental Notes to Jlr. Charles Oberthiiv's f'anne des fjpidopleren

de la Barharie. Lord Rothschild. Part I. . . . . 61 — 120

Part II 325—373

Part III 393—409

(Plates IX, X.)

4. Some apparently new Notodontidae. (Plates III. — VIII.). Lord

Rothschild 231 — 264

5. On new and insufficiently known Indo-Australian Oeometridae. Louis

B. Peout 29.3—317

( vi)

6. Notes on Captures of Algerian and Tunisian Lepidoptera. Victor

Fauoult 3)8—322

7. New American Geometridae. Loris B. Prout ..... 374 — 392

8. Description of the Female of Troides allotsi. H. M. Peebles and W.

SCHMASSMANN ......... 426, 427

9. New African Geometridae. Louis B. Prout 428 — 436

10. Description of a new Arctiid. H. C. Nissen ..... 438

11. Notes on Metanastria digramma, with Description.s of two new Sub-

species. Lord Rothschild ....... 453

12. On the genera Melanothrix, Drepanojana, Melanergon, Paracydas,

Cotana, Hypercydas, Epicydas, and Nervicompressa, of the family Euptcrotidac, with descriptions of new Forms. (Plates XL, XII.)

Lord Rothschild 463 — 474

13. Some new Moths of the Families Arctiidae and Eupterotidae. Lord

Rothschild 475 — 492

INDEX 503-528

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXIV.

I. Photographs of Oenanthe hispanica hispanica from Tuskar Rock, Ireland. By Prof. Patten. II. Scolopax rvsticola rusticola L. and Scolopax rusticola mira Hart. By Major Henry Jones. III. — VIII. Photographic plates of Notodonlidae. ]X. Hybrid Saturniae. See p. 372.

X. Zi/gaena tMryi with larvae, and Z. lavandulae. See p. 342. XI., XII. Coloured plates of Eupterotidae. By H. Gronvold.

fy^- I f^7'"-^'- ^^^' A,4.<a ^t<->- T-v-a-^-v-'fe ot ct^" J^'^^f-^- JO,

The Parts of this Volume were issued as follows :

Part I. (pages 1—323, Plate I.) : May 16th, 1917.

Part II. (pages 325—438, Plates II. to VIII.) : August 31st, 1917.

Part III. (pages 439—501, Plates IX., X.) : December 31st, 1917.

Part IV. (Index, Title-page, Contents, Errata and Plates XI., XII.) : March 1918.

ERRATA.

Page 496, line l'5 : Page 355, line 23 : Page 269, line 38 : Page 355, line 33 : Page 455, line 37 Page 77, line 23: Page 407, line 36 :

' atrinncha " should read " atrinucha." ' auceps " should read " anceps."

■ carchinnans " should read '" cachinnans." ' Schwerz " should read " Schweiz."

' philarhyncha" should read " ptilorhyncha.

■ naiina " should read '' nouna."

' mamorata " should read " marmorata."

i3Za

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, E.R.S., Ph.D., Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and De. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXIV.

% _ »»♦••:'.' >^ *■'!

No. 1. Pages 1—323. Plate I.

Issued May 16th, at the Zoological Museum, Tring.

PRINTED nV HAZELL, WATSON U VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1917.

Vol. XXIV.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

C. J. Patten .	1—16
Sir George Hampson	17—58
Karl Jordan .	59,60
Lord Rothschild	. 61—120

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. WESTERN BLACK-EARED ^VHEATEAR, OBTAINED ON TUSKAR ROCK (PI. I) .

:2. CLASSIFICATION OF PYRALIDAE

3. TWO NEW AMERICAN MOTHS .

4. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES TO MR.

OBERTHUR'S FAUNE DES LEPI- DOPTERES DE LA BARBARIE

5. CHALCWIDAE OF THE SEYCHELLES

ISLANDS L. Masi .... 121—230

6. SOME APPARENTLY NEW XOTODONTI-

DAE Lord Rothschild . 231—264

7. ON SOME RALLIDAE .... Ernst Hartert . . . 265—274

8. NOTES ON GAME-BIRDS . . . Ernst Hariert . . . 275—292

9. ON NEW AND INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN

INDO-AUSTRALIAN GEOMETRIDAE . Lottis B. Prout . 293—317

10. NOTES ON CAPTURES OF ALGERIAN

AND TUNISIAN LEPIDOPTERA . . Victor Farouh . . . 318—322

11. FURTHER NOTES ON ANTHREPTES

MALACCENSIS .... Ernst Hartert ... 323

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXIV. MAY 1917. No. I.

WESTERN BLACK-EAEED WHEATEAR {OENANTHE HIS- PANICA HISPANICA), ON MIGRATION OBTAINED ON TUSKAR ROCK: A BIRD NEW TO IRELAND.

With Remaeks on the Status of this Species in the British Isles.

By professor C. J. PATTEN, M.A., M.D., Sc.D.

(Plate I.)

IN the June number of The Irish Naturalist, 1916, p. 100, I published a pre- liminary note to the efEect that I had received and identified a Black-eared Wheatear (Oenanthe hispanica) * from Tuskar Light-station, Co. Wexford. The bird was collected alive in a disabled condition on the rock, at 7.15 p.m. on Tuesday, May 16th, 1916, by Mr. John Glanville, principal keeper, and to him I am deeply indebted for his kindness in sending me this interesting species — the first of its kind from Ireland. The earliest intimation which I received of its capture came in a letter kindly written by Mrs. Glanville, from Rosslare Harbour, dated May 17th, in which she informed me that her husband telephoned from the rock that morning the enclosed description of a bird which he caught alive the previous evening : " Wheatear with black throat ; back of head, neck, and shoulders, golden-bufE ; lower back, white ; central taU-feathers, black, rest white almost to tip, outer tail-feathers, graduating."

Knowing that I could not receive the bird until next relief boat-day — a week hence — ^I wrote to Mrs. Glanville by return and asked her would she kindly telephone the following message to the rock to Mr. Glanville : " Dehghted to hear about the strange Wheatear. Though the description you sent is brief and general, nevertheless you have furnished enough information to enable me

* I published a similar note in The Daily Express (Dublin), June 8th, in The Irish Times, Jirne 9th, and in Nature, June 15th, pp. 321-22, 1916. Time did not permit me to compare the specimen before sending these notes, and though strongly suspecting the bird to belong to the Western race, it seemed advisable not to state so definitely until a comparison was made. For this reason in the note in Nature and in The Irish Naturalist (where the scientific names are inserted) only the binomial expression Oenanthe hispanica appears : this being equivalent to Black-eared Wheatear generally, the race undetermined. But knowing now that this specimen from Tuskar belongs to the Western race, I give it its full trinomial designation, Oenanthe hispanica hispanica, to distinguish it from Oe. hispanica xanthomelaena, the Eastern form. The number of specimens for comparison which I had at my disposal was too small to afford full and satisfactory information ; therefore, to be more certain, I sent the specimen to Mr. Eagle Clarke, to whom my best thanks are due for his kindness in comparing it with the collection of Black-eared Wheatears in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. The result of Mr. Eagle Clarke's investigation was to confirm my diagnosis of the racial form of the bird from Tuskar. 1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917.

to say without hesitation that the bird is the Black-throated form of the Black- eared Wheatear, but I cannot say whether it belongs to the Western or Eastern race until I have seen and compared the specimen. The Desert-Wheatear has also a black throat, but the entire tail is black almost to the base, in that way quite different from the description you have given. Therefore I have excluded the possibility of your bird being a Desert-Wheatear. I am glad you furnished me with a description of the tail, it has been a good guide, especially as you omitted to mention the colour of the axUlaries and under wing-coverts, which in the Bl^ck-eared Wheatear are conspicuous for their uniform black colour. These feathers alone serve to distinguish this species from the Desert-Wheatear, in which the axillaries are mottled black and white. You will be interested to learn that this is the first time that a Black-eared Wheatear has been recorded from Ireland. When it arrives I shall wire you the name, feeling confident in the meantime that the provisional diagnosis made in absentia will prove correct."

On Thursday, May 25th, the bird arrived in a tin box, well packed in cotton- wool. Immediately before being sent by post it was removed from the spirit in which it had been immersed since the day it was procured ; nevertheless its feathers were still quite moist when I received it. With the application of gentle heat it dried out beautifully in less than an hour, and it was gratifying to find that the plumage was good, and the epidermis well fixed. As anticipated, the bird proved to be a Black-eared Wheatear, and I immediately wired Mr. GlanviUe to that effect. Accompanying the specimen was a letter in which, in addition to the more usual technical data, such as the date, locality, hour of capture, meteorological conditions, etc., the following interesting information was given :

" When I landed at 9.30 a.m. I observed a number of birds on the rock : Whitethroats, Willow- warblers. Sedge-warblers, Swallows, and three Wheat- ears. At once I noticed the strange bird (one of the Wheatears) by its light plumage and by the lower part of its face and throat being black. I kept a sharp look-out all the day when the Wheatears remained. At 6.30 p.m. I caught a Whitethroat asleep with its head under its wing ; this gave me some hope of getting the rare bird. I also met a large brown Wheatear asleep and missed it by a few inches ; this bird also appeared strange to me. I next met the rare bird asleep with its head under its wing, and using the greatest caution I got it before it awoke. The third appeared to be a male Common Wheatear. J. McGinley states that there were dozens of Wheatears and Warblers in the rays of the lantern at 2 a.m. that day, the weather at the time being cloudy with rain, and the wind, coming from the S.S.W., was blowing with the force of a gentle breeze (F 3. Beaufort scale). There is only one species of Wheatear (the Common) described in Morris's British Birds. This is the only Ulustrated book I have, and so I am at a loss to find out the bird's name. I hope it is the first Irish record. The wind had been blowing from the W., S.W., W.N.W., and N.W., for six days previous to its capture, with much rain and fog."

On receiving the bird my first care was to take several photographs of it in the flesh, and then, having noted the plumage, ascertained the weight and measurements, I took off the skin and dissected the body without delay. The spirit, in which the bird was plunged immediately after death, fixed the epi- dermis splendidly, not a feather was lost, and the body generally was in an excellent state of preservation. I made a first-class skin, which, with other

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917. 3

avian rarities collected by me, -will be mounted and in due course be presented to the National Museum, Dublin.

On examining the body I found strong objective evidence that the bird had struck its head against the lantern, or at all events against some object. For the vault of the skull was deeply indented in the region of the right frontal bone.* This wound was surrounded by a considerable degree of haemorrhage. The lesion I consider was quite suflScient to detain the bird on the rock and to cripple its muscular activities sufficiently to prevent it obtaining food, which consists largely of insects captured on the wing. An examination of the gizzard proved my point to be correct. For, unlike the majority of birds which I have collected after they had been perambulating all day on the rock and on dis- section have found their gizzards to contain a considerable amount of insect food, the gizzard of this Black-eared Wheatear was absolutely empty. This demonstrated conclusively that the bird was too seriously hurt to hunt for food.t

In connection with this fact it occurred to me that it might be well to wTite to Mr. Glanville and ascertain from him some information regarding the demeanour of the bird during the nine and three-quarter hours of daylight (9.30 a.m. to 7.15 p.m.) during which he kept it under observation. In reply he wrote : " I think you must be right about the Black-eared Wheatear having damaged itself by striking, as several times during the day the bird was gathered up with its head under its wing, and its feathers puffed out." Here is strong evidence to show that the bird was not only disabled, but was in a sinking condition^indeed, to find it in broad daylight with its head under its wing indicated that it was seized with more than ordinary sleep from fatigue ; in short, the bird was dying f : hence despatch shortened its miseries and was an act of mercy. In the interests of Irish ornithology it was fortunate that this Wheatear — new to Ireland — fell into Mr. Glanville's hands, as disabled birds are often washed away at high tide, especially when the wind rises and the sea roughens ; are frequently picked off by Merlin Falcons, less often by gulls ; or again they may creep out of sight to die in crevices where they may never be recovered, or at most their fragmentary remains may be all that can be obtained to establish their identity. As it is, a splendid complete specimen has been secured and photographed in the flesh, the body has been thoroughly examined, and a perfect skin has been preserved for the National Museum, Dublin. §

* See fig. 5, pi. I., and p. 9, for detailed description of the injury to the head.

t Flies were plentiful. But it is interesting to note that before flies appear, uninjured migrants (land-birds), which alight on the rock, will feed on minute marine crustaceans, vermes, and molluscs. I have proved this by dissecting the gizzards of several species.

* Many observers, and especially those who possess aviaries, no doubt have noticed how cus- tomary it is for a bird when in the last stages of exhaustion, either from disease, starvation, or injury, to puff out its feathers, and tuck its head imder its wing, and not until, with the last flicker of life, when the bird, becoming too weak to stand, rolls over, is the head withdrawn.

§ Wounded or not, it was quite right under the circumstances that this new Irish bird was collected by a proper person for scientific purposes. For the student of ornithology who has made a serious study of bird-migration, at rock stations, knows full well how manifold are the dangers which confront the migrant which perforce dares to alight and tarry en route on a marine rock, and how difficult are its chances of reaching its natural habitat. Nay more, should it reach this in safety, its foreign appearance in a land which it has more or less accidentally visited, would unduly attract many of its natural enemies — especially in this particular case where the plumage of the bird in question is markedly showy — to which if it fell a prey its presence i*i Ireland would have remained unknown^ The collection of a rare bird or other creature, whose status is as yet quite unknown.

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

Although the gizzard was absolutely devoid of foodstuffs, the condition of the body was decidedly good, the muscles firm, and there was a considerable amount of fat present, especially about the root of the neck and upper region of the thorax. The bird weighed four drams eighteen grains, being propor- tionately as heavy as were any well-nourished Common Wheatears which I have obtained on their regular migrations from Tuskar Light-station. Like the Aquatic Warbler recently procured on Tuskar Rock, this Wheatear cannot be placed in the category of a waif, and what I have said in regard to the move- ments and fate of the former holds good in the main for such in the latter,* namely that the bird had not been perambulating about on the rock in a half- starved condition for some days before death overtook it and rid it of its miseries. In other words, it was not a bird which, becoming separated from its companions, drifted about aimlessly, until fatigued or storm-bound f it sought refuge on a rock. On the contrary, the foregoing evidence, circumstantial and objective, is ample to show that the bird struck the lantern at night, was seen on the rock next morning and several times during the day, and was captured in the evening. The evidence of its having struck the lantern, or some object close by, resolves itseU into incontrovertible proof when the head was examined post-mortem.

Assuming this to have been the sequence of events, it is interesting to note that the bird travelled ^\'ith several other species which habitually reach Tuskar on migration, including its close relatives the Common and Greenland Wheat- ears. J Because in addition to the general statement made by Mr. McGinley, namely that there were dozens of Wheatears and Warblers in the rays at the lantern at 2 o'clock on the morning of May 16th, I have received direct proof that Sedge-warblers, WiUow-warblers, Spotted Flycatchers, and Common Wheatears struck at that time, for Mr. Glanville sent me specimens which I received in the same parcel which contained the Black-eared Wheatear. Now, in my paper

is not only justifiable but highly desirable, provided of course that full data of the record be supplied, that the specimen itself be properly dissected and in every way investigated, and the skin be care- fully preserved and in due course be presented to the Dublin Museum, so that it may take its proper place among the National Collection. It woiild be a different matter altogether were such a species to repeat its visits sufficiently often so as to arouse suspicion as to the possibility of its breeding. Obviously then one would refrain from repeatedly collecting. It so happens, however, that the vast majority of migrants collected alive at light-stations have proved to have been wounded or in an exhausted state. Herein then lies the duty of the collector who perchance comes across such unfortunate birds to put them out of pain. By such a procedure he performs a humane act, and at the same time is afforded the opportunity of benefiting ornithological science by duplicating the collections not only of common but of many rare and interesting species, which if found unwounded it might not be morally right to deprive of their hves. The sitpremely important study of variation can only be made when a sufficiently large number of a given species is collected, and we look to those who have the unique opportunities at light- stations to conserve dupUcates and multiples of rare species.

* Except that the Aquatic Warbler was killed outright by striking the lantern and was picked up dead on the rook a few hours later, i.e. at dawn, whereas the wounded Black-eared Wheatear lingered for some seventeen and a half hours after it struck before being collected and put out of pain {" Aquatic Warbler on Migration," Zoologist, March 1915, p. 82).

t As a matter of fact at the time that I have essayed this Black-eared Wheatear to have struck the lantern, the wind, blowing from the S.S.W., only registerad, according to Beaufort's scale, a gentle breeze, i.e. Force 3, and the condition of the weather was cloudy and rainy. The next day the wind maintained much the same force and direction, veering and backing between S. and W. In the evening when the bird was secured, the weather, though foggy (as it was all day), was quite calm, the southerly wind only registering a light breeze (F. 2, Beaufort).

t Just as the Aquatic Warbler obtained at Tuskar travelled with its close relative the Sedge- warbler (" Aquatic Warbler on Migration obtained on Tuskar Rock," Zoologist, March 1916, pp. 81-92).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXIV. 1917. 5

dealing with the Aquatic Warbler from Tuskar I have given cogent reasons to show that although only one bird — a Wheatear — was obtained on the night it struck, none the less this Aquatic Warbler travelled in company with several species, and more than likely with other Aquatic Warblers, and it is all the more reasonable to assume that this Black-eared W'heatear was accompanied by other members of its own kind.* It is perfectly clear that a great company of migrants of different kinds pursuing their regular routes had in their midst as they reached Tuskar a species of Wheatear as yet undiscovered in Ireland.

Why this bird came along with them is a question deserving close attention. We are told that there were " dozens of Whea tears " in the rays that night. and as already indicated there may have been some more Black-eared examples, It is quite conceivable that a small party of Black-eared Wheatears, detaching themselves for some more or less trivial reason from the main body, may have sighted and joined a company of Common Wheatears steering somewhat in the same direction. If, on the one hand, it may be said that such an idea is but theoretical, I would, on the other hand, remind the reader that in so far as the Common Wheatear is concerned, its migrations at light-stations are almost invariably characterised by marked gregariousness. This is readily under- stood ; for it is an extremely abundant species, has an extraordinarily wide distribution on its vernal migrations, i.e. its breeding-range is of vast extent, so that different companies, as they forge forwards, are apt to meet and join up, and in dark and foggy weather to be held up in large assemblies at the lantern ; and, thirdly, the Wheatear is on the whole amicably disposed to other species and to members of its own family. Hence a few Black-eared Wheatears would not feel strange in the company of their larger relatives ; nay more, being gregarious themselves on migration, and being cut off from the company of their own kind, they might well prefer the presence rather than the absence of the Common Wheatear e?i route. Indeed, being in the minority they might readily accept the escort of the majority and so proceed onwards, oblivious of the fact that they were out-stepping the normal boundaries of their breeding-range. How much farther the Tuskar Black-eared Wheatear might have journeyed, had it not injured itself, is of course a difficult problem to solve.

* I have already put forward cumulative evidence to show that rare as well as common birds are apt to visit light-stations on migration in the plural even more than in the singular number : witness occurrence of Tree-pipits at Tuskar in September 1913 (Irish Naturalist, November 1913, p. 220) and again in September 1915 (Irish Naturalist, June 1916, pp. 90-91), and ot Reed-warblers in September 1911 (ibid. March 1912, p. 50) ; vide also remarks in my articles on " Grasshopper- warblers on Migration " (ibid. August 1912, p. 139, also on " Aquatic Warbler on Migration at Tuskar Rock" (Zoologist, March 1915, pp. 81-92), and on "Remains of a Tree-pipit found on Tuskar Rock " (Irish Naturalist, June 1916, pp. 85-93). Indeed the term " rare " is often more applic- able to the periodic than to the numeric status ot many species. I have pointed out what an easy matter it is for migrants to escape detection of the Ughtkeepers, because on striking the lantern many may fall into the sea, or on an inaccessible part of the rock, or if the part be accessible it may be uncovered only at ebb-tide, so that birds would probably be carried away at high- water before being retrieved; lastly, many, whilst flying round the lantern, may escape detection, or at all events identification of species, through not striking the glass and thereby not allowing the Ughtkeeper the opportunity of bringing them to hand for close examination. (Vide my article on " Aquatic Warbler on Migration obtained on Tuskar Rock," Zoologist, March 1915, p. 83.)

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917.

DESCBIFTION OF THE SFECISIZ:!]'.

Flumage.

Markings. — Forehead and front of crown, silver-grey exhibiting a slight metallic lustre ; traced backwards over the rest of the crown this shade gradually merges through straw-colour to golden-buii which is continued over the nape, upper back, and inter-scapular region, and, becoming darker through an admixture with a greyish transverse band which crosses the mid-back, is succeeded by a broad patch of white on the lower back and rump ; right central tail-feather black almost to the base. This is a fresh feather evidently acquired during the spring moult. Its fellow on the left is browTi almost to the base, shorter, and shows evidence of wear, and was acquired during the previous autumn moult ; rest of tail-feathers white, margined mth brown form- ing a terminal band which is considerably broader at the edges. The feather immediately outside the right central feather is also new, is longer than the corresponding feather on the left side, and has a blackish margin interrupted by a white spot. The rest of the taQ-feathers are old, being acquired during the previous autumn moult. Lesser, median, and most of the greater wing-coverts black, some of these feathers showing traces of buff edgings (these feathers are new, being acquired during the spring moult) ; primary wing-coverts and the outer greater wing-coverts adjoining them, dull brown edged with dull buff (these feathers are old and were acquired during the previous autumn moult). The same holds good for the primaries, secondaries, and inner secondaries (tertiaries), which are dull mud-brown in colour, the huffish edgings being obscured through fading and reduced by abrasion. The scapulars show blackish bases, and are broadly margined with golden-buff which intermingles with that shade in the inter- scapular feathers. The golden-buff on the nape sweeps round the sides of the lower neck, and, becoming poorer in shade at the bottom of the throat, passes gradually into the dull impure buffish-white of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts. The under wing-coverts and axillaries are black ; but the minute feathers lining the edge of the under surface of the wing, in the line of the bastard primary, are black broadly edged with greyish- white, giving them a mot* led appearance. The lores, cheeks (including the ear-coverts), chin, and upper throat, are black ; some of the feathers being minutely flecked with greyish- white. A whitish semicircular collar circumscribes this black area below, and intervenes between it and the golden-buff of the sides of the neck and lower part of the throat.

Phase. — Accorduig to Saunders the wings (including not only the coverts but all the feathers of flight) of the adult inale Black-eared Wheatear in full nuptial 'plumage (Black-throated Wheatear of his time) are nearly black, and the forehead is white, whereas in the bird from Tuskar the flight-feathers are nut-brown in shade contrasting markedly with the black wing-coverts, and the forehead is silver-grey ; lastly, the tail of the bird, which Saunders describes, shows clearly in the illustration that it has a much narrower terminal band (than iii the Tuskar bird), which appears in fact incomplete.* Moreover, this band is described as black, not brown, as in the Tuskar bu'd. These points of difference in plumage

• It is significant, as Saunders remarks, that the black margin of the tail is subject to great diminutioa and partial disappearance with age (Mammal of Briiiah Birds, 1899, p. 24).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 7

are quite definite and apparently are to be interpreted in terms of difference in phase of plumage according to age. The description given by Saunders refers to the fully adult bud in its true nuptial plumage-pliase ; the description I have detailed of the Tuskar bird is referable to a bird in a younger jilu7nage-phase. It may represent the adolescent male plumage-phase, acquhed by partial moult in the early sprmg (about February or March), of the first year, and worn during the ensuing summer. Should the bird not breed at this age, then the phase of plumage it has assumed falls into line with that worn at a corre- sponding age by several species of wading-birds, e.g. Sanderling, which I have proved do not all breed in their first year, yet the plumage acquired is so like the nuptial plumage that I have designated it the nuptialoid or pre-nuptial plumage-phase.* If then the plumage-phase of the Black-eared Wheatear from Tuskar be adolescent, it is curious to find that the moult is not quite comparable to what takes place in the Common Wheatear when acquiring its adolescent plumage, which is worn at a corresponding age ; for in the case of the latter bird the rule is that none of the wing-coverts are rerietved. To this rule, however, after examining a large series of specimens, I have seen many exceptions — that is to say, cases in which some of the wing-coverts were renewed but not on so extensive a scale as has taken place in the Black-eared Wheatear in question.

Dr. C. B. Ticehurst in his interesting papers on the subject of plumage- changes points out that in the case of the Common Wheatear when acquiring its adolescent plumage, normally none of the wing-coverts are renewed, but " sometimes the innermost of the greater coverts and rarely also the innermost secondary are moulted." f Though in my experience other wing-coverts besides these are not uncommonly renewed, the occasional moult of some of the short wmg-feathers is not by any means of a stereotyped character ; albeit at best it is a desultory process, and the possibility of its being in part adventitious rather than being correlated strictly with the onset of maturity, must not be at once dismissed. It is held that in the assumption of the adolescent and subsequent adult nuptial plumages the rectrices of the Common Wheatear are not renewed. If this be the rule also in the case of the Black-eared Wheatear, then the renewal of two of these feathers in the Tuskar bird has been adventitious, that is to say they have replaced two which have been accidentally pulled out, or otherwise shed. In support of this view I may say that at light-stations I have frequently come across migrants of various species in which the tail was imperfect, and which, from the distribution of the moult, bore evidence that the renewal of the feathers was quite adventitious. In regard to the black flight- feathers assumed by the adult bu:ds in nuptial-plumage, it is interestmg to find that they are often in a very much better state of preservation than are the brown ones assumed by the birds in the adolescent plumage. This leads one

* Vide my papers on "Migratory Movements of Certain Shore-birds on Dublin Coast," read before the British Association, DubUn meeting, September 1908, and published in exlenso in the Naturalist, February lat, 1909, pp. 83, 84, 85 ; also on " The Pre-nuptial Plumage in Calidris are- naria," read before the British Association, Winnipeg meeting, August 1909, pubhshed in the Report ; and on " Semination in Calidris armaria" read before the British Association, Sheffield meeting, August 1910, pubhshed in the Report; and on "The Vernal Plumage-changes in the Adolescent Blackbird and their correlation with Sexual Maturity," read before the British Associa- tion, Portsmouth meeting, August 1911, and published in the Report.

■f " Sequence of Plumages in British Birds," British Birds, vol. iii. 1909-10, p. 392.

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

to raise the question, Do the adult birds renew their flight-feathers in some cases in the vernal moult ? The fact that these feathers may be abraided of the buff edgings in varying degrees does not necessarily negative the idea, as such a process of abrasion may proceed later on in the spring.

Before leaving this part of the subject I may state that from a minute anatomical examination of the reproductive organs I would say that the Tuskar bird had reached the sexually active stage of its life, but it does not necessarily follow that there must be a strict correlation between the first arrival at puberty and the assumption of the full nuptial garb. Many external sexual characters do not appear tUl some time after semination has first manifested itself ; for example, the growth of the hair on the face of man, especially the beard, does not as a rule show to any extent until a considerable period after puberty, and many other examples might be cited. To sum up, then, I would say that the Black-eared Wheatear from Tuskar was in adolescent or pre-nuptial plumage, had just reached the age in which it was capable of breeding, but whether it would have done so this season had it survived and had it met a mate, remains an open question. Lastly, in submitting the bird to Mr. Eagle Clarke for com- parison with specimens in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, I find that his testimony regaiding the probable age agrees substantially with that of mine, for he informs me that he is of the opinion " that though mature it is not an old bird." *

Condition. — The condition of the plumage on the whole is good ; the full complement of feathers is j)resent, and none of the long feathers of the wings or tail are bent or broken. The only feathers which had not been renewed by the spring moult are the flight-feathers, with the primary-coverts and a few of the outer greater wing-coverts already indicated, and ten of the twelve taU- feathers. Of these, the taU-feathers are in quite a good condition and the dark band is but little faded ; the wing-coverts are also in good condition, but these and the flight-feathers have faded to some extent. The tips of the latter, especially the middle series of primaries, are roughened by abrasion, and are the only group of feathers which detract slightly from the beauty of the birds' dress. The rest of the plumage, recently acquked, is clean and bright and the individual feathers are in perfect condition.

Peet.

In colour the feet are black, but the tarso-metatarsus (the part commonly called the leg) as distinct from the phalanges or toes, is shorter than in the foot of the Common Wheatear by about 6 mm. {vide measurements). This part of the foot is almost as strongly buUt as in the Common Wheatear, but the toes are more slender, and the naOs smaller and shorter. The outer and inner toes are practically of the same length in the two species, and the difference in the ratio of length of toe to nail is almost negligible, the nail of these toes being but a mere shade longer and sharper in the Common Wheatear ; but in the mid and hind-toes the naUs of the latter are defuiitely longer, the difference being more marked in the hind-toe ; yet these toes, minus their nails, are almost the same length in the two species (vide measurements).

* VV. Eagle Clarke in lilt.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917.

Beak.

Like the feet, the beak is black, and in contour and measurements is practically identical with that of the Common Wheatear.

Bodily Condition.

In the openmg pages of this paper I referred, in passing, to the decidedly good condition of the body, the good tone of the muscles, and the presence of fatty tissue in considerable amount, especially about the root of the neck and upper part of the thorax. Here I may add that I examined all the viscera and found them perfectly healthy except part of the brain, which was congested and haemorrhagic as the result of the indented part of the skull pressing unduly on its surface. The details regarding the injury to the skull showed that the vault was deeply indented in the region of the right frontal bone, 3 mm. behind the right orbital rim and 15 mm. lateral to the sagittal suture. The indentation measured in its longest diameters 4' 5 mm. and was 2 mm. deep, and in outline was triangular. It was surrounded by a considerable degree of subcranial haemorrhage (see fig. 5, pi. I.). The gizzard was absolutely empty; the signifi- cance of this condition I have dealt with fully on p. 3.

The testes showed out very prominently ; both were equally developed, moderately distended, and reddish in colour. They were about the size of small garden-peas, the left approaching a globular outline, whOe the right was oval in shape and situated at a higher level than its fellow. Microscopical examination showed that spermatogenesis had commenced, but that semination had not reached full activity.

measurements.

Total length of specimen from tip of beak to tip of tail, 15 cm. ; length of right wing, measured from fold of carpal joint to tip of thii-d and longest primary, 8'4 cm. ; left wing, 8'3 cm. ; bastard primary, 2'1 cm. ; length from tip of wings (folded) to tip of tail, 2 cm. ; length of tail, 6 cm. ; length of foot * less toes, 2'25 cm. ; toes : hind, 1 cm. (naU 4 mm., rest of toe 6 mm.) ; inner, 1 cm. ; middle, 1'4 cm. (naU 3 mm., rest of toe 1"1 cm.) ; outer, 9 cm. ; length of beak (culmen), r2 cm. ; same as that of the Common Wheatear. Left testis, 5 mm. in length, 4 mm. in breadth ; right testis, 6 mm. in length, 4 mm. in breadth.

Weight.

After the feathers had been thoroughly dried, the bird weighed 4 drams 18 grains. This Wheatear, while reaching in total length that of the Common species, is not so bulky, and so its weight, which is about 1 dram less, is not disproportion- ately reduced. The ratio of its weight to that of an average well-nourished Common Wheatear is about correct ; but I may point out that frequently Common Wheatears arrive at light-stations in an extraordinarily obese con-

• In the Common Wheatear the foot, leas the toes, measures on average 2'85 cm. ; the hind toe rS cm., of which the nail measures 6 mm., the rest of the toe 7 mm. ; the inner toe 1 cm. ; the mid-toe 1*5 cm., of which the nail measures 4 mm,, the rest of toe I'l cm. ; outer toe, 9 cm.

2q Novitates Zoologicae XXIV. 1917.

dition, turning the scales at Oi or even VJ drams ! Compared with such birds the Black-eared Wheatear from'Tuskar would be somewhat proportionately under-weight ; however, I have little doubt that extra-fat Black-eared Wheatears of heavier weight occur among the numbers which, without undue prolonga- tion or disturbance en route, affect regular migrations.

TOTAL OCCURRENCES OF THE WESTERIT BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR IN THE BRITISH ISLES.

The Black-eared Wheatear, which forms the theme of this paper, is the first specimen which has been obtained in Ireland, and I am not aware that it has ever been observed ui the country previously, but considering that the bird has penetrated farther north and west, it is quite likely that it has reached the Irish coast on previous occasions, but has passed unnoticed ; now, however, with the production of a specimen, the record of its occurrence has been rendered authentic, and the bird accordingly takes its place on the Irish List. The records in Great Britain have been actually more frequent of latter years — I shall point out the reason for this further on when dealing with the status of the bird — here, however, it is convenient to state that as the Black-eared ^Vheatear was formerly looked upon as a distinct species from the Black-throated Wheatear, its rarity appeared still more marked. Now, however, it is recognised that there is only one species, some members of which exhibit black throats, others a whitish shade * (Hartert). Adopting the modern name of Western Black-eared Wheatear, and including birds in both phases of plumage, we find that the total occur- rences up to the present time in Great Britam are as follows : One, an adult male with a black throat, obtained near Bury, Lancashire, on May 8th, 1875; one, also an adult male with a black throat, seen, but not obtained, by Mr. H. B. Hewetson, near Spurn, Yorkshire, on September 18th, 1892. The above instances are taken from Saunders's Manual of British Birds, second edition, 1899, p. 23.t The following occurrences have been recorded subsequent to the publication of Saunders's Manual : One, a male, obtained near Polegate, Sussex, on May 28th, 1902 ; one, an adult male, obtained near Hoo, Sussex, on May 22nd, 1905 { ; one, an adult male with a black throat, obtained near Lydd, Kent, on Maj' 23rd, 1906.§ The above three instances have been gleaned from a paper in British Birds, vol. i. pp. 6, 7, by Saunders, entitled, " Additions to the List of British Birds since 1899." Still later notices of the occurrences of this Wheatear in Great

• Vide "Notes on Various Species of British Birds " (from Part VI. Vogel d. pal. Fauna), by Dr. Ernst Hartert; British Birds, vol. xv. 1910-11. pp. 131-2.

t Described by Saunders as Black-throated Wheatears {Saxicola stapazina), the light- throated form, the true Black-eared Wheatear of that period (iS. aurita), then unknown to have visited the British Isles.

I These two birds, showing whitish throats, were regarded as examples of the true Western Black-eared Wheatear {S. caterinae), and were recorded as the first and second of their kind obtained in the British Isles. In reaUty they represent the third and fourth recorded occurrences, and the second and third specimens actually brought to hand.

§ Described as a Black-throated Wheatear (S. occidentalix), and recorded as the second of its kind obtained in the British Isles. In reality it was the fourth Western Black-eared Wheatear obtained and the fifth recorded. N.B. — The specific name occidentalis was adopted because the name atapazina was transferred to represent the specific name of the Eastern Black-eared Wheatear.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 11

Britain are as follows : One, a male, obtained at Winchelsea, Sussex, on May 2nd, 1907 (J. B. Nichols, British Birds, vol. i. 1907-8, p. 185) * ; one, a male with a black throat, obtamed at Fair Isle, Scotland, on September 25th, 1907 (W. Eagle Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, vol. ii. p. 145 ; Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1907, p. 246, and ibid. 1908, pp. 72-85; and Witherby, British Birds, vol. i. p. 382) f ; one, a female in winter dress, obtained at St. Kilda, on Septem- ber 21st, 1911 (W. Eagle Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, vol. ii. p. 217) f ; two males, each with a black throat, obtamed near Winchelsea, Sussex, respectively on May 16th and 19th, 1912 (J. B. Nichols, British Birds, vol. vi. 1912-13, p. 184) § ; one, a male, the colour of throat not mentioned, obtamed at HoUington, Sussex, on May 5th, 1915 (H. W. Ford-Lmdsay, British Birds, vol. ix. 1915-16, p. 121) II ; one, a male with " no frontal band of black," obtained at St. Leonards, Sussex, on October 30th, 1915 (H. Ford-Lindsay, ibid. p. 249)11; one, an adolescent male with a black throat, obtained on Tuskar Rock, co. Wexford, on May 16th, 1916 (C. J. Patten, Dublin Daily Express, June 8th, 1916; Irish Times, June 9th, 1916 ; Nature, June 15th, 1916, pp. 321, 322 ; Irish Naturalist, June 1916, p. 100) ** ; this, the most recent occurrence, completes the number of British- taken specimens up to date.

* Described as the Western Black-eared Wheatear {S. caterinae), and recorded as the third obtained in the British Isles ; in reality it was the fifth obtained and sixth recorded.

t Described as the Black-throated Wheatear {S. occidenkilis) and recorded as the third British and first Scottish example procured. In reality it was the sixth Western Black-eared Wheatear obtained in Great Britain and the seventh recorded, and the first from Scotland. A ready and concisely drawn-up reference to the above seven records is to be found in Dr. Hartert's Hand-list of British Birds, 1912, p. 81. AU these birds have been included under the one name of the Western Black-eared Wheatear {Oenanthe h. hispanica) ; tlie question of there being only one species, dimorphic in the plumage of the throat, having been answered in the affirmative, the name Black-throated was abandoned. The alteration in the nomenclature is the outcome of Dr. Hartert's researches, and is now widely adopted.

J Here named Black-throated Wheatear {Saxicola hispanica), and recorded as the second specimen obtained in Scotland ; this bird was entered as the Western Black-eared Wheatear {Oen^anthe h. hispanica) in a paper in British Birds, vol. vi. 1912-13, p. 152, by the Editors, entitled " Additional Records from Fair Isle and St. Kilda." This paper appeared subsequent to the publication of Dr. Hartert's Hand-list of British Birds, and as a result his nomenclatural and vernacular names for the species have l^een adopted. It is interesting to note that Mr. Eagle Glarlie while still adhering to the older name of Black-throated Wheatear had already adopted the same specific name of hispanica as did Dr. Hartert instead of occidentalis. This bird represents the seventh Western Black- eared Wheatear obtained, and the eighth recorded in Great Britain, and the second obtained in Scotland.

§ Both named the Black-throated form of the Western Black-eared Wheatear, of which form only four previous captures had been made in Great Britain. This statement is correct. However, proceeding with statistics regarding both forms we find these two birds to be the eighth and ninth obtained, and the ninth and tenth recorded in Great Britain.

II The title of the note here is " Western Black-eared AVheatear in Sussex," but in the text Mr. Ford-Lindsay speaks of the bird as the Black-throated Wheatear ; hence I presume it is s Black-throated form and have entered it as such in the synoptical tables (A) and (C). It represents the tenth specimen obtained and the eleventh recorded in the British Isles of the Western Black- eared Wheatear.

^ Designated Western Black-throated Wheatear, yet while this older vernacular name is used, the most modern trinomial nomenclatural term, viz. Oenanthe h. hispanica, is applied. This biid is the eleventh obtained and the twelfth recorded in the British Isles of the Western Black-eared Wlieatear.

** Called Black-eared Wheatear [Oenanthe hispanica), the racial form being undetermined when these preUminary notes were sent to press. In the Dublin daily papers above mentioned, I did not insert the scientific names. This bird is the twelftli obtained and the thirteenth recorded in the British Isles, and the first obtained in Ireland, of the Western Black-eared Wheatear.

12

XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 191"

SYNOPTIC TABLES.

A. TABLE SHOWING AUTHENTIC BRITISH RECORDS IN SERIAL ORDER OF THE

BLACK-THROATED FORM.

Serial Record.	Sei.	Date.	LocaUty.
First British	Male	May 8th, 1875	Lancashire.
Second British	Male	May 23rd, 1900	Kent.
Third British and First Scotch	Male	Sept. 25th, 1907	Fair Isle.
Fourth British and Second Scotch	Female	Sept. 2nd, 1911	St. Kilda.
Fifth British	Male	May 16th, 1912	Sussex.
Sixth British	Male	May 19th, 1912	Sussex.
Seventh British	Male	May 5th, 1915	Sussex.
Eighth British and First Irish	Male	May 16th, 1916	Wexford.

B. TABLE SHOWaNG AUTHENTIC BRITISH RECORDS IN SERIAL

LIGHT-THROATED FORM.

ORDER OF THE

Serial ReconJ.	Sex.	Date.	Locality.
First British	Male	May 28th, 1902	Sussex.
Second British	Male	May 22nd, 1905	Sussex.
Third British	Male	May 2nd, 1907	Sussex.
Fourth British	Male	Oct. 30th, 1915	Sussex.

C. TABLE SHOWING AUTHENTIC BRITISH RECORDS IN SERIAL ORDER OF THE TWO FORMS TAKEN TOGETHER.

Serial Record.	Sex.	Date.	Locality.
First British	Male	May 8th, 1875	Lancashire.
•Second British	Male	May 28th, 1902	Sussex.
•Third British	Male	May 22nd, 1905	Sussex.
Fourth British	Male	May 23rd, 1906	Kent.
•Fifth British	Male	May 2nd, 1907	Sussex.
Sixth British and First Scotch	Male	Sept. 25th, 1C07	Fair Isle.
Seventh British and Second Scotch	Female	Sept. 2nd, 1911	St. Kilda.
Eighth British	Male	May 16th, 1912	Sussex.
Ninth British	Male	May 19th, 1912	Sussex.
Tenth British	Male	May 5th. 1915	Sussex.
•Eleventh British	Male	Oct. 30th, 1915	Sussex.
Twelfth British and First Irish	Male	May 16th, 1916	Wexford.

N.B. — The light-throated forms are marked with an asterisk. The first two of these records (second and third British) are interposed between the records of the first and second Black-throated forms ; the third (fifth British) between the second and third Black-throated forms ; and the fourth (the eleventh British) between the seventh and eighth Black-throated forni.s.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917. 13

It may now be observed from the above statistics that, during a period lasting forty-one years, namely, from May 8th, 1875, when the first bird was obtained, to May 16th, 1916, when the latest to date was obtained, thirteen examples have been recorded, which, with the exception of one, have all been handled and identified beyond doubt. Nine of the twelve authentic records, that is to say three-fourths, come from England ; two, or one-sixth, from Scot- land ; and one, or one-twelfth, from Ireland.

STATUS OF THE WESTERIT BLACE-EABED WHEATEAB AS A

BRITISH BIRD.

During latter years this Wheatear has been more frequently recorded than formerly, and though it may be correct to regard it still a rare bird, obviously it is less so than was supposed. As I have already pointed out when framing the status of other rare British birds — e.g. Aquatic and Icterine Warblers * — the study of ornithology has found much favour of late, and many more workers have made a special study of migration, not only on the mainland but at light- stations buUt on rocks and islands some mUes ofE the coast, and situated so as to lie along and often to intersect important migration-routes. Added is the valuable co-operation and increasing vigilance of the light-keepers ; the result is that the number of records of heretofore supposed very rare birds has markedly increased, and in many cases the status of species calls for revision.

It requires but a passing glance at the synoptical table (C) to find that while twenty-seven years elapsed between the capture of the first and ■second birds, i.e. May 8th, 1875, to May 28th, 1902, from the latter date onward this Wheatear has been recorded almost annually, and in some seasons even in the plural number. Most specimens have been taken in Sussex, due no doubt largely to the fact that this county possesses keen observers ; albeit there is every reason to think that this Southern European Wheatear, in affecting its normal vernal migration-range, may betimes somewhat slightly overshoot the mark and arrive on the coasts of other British maritime southern counties. Unlike the Icterine and Aquatic Warbler, which normally push far enough north to breed in latitudes on the Continent corresponding to — and in the case of the Icterine Warbler, even beyond — those of our Isles, the northern limit of the vernal migration-range of the Western Black-eared Wheatear is said to be limited by the River Loire in France. With this more restricted breeding-range the species could hardly be expected to visit the higher latitudes of the British Isles with any degree of regularity. It may be safer to regard its visits to Yorkshire, Lancashire, and in a far greater degree to St. Kilda and Fair Isle, as quite exceptional. This is borne out by the fact that Mr. Eagle Clarke has only obtained it once from these Scottish islands, a contrast to the visits of the Icterine Warbler to Fair Isle, where it " occurred annually on the island during recent years in spring or autumn or both." f

The visit of the Western Black-eared Wheatear to Tuskar Rock is not altogether surprising. The situation of this station lies along the line of the

* Vide papers on "Aquatic and Icterine Warblera obtained on Tuskar Rock," Zoologist, March 1915, pp. 82-92, and iUd. February 191G, pp. 41-54.

t " Notes on the Migratory Birds observed at Fair Isle in 1914," ScoUiah Naturalist, May 1915, p. 104.

14 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXIV. 1917.

migration-route of birds pushing up towards the south-west sea-board of England, and it requires but little extension of a north-west flight for a bird to reach a rock off the south-east corner of Ireland — e.g. Tuskar — instead of the coast of Devonshire or Cornwall. In support of this argument it should be remembered that the Wheatear as a class is a strong and very energetic bird, endowed with powerful, well sustained, and rapid flight.* Again, the geographical distribution of the breeding-grounds of the Common Wheatear, in -nhich may be included the Greenland form, is of very considerable extent, and for aught we know the breeding-ground of the Western Black-eared Wheatear may be wider than we are aware of, nor should the question of the possibility of its breeding-range becoming more extensive of later years be altogether neglected. Not that I wish to imply that the bird resorts or has resorted to the south of Ireland to breed , we have no evidence whatever to substantiate this view. For the present I am content to regard the visit of the bird to Tuskar as representing a pro- longation in flight of one of the numbers which make for the southern sea-board of England, where the status of such birds requires close scrutiny. And indeed it seems particularly interesting at this juncture to bear in mind that not one of the eight birds taken in the South of England met its death at a light-station by striking the lantern, or such like accident, f

In other words there is no evidence to show that fog was encountered, and that any of these birds, becoming bewildered during their nocturnal movements by the glare of the lantern, deviated from or were delayed on their accustomed route. Indeed the question of the possibility of these eight Black-eared Wheat- ears arriving in the south of England, not as vagrants, waifs, refugees, or mere accidental visitors, but as genuine summer-visitors, prepared to breed if suitable nesting-sites presented themselves, must not be summarily dismissed. Wheat- ears as a class are not particularly fastidious in their choice of nesting-sites, provided they can secure cover in some open upland country among stone-walls, burrows, crevices, etc. However, it is rather curious that these eight birds were all males J : possibly, however, they, or some of them, may have had their consorts with them, but the latter being less showy were overlooked.

On the other hand, supposing the view be adopted that these Wheatears were accidental visitors which overshot their breeding migration-range, then possibly the males, stronger, more ardent, and energetic, might more readily go astray. The weight of this hypothesis becomes much reduced on closer study, for accidental visitors are frequently represented by females as well as by males, for example the Dartford, Aquatic, and Icterine ^^'arblers, taken recently on Tuskar Rock, were females, and many others might be cited. But whatever may have been the vis a iergo which propelled these Wheatears to travel beyond their normal limit and to reach the southern shores of England, I think it is

* On rock light-stations oH the coast of Ireland, Wheatears are harassed and preyed upon to a large extent by Merlin Falcons. I have witnessed over and over again the .speed and adroitness in turning and the endurance on the \ring displayed by the Wheatear when closely pursued, and many times I have perceived the Falcon relinquish the chase.

t The one other bird which completes the number at present known to have been taken in England, namely the Lancashire bird, did not strike a lantern on the coast either, but it is more expedient not to include it in the text with the south of England birds seeing that its visit was more likely accidental than other\\ise.

X Moreover, the vagrants to Tuskar, Lancashire, and Fair Isle, were males, the only female being the bird which wandered to the outlying island of St. Kilda. In short, eleven of the twelve British-taken Western Black-oared Wheatears proved to be of the male sex.

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1!)17. 15

more likely than not that the birds come under the category of occasional if not annual summer-visitors rather than accidental vagrants. It has not yet been proved that their visits are annual and regular ; at the same time the evidence, as it accumulates, points in that direction.

With the data at our disposal the question in regard to the periodic status of the bird is becoming unfolded, and so far as our present knowledge goes would read somewhat as follows : A frequent, and quite likely an annual, summer-visitor to the southern counties of England, and occurring as a very rare vagrant in more northern latitudes of the British Isles. What the numeric status may be remains to be seen. It is certain, however, that those specimens obtained do not by any means exhaust the numbers which appeared each season. If we adopt the estimate made by such competent authorities as Dr. E. Hartert, Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, Dr. N. F. Ticehurst, and Mr. H. F. Witherby, namely, that for every straggler vihich is identified and recorded, at least ten go past unidentified and unrecorded,* and admitting the Western Black-eared Wheatear to be a frequent summer-visitor rather than a mere straggler, it seems to me proportionate if the numbers which escape detection in a given area where the bird has occurred be estimated at twenty times greater. If for the present such an estimate be granted, then the numeric status of the bird might be put down as " occurring in very small numbers."

The complete status of this Wheatear might then read as follows : A frequent, quite likely an annual visitor to the southern counties of England, occurring in very small numbers, and a very rare vagrant to more northern latitudes in the British Isles. In regard to Ireland apart from Great Britain, it is impossible with but one specimen at our disposal, this representing the sole record known up to the present, to set forth the status of the bird. If, as already suggested, the Tuskar bird represents one of the South of England visitors which prolonged its journey slightly, with negligible deviation of route, it might be appropriately called for the present an expectant, rather than a mere haphazard accidental vagrant. This much may be added, however, in conclusion, that, while on the one hand the Black-eared Wheatear is a migrant in summer to more southern European latitudes ; on the other hand, being a bird of strong flight and energy, it may be led to overstep the boundary of its breeding-range more readily and oftener than has been supposed, and, if a sharp look-out be kept, it may be found visiting Ireland again at no distant date. Its chances of fraternising xn flight with some of the thousands of Common and Greenland Wheatears which reach Tuskar annually in spring, and thence of alighting on Irish soil, are not improbable. We have seen that the Tuskar bird arrived synchronously with several Common Wheatears and many other species which habitually visit Tuskar on spring migration ; that it was in good condition ; and was not a waif which had drifted about aimlessly, untU fatigue or storm-bound it sought refuge on the rock. In truth it was affecting a vigorous migration. Such are hopeful signs that it will re-visit Ireland. I fervently hope so.

GENERAI. GEOGRAFHICAI. DISTRIBUTIOIT.

In regard to the general geographical distribution of the Western Black-eared Wheatear, Saunders provides the following : " Although some occurrences

• Vide Introduction, p. xi. Hand-liitt oj British Birds, 1912, by above authors.

16 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

formerly recorded under this name * in Heligoland were really those of the Desert-Wheatear, yet the present species seems to have been obtained there once ; while Schlegel records it from Haarlem, Holland. It breeds regularly about as far north as the line of the Loire in France ; southward in the Spanish Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria, and Italy. In the latter country it meets with S. melanoleuca f Guldenstadt : a form which some ornithologists consider to be specifically distinct, characterised by a whiter back and larger amount of black on the throat. This form occupies Greece, South Russia, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Persia ; both races migrating wholly or partially to more southern regions in \\'inter and meeting in Tunisia. The extremes of each are distin- guishable in adult males, but there appear to be numerous intergradations, and I have therefore treated the bird under one heading."

DESCRIPTION OP PLATE.

Fig. I shows the golden-bufi of the upper parts separated by a dark greyish transverse band from the white area over the tail ; also the central tail-feathers black in their entire length to the base.

Fig. 2 shows the golden-butf sweeping ventrally round the sides of the neck and merging into the impure white of the under parts ; also the black axillaries and under wing-coverts.

Figs. 3 and 4 show the feet and small slender claws in profile ; in fig. 3 the tail is viewed from below, in fig. 4 from above.

The silver-grey forehead, black face and throat with whitish semicircular collar beneath, are shown in each of the four figures.

Fig. 5 shows a dorsal view of the skull, the right frontal bone of which is deeply indented (D). Surrounding the indentation is a considerable degree of subcranial haemorrhage. This photograph was taken immediately after the skin was reflected from the head, before the brain was removed and the skull cleaned permanently.

• The Black-throated Wheatear {Saxicola stapazina) described and figured in Saunders's Manual, now known to be identical with the Black-throated form of the Western Black-eared \Vhe&teQ.T(0enantheh.ki8panica). TheWestern WTiite-throated form has the same distribution, but being considered by Saunders a distinct species (S. aurita) which had not then visited the British Isles, its distribution is not mentioned in his book.

■j- This bird is the Eastern Black-eared Wheatear {Oenanthe hispanica xanthomelaena) of modern nomenclaturists.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXIV. 1917.

Pr.. T.

Western Black-eared Wheatear, from Ti'skar J{ocic,

\\exford.

Four photographs of the bird in the flesh : fig. 1, dorsal view; fig. 2, ventral view;' fig. 3. right profile; fig. 4, left profile. Also a photograph of the vault of the skull, showing at (D), fig. 5, the deep indentation of the right frontal bone. N.B. — The bird (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4) is represented at half its natural size; the vault of the skull (fig. 5) at its natural size.

Photos by C. J. Patten.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1017.

17

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE PYRALIDAE, SUBFAMILY GALLERIANAE.

By sir GEORGE F. HAMPSON, Bart., F.Z.S., Etc.

"DROBOSCIS well developed, short, or aborted and minute ; palpi of male in -L the typical genera short, upturned and thickly scaled, hidden below the very large frontal tuft, in female downcurved and two or three times the length of head. In the more ancestral genera the palpi may be long and downcurved in both sexes, or rarely upturned ; maxillary palpi small and filiform, or obsolete, sometimes more developed and somewhat dilated with scales, rarely long and two-jointed ; frons usually with large tuft of hair ; eye large, round ; antennae usually almost simple, sometimes ciliated, in Sphinctocera wth a small tooth at one-fifth, the basal joint often long, in Megarthria very long and curved ; thorax and abdomen without crests ; tibiae with all the spurs present. Fore- wing with the shape very variable ; vein 1 a separate from 1 6 ; 1 c absent ; 4 sometimes absent or stalked ynlh 5 ; 6 sometimes stalked with 7, 8, 9 ; 7 present ; 9 often and 8 and 10 rarely absent ; 10 from cell or sometimes stalked with 8, 9 ; the male often has the cell very much produced, sometimes almost to termen, and with a glandular swelling containing masses of flocculent hair at base of costa on underside. Hindwing with the median nervure pectinated on upperside ; veins I a, 6, c present ; 4 often and 3 rarely absent, 3 and 5 or 4, 5 often stalked ; the discoceilulars often angled inwards almost to the base, rarely almost obsolete ; 6, 7 from cell or stalked, in Agdistopis 6 absent ;

7 anastomosing with 8 or free ; frenulum of female multiple.

The neuration is not very constant, and in the forewing of the same species vein 6 may be from the cell or stalked with 7, 8, 9 ; 7 may be given off from

8 before or beyond 9, and 10 may be rarely either present or absent ; in the hindwing vein 4 is rarely either present or absent.

Larvae with all the prolegs present ; in Galleria rather short and stout, in Aphoinia longer and more cylindrical ; in Oalleria and Achroia they live in the hives of bees, forming silken tubular galleries, in Aphomia in the nests of Vespa or Bombus, whilst some exotic species live in the nests of ants.

A t before a reference means that the type is in the British Museum, and an * that the species is not in the collection.

In my opinion the name used for the subfamily and the genus Aphomia should be respectively Tineiyiae and Tinea Linn., but in deference to the wishes of the Editors of the Novitates I have here employed the terms Gallerianae and Aphomia pending a more general consensus of the opinions of zoologists on the subject.

Two species have been clauned as the type of the genus, sociella the first on the list, a pellionella the twenty-fLfst.

Linne's description of Tinea is " Alls convolutis, fere in cylindrum ; frontc prominula."

The first part of the description applies to the wings in repose, in sociella they are folded almost into a cylinder, in pellionella they are more tent-lilie in shape, with the apices of the f orewings turned outwards ; the second part applies

2

18

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

5

I

<2

■s
?
	s
^	u~	II
e.	«	Ida
J	•s	K!l
«	1

s	1
•	Cl	o
Ci
		S
"^	6^	^

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 19

to the hair on the frons which in sociella forms a thick tuft, whilst in pellionella it consists of loose hair ; in fact sociella exactly answers the generic description, and pellionella does not.

The Latin word Tinea means a larval insect pest ; it is used by Virgil for the worms of moths that live in bee-hives, by Horace for book-worms, and by other authors for those of clothes-moths, etc.

The type of a genus is the species from which the original author described that genus, and no action by a subsequent author or by all the Zoological Con- gresses in the world can alter that fact. The difficulty is to determine what that species is when the type is not indicated. The author would naturally put his type species down first on his list, but he might subsequently rearrange his list so as to get a more natural order of the species. Unless, however, there is any evidence of this, such as the first species not agreeing with the generic description, that species must be presumed to be the type.

Under Tortrix Linne states that the larvae twist leaves, uniting them by threads and living and feeding between them. The first species on his list, prasinana, therefore cannot be the type, and the second species, viridana, becomes the type.

The type of Sphinx is ligustri, because Linne in Faun. Succ. states that it is commonly called " The Sphinx " from the attitude of the larva. Similarly the type of Bomhyx is mori because he calls it " The Bombyx," and the silkworm exclusively was known by that name to the Greeks and Romans.

Three methods are in use for determining the type of a genus when the type is not indicated.

1 . The above, which is used in the revision of the Sphingidae by Rothschild and Jordan, the Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, by most of the authors in Seitz' Macrolepidoptera, and by most American authors. It is the only method by which finality can be reached, and is rapidly coming into general use.

2. That the first reviser of a genus fixes the type of that genus. No two authors seem to agree exactly in their interpretation of this law, or as to what constitutes a revision, and whether a type has been fixed or not. Its chief advantage seems to be that each author can continue to use a generic name in the sense to which he is accustomed.

3. That all species on the original list of a genus which have been used as the types of later genera shall be eliminated, and one of the remaining species be fixed as the type of the genus.

This led to so many anomalies, such as the least applicable species being fixed as the type of the genus, and even a species that the author of the genus had never seen, that it has fallen into disuse.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 absent.

a. Forewing with vein 4 absent, 6, 7, 8 stalked . . Paroxyptera, p. 27

b. Forewing with vein 4 present, 6 from the cell . MetacJirysia, p. 30

B. Hindwing with vein 3 present, 4 absent.

a. Forewing with veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked.

a'. Hindwng with the cell open . . . Arenipses, p. 36

bV Hindwing with the cell closed . . . Paraphomia, p. 37

20

XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917

Forewing with vein 6 from the cell, a'. Forewing with vein 4 absent, a*. Forewing with vein 9 absent h'. Fore\ving \\ith vein 9 present b'. Forewing with vein 4 present. a=. Forewing with vein 9 absent.

a'. Forewing with vein 11 becoming

coincident vnth 12 . b'. Forewing wdth vein 11 free.

a'. Forewing with veins 4, 5 stalked a'. Frenulum absent ; abdomen very long and tipuliform ; hindwing with vein 6absent b". Frenulum present ; abdo- men normal ; hindwing with vein 6 present, a'. Forewing -with vein 8 present ; hindwing with the cell open . b^ Forewing wth vein 8 absent ; hindwing with the cell closed . b '. Forewing with veins 4, 5 from cell. a^ Frons with tuft of scales, a'. Forewing with vein 10 stalked wth 7, 8 b^ Forewing with vein 10 from the cell . b '. Frons without tuft of scales, a'. Hindwing with the apes produced and acute b'. Hindwing with the apex not produced . b-. Forewing with vein 9 present.

a'. Forewing with vein Tfrom 8 beyond 9.

a'. Forewing with vein 10 stalked

with 7, 8, 9.

a^ Forewing with the cell long

b'. Forewing with the cell short.

a'. Forewing with the apex

produced and acute

b'. Fore wing with the apex

not produced.

a'. Forewingshort,the

termen straight

b'. Forewing long, the

termen rounded

Anerastidia, p. 27 Corcyra, p. 35

Rhectophlebia, p. 27

Agdistojns, p. 43

Stenachroia, p. 28 Phycitodes, p. 26

Metaraphia, p. 31 Eldana, p. 29

Achroia, p. 44 Prasinoxena, p. 23

Antiptilotis, p. 35 Acracomi, p. 30

Microcklora, p. 24 Trachylepidia, p. r.6

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

21

b'. Forewing with vein 10 from the cell, a'. Forewing with the costa excised beyond middle, the apex falcate b'. Forewing with the costa evenly arched, a'. Forewing with the apex

rectangular . b ^ Forewing with the apex rounded . b'. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9. a'. Forewing with vein 10 stalked

with 7, 8, 9 . b'. Forewing with vein 10 from the cell. &'. Forewing long and narrow, a". Forewing lanceolate, the apex produced and acute b'. Forewing with the apex slightly produced, a'. Forewing with the costa strongly arched towards apex b'. Forewing with the costa slightly arched . b*. Forewing shorter and broader, the apex not produced

C. Hindwing with vein 4 present.

a. Forewing with 10 stalked with 7, 8, 9.

a'. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9. b'. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9 or 9 absent, a'. Forewing with vein 3 from well before angle of cell ..... b'. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ......

b. Forewing with veins 8, 9, 10 stalked and fi, 7 stalked ;

frons with rounded prominence

c. Forewing with vein 10 from the cell.

a'. Forewing with vein 9 absent ; frons with conical prominence .....

Parazanclodes, p. 23

Doloessa, p. 25 Afhomia.Tji. 37

Athaliptis, p. 45

Meyriccia, p. 29

Ethopia, p. 31

Tirathaba, p. 32

Heteromicta,X p. 42

Paraphycita, p. 54

Cathayia, p. 46

Epimorius, p. 45

Schoenobiodes, p. 57

Archigalleria, p. 55

X In Heteromicta amydraatis the forewing sometimes has vein 7 from 8 beyond 9, and in H. oodee vein 9 ia sometimes absent.

22

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV". 1917.

'. Forewing with vein 9 present ; frons with large tuft of hair, a-. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9. a'. Forewing long and narrow.

a*. Forewing with the apex rect- angular .... b *. Forewing with theapexrounded, the termen very short . b'. Forewing broader.

a*. Forewingwith thetermenexcised b*. Forewing with the termen not excised ....

b*. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9. a'. Palpi of male short, upturned.

a'. Forewingwith the discocellulars angled. a^ Hindwing with veins 4, 5 stalked, a*. Forewingwith the apex produced and falcate b^ Forewingwith the apex not produced, a'. Forewing very

narrow b'. Forewing broad . b^. Hindwing with veins 4, 5 from angle of cell . b*. Forewing with the discocellulars curved .... b'. Palpi of male long and downcurved. a*. Forewing with the costa arched beyond middle then rather truncate towards apex which is produced and acute, a'. Palpi about the length of head and fringed with long hair below, the maxillary palpi dilated with scales . b'. Palpi about twice the length of head and moderately fringed with hair below, the maxillary palpi filiform b*. Forewing with the costa evenly arched, the apex rounded ; palpi about twice the length of head. X In Lamoria inoatentalia vein 4 of the hindwing is often absent.

Picrogama, p. 47

Prosthenia, p. 48

Galleria, p. 53

Acara, p. 49

Eucallionyma, p. 26

Picrogama (part), p. 47 Schistotheca, p. 49

Statia, p. 26

Lamoria,X p. 50

Otnphalophora, p. 52

Acyperas, p. 52

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

23

a^ Antennae with the basal jointvery long and curved b*. Antennae with the basal joint short . c'. Forewing with the costa slightly excised beyond middle, the apex rounded ; palpi about three times length of head c'. Forewing with vein 7 from the cell.

a'. Frons with very large conical pro- minence, grooved below ; palpi short and upturned . b'. Frons with conical prominence end- ing in a small corneous beak ; palpi obliquely upturned ; fore- wing with veins 9 to 12 becoming coincident below costa c'. Frons without prominence ; palpi porrect, about twice the length of head .....

Megarthria, p. 54 Embryoglossa, p. 54

Sphinctocera, p. 55

Balaenifrons, p. 57

Morpheis, p. 56 Galleristhenia, p. 53

Type.

chrysaugeUa

Gen. Parazanclodes.

Parazanclodes Hmpan., Rom. Mim. vUi. p. 490 (1901) ....

Proboscis aborted ; palpi of male slight, upturned ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with rather large tuft of hair ; antennae short, the basal joint dilated ; forewing narrow, the costa arched at base, then strongly excised, the apex pro- duced and falcate, the termen strongly excised to middle ; the cell two-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 4 and 5 well separated ;

6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, II from cell ; the male with large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside fringed with long hair, the cell clothed with fine hair, a patch of androconia below the cell before base of vein 2. Hindwing with vein 2 from before angle of cell ; 3 and 5 from angle ; 4 absent ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8 ; the male with patch of androconia in lower extremity of cell on upper side.

* Parazanclodes chrysaugeUa.

Parazanclodes chrysaugeUa Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 490. pi. 53. f. 18 (1901). Br. IT. Guinea.

Gen. Prasinoxena.

Type.

Prasinoxena Meyr., Trans. Eni. Soc. 1894. p. 479 monosfila

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male minute, upturned, of female porrect and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi slight ; frons without tuft of hair ; antennae short, the basal joint somewhat long and dilated. Fore- wing rather short and broad, the costa rather oblique towards apex which is produced and pointed, the termen obUque ; the cell long ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3, 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8, and 10 stalked,

7 from beyond 10, 9 absent ; II from cell ; the male with slight glandular swell-

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

ing at base of costa. Hindwing with the cell open ; veins 3 and 5 stalked to near termen, 4 absent ; 7 anastomosing with 8 ; the male with a fold on inner margin containing a tuft of long hair.

Sect. I. Forewing of male on underside with fringe of hair along median nervure to just beyond the cell, do-miturned above the nervure and upturned below it.

(1) Prasinoxena metaleuca.

t Prasinoxena metaleuca Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xxi. p. 1249. pi. G. f. 28 (1912). Ceylon.

Sect. II. Forewing of male on underside with a streak of hairy scales above median nervure.

(2) Prasinoxena monospila.

t Prasinoxena monospila Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1894. p. 480 ; Hmpsn., Rom. ilim. viii. p. 499. pi. 54. f. 14.

Borneo ; Fulo Iiaut.

Sect. III. Forewing of male on underside normal.

(3) Prasinoxena bilineella.

Prasinoxena bilineella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 5U0. pi. 54. f. 17 (1901). Amboina ; Batchian.

(4) Prasinoxena viridissima.

t Prasinoxena viridissima Swinh., Fasic. Malay. Zool. i. p. 98 (1903). Selangore.

(5) Prasinoxena hemisema.

t Prasinoxena hemisema Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1894. p. 480 ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 500. pi. 54. f. 15.

Fulo Iiant ; Sumbawa.

Gen. Microchlora.

Type. Microchlora Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 468 (1901) ..... eariasella

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons •nithout tuft of hair ; antennae with the basal joint long and dilated. Fore- wing short and broad, the apex rectangular, the termen straight ; the cell rather short ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3, 4, 5 well separated ; 6 from upper angle; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 9; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the cell short ; vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8 ; the male with fold on inner area containing a tuft of long hair.

(1) Microchlora eariasella.

Microchlora eariasella Ilmp.sn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 468. pi. 54. f. 13 (1901). Batchian ; Celebes.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXIV. 1917. 25

(2) I Microchlora bilineella n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax emerald-green ; pectus, legs and abdomen whitisli. Forewing emerald-green, an erect slightly waved black and whitish antemedial line from subcostal nervure to inner margin, a white point before it in submedian fold ; a slightly waved black and whitish postmedial line from below costa to inner margin, excurved to vein 4 then rather oblique, a white point beyond it below vein 4 ; the costa towards apex, termen and cilia red-brown and whitish with a series of white points defining the green area. Hindwing white. Under- side of forewing and the costal area of hindwing green.

Solomon Is., Bougainville (Meek), 1 3 type. Exp. 20 mill.

Gen. Doloessa.

Type. Doloesaa Zell., Isis. 1848. p. 860 .......... viridis

Thagora Wlk., xxviii. 205 (1863) figumna

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male very short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female porrect and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi filiform ; frons with large tuft of hair above ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint with tuft of hair below. Forewing rather narrow, the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3 and 5 strongly stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled to near base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. Forewing of male on underside with the cell and the area just below and beyond its extremity clothed with black androeonia ; hindwing on upperside with the costal area clothed with black androeonia to beyond middle.

(1) Doloessa hilaropis.

Melissoblaptes hilaropis Meyr., Trans. ErU. Soc. 1897. p. 378. Doloessa plumbolineella HmpsQ., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 488. pi. 54. f. 10 (1901). Queensland.

(2) Doloessa castanella.

t Thagora castanella Hmpsn., Moths Ind. iv. p. 4 (1896) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 488. Garcinoptera ochrociliella Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. pi. 8. £. 24 (1893) non descr.

Ceylon ; Andamans ; Christmas I. ; Tenimber.

Sect. II. Wings of male without patches of androeonia.

(3) Doloessa constellata.

t Doloessa constellata Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 94 (1901) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 489. pi. 54. f. 12.

Assam, Khasis.

(4) Doloessa viiidis.

Doloessa viridis ZeU., Isis. 1848. p. 860 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 489. pi. 46. f. 16.

t Thagora figurana Wlk., xxvU. 205 (1863) ; Hmpsn., III. Het. D. M. ix. pi. 157. f. 8; id., Moths

Ind. iv. p. 5. Tyana ornaia Wileman, Entom. xUii. p. 291 (1910).

Formosa ; Ceylon ; Philippines ; Java ; Kei Is. ; IT. Guinea ; Solomon Is. ; Queensland.

26 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

Gen. Eucallionyma.

Type. Callionyma ileyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vii. p. IGl (1882), neo Callionymus Linn.,

Pisces (1758) ............ sarcodes

Eucallionyma Rag., Rom. Mem. vUi. p. 430 (1901) ...... sarcodes

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint somewhat dilated. Forewing with the costa moderately arched, the apex produced and somewhat falcate, the termen obliquely curved ; the lower angle of cell produced ; vein 3 from near angle ; 5 from above angle ; the discocellulars angled inwards ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with large fold on basal half of costa on underside containing masses of flocculent hair. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell ; 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to rather near base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Eucallionyma sarcodes.

CcUlionyma sarcodes Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. vii. p. 161 (1882); Rag., Eom. Mem. viii p. 431. pi. 53. f. 7. K.S. Wales ; Victoria.

Gen. Statia.

Type. Staiia Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 443 (1901) chlordla

Proboscis strong, short ; palpi of female slender, the second joint oblique to just beyond the frons, the third minute, porrect, acuminate at tip ; antennae short, cihated. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex somewhat produced, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 separate ; the discocellulars strongly angled inwards, 6 shortly stalked with 7, 8, 9 ; 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with the lower angle of cell much pro- duced ; vein 3 from before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars strongly angled inwards ; 6, 7 strongly stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

* Statia chlorella.

Statia chlorella Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 444. pi. 45. f. 14 (1901). Peru.

Gen. Phycitodes nov.

Type P. albistriata.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of female very short, porrect and not reaching as far as the large frontal tuft of hair ; maxillary palpi invisible ; antennae rather long, with shght tufts of scales at the joints. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 2 from towards angle of cell ; 3 from before angle ; 4, 5 stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7 from before angle ; 8, 9 absent ; 10,11 from cell ; a fringe of scales below base of costa on underside. Hindwing with the cell about one-third length of wing ; vein 2 from towards angle ; 3 from angle ; 5 from just above angle, 4 absent ; the discocellulars curved ; 6, 7 from upper angle of cell ; 7 anastomos- ing with 8.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917. 27

t Phycitodes albistriata n. sp.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown mixed with white ; forewing whitish tinged and thickly irrorated with dark purphsh brown ; white fasciae on basal half of costa, in lower part of cell and on median nervnre, and streaks on the veins beyond the cell ; shght dark spots in upper and lower angles of cell and a terminal series of points ; a faint brown antemedial line, excurved in the cell then oblique, and faint rather diffused oblique postmedial line. Hind- wing ochreous white tinged with reddish brown, especially on costal area ; a terminal brown line ; ciha white with a brown line near base. Underside more suffused with brown.

Br. E. Africa, N'dimu (Betton), 1 ? type. Exf. 36 mill.

Gen. Rhectophlebia.

Type.

Rhectophlebia Rag., Nouv. Oen. p. 52 (1888) ........ monilella

Proboscis small ; palpi of female downcurved, extending about three times length of head, the second joint thickly scaled, the third short ; maxillary palpi absent ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae ciliated. Fore\\ing rather narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 from angle ; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked, 9 absent; 10, 11 from cell, 11 becoming coincident with 12. Hindwing with the cell very short ; veins 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

* Rhectophlebia monilella.

Bhectophlebia monilella Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 52 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 493. pi. 8. f. 23. Colombia.

Gen. Paroxyptera.

Type. Paroxyptera Ra,g., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 503 (,1Q01) ....... filiella

Proboscis small ; palpi short, obUque, the third joint very short, porrect ; maxillary palpi obsolete ; frons with strong tuft of hair ; antennae of female minutely serrate, the basal joint with tuft of hair on inner side. Forewing narrow, the apex produced, the termen very obhque ; veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; 6, 7, 8 stalked, 9 absent ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 2 and 5 from angle of cell, 3, 4 absent ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anas- tomosing with 8.

* Paroxyptera filiella.

Achroea filiella Saalm., Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879. p. 308 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 503. pi. 45. f. 4. Uadagascar.

Gen. Anerastidia.

Type. .4ncra«<Mito Hmpsn., i?om. J/em. viii. p. 500 (1901) ....... albiviltella

Proboscis shght ; palpi of male short, upturned, fringed with hair, of female downcurved and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with a large tuft of hair ; antennae short, the basal joint long and tufted

28 NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXIV. 1917.

with hair in front. Foreuing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen oblique ; the cell long ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 and 5 from angle, 4 absent ; the discocellulars curved ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked, 9 absent ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with small glandular swelHng and tuft of hair at base of costa on underside. Hindwing with vein 2 from angle of cell ; 3 and 5 staUjcd, 4 absent ; the discocellulars retracted almost to base ; veins 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Anerastidia rhodoneura.

Anerastia rhodoneura Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. six. p. 43 (1905). Queensland, Thursday I.

(2) Anerastidia albivittella.

t Anerastidia albivittella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 500. pi. 54. f. 22 (1901). Hypsolropha bipunctella Wileman, Trans. Era. Soc. 1911. p. 356. Japan ; Borneo ; Fnlo Laut ; Amboina,

(3) t Anerastidia pulverea n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax white faintly tinged with browoi ; abdomen white, the second and third segments dorsally tinged with ochreous. Forewing white faintly tinged with red-brown and irrorated with a few dark scales ; an oblique sub- terminal series of sUght blackish marks in the interspaces ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing semihyaline white, the veins and termen tinged with ochreous.

?. Thorax irrorated with blackish scales ; forewing thickly irrorated with blackish scales, a diifused antemedial black mark above inner margin, the subterminal spots and terminal points more distinct ; hindwng with the termen tinged with brown towards apex.

Argentina, Gran Chaco, Florenzia (Wagner), 1 cJ type, Sta. Fe, Ocampo (Wagner), 1 ?. Exp. 22 mill.

(4) * Anerastidia ebenopasta.

Anerastidia ebenopasta Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xviii. p. 122 (1904). Queensland.

Gen. Stenachroia.

Type. Stenachroia Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 93 (1901) elongella

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male small, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved, extending about twice the length of head ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae short, the basal joint long and with tuft of hair below. Forewing very long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from angle ; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked from before angle, 9 absent ; 10, II from cell : the male with glandular swelling at base of costa on underside and fringe of upturned hair from middle of median nervure. Hindwing wth the cell open ; veins 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV, 1917. 29

(1) Stenachroia elongella.

t Stenachroia elongella Hmpan., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 93 (1901) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 494. pi. 54. f. 20.

Assam, Khasis ; Bengal, Pusa ; Ceylon.

(2) * Stenachroia myrmecophila.

Stenachroia myrmecophila Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. six. p. 54 (1905). Qneeusland.

Gen. Eldana.

Type. Eldana Wlk., xxxii. 632 (1865) saccharina

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short and upturned, of female downcurved and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with tuft of scales ; antennae short, the basal joint long and dilated. Forewing long and narrow, the costa slightly arched, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 2 from middle of cell : 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked from before angle, 9 absent ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with slight glandular swelHng at base of costa on underside. Hind wing with vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellular angled inwards to near base ; veins 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) * Eldana leucostictalis.

Eldana leucostictalis Lower, Tr. R. Soc. S. Amir. 1903. p. 50. Queensland.

(2) Eldana saccharina.

t Eldana saccharina Wlk., xxxii. 633 (1865) ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 495. pi. 45. f. 18. Sierra Leone ; Gold Coast ; Mozambiqne.

Gen. Meyriccia.

Type. Meyrickia Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 456 (1901) ........ latro

Proboscis fuUj' developed ; palpi of male short, upturned, of female down- curved and extending about twice the length of head ; maxillary palpi tufted vnih hair ; frons smooth, with large tuft of hair above ; antennae short, almost simple. Forewing very long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; the cell about three-fourths length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6 from just below upper angle; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from before 9; 10, 11 from cell; male with small glandular swelhng at base of costa on underside and the cell clothed with silky hair. Hind wing with vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards almost to base ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Meyriccia latro.

t Melissoblaptes latro Zell., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1873. p. 213 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 457. pi. 46. f. 8.

IT. S. Wales ; S. Australia ; W. Australia.

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917.

Gen. Metachrysia.

Typs. Metachrysia Hmpsn., Rom. Mim. vUi. p. 504 (1901) ...... acyperella

Proboscis small ; palpi slender, upturned, fringed with hair ; maxillary palpi very small ; frons with small tuft of hair ; antennae of male short. Forewing narrow, the costa arched before apex which is obliquely truncate and produced to a point, the termen oblique ; the cell very long, the lower angle produced ; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 given off at equal distances and parallel ; the discocellulars very oblique ; vein 6 from upper angle of cell ; 7, 8 stalked, 9 absent ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male on underside with the cell clothed with fine silky hair, with a small glandular swelling at base of costa. Hindwing with the cell open ; veins 2 and 5 stalked, 3, 4 absent ; 6, 7 sialked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

* Metachrysia acyperella.

Metachrysia acyperella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 504. pi. 53. £. 17 (1901). S'Entrecasteaox Is,, Fergusson I.

Gen. Acracona.

Type. Acracona Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxvi. p. 244 (1900) ...... remipedalis

Palpi of male minute, of female reaching just beyond the large frontal tuft; maxiUary palpi small ; antennae with the basal joint long, the shaft of moderate length cihated ; fore and mid tibiae and tarsi thickened and flattened especially in female. Forewing with the costa arched at base, the apex strongly produced and acute ; the cell rather short ; vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 9; 11 free; male with a large glandular swelling enclosing flocculent hair on underside of basal costal area and a fringe of long upwardly directed hair in submedian fold at middle. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) * Acracona flammealis n. sp.

Head and thorax purpUsh red ; abdomen orange-red. Forewing purplish red irrorated with darker scales ; an indistinct discoidal spot ; cilia orange. Hindwing orange-red.

S. Nigeria, Warri (Roth.), type in coll. Rothschild. Exp. (J 28, $ 36 mill.

(2) t Acracona metachryseis n. sp.

$. Head, thorax, abdomen and forewing rufous with a greyish tinge, the last slightly irrorated with fuscous and with a fuscous discoidal spot ; cilia orange. Hindwing golden orange. Underside orange except costal area of both wings.

Sierra Leone (Clements), 1 ? type. Exp. 42 mill.

(3) * Acracona remipedalis.

Acracona remipedalis Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxvi. p. 245 (1900). Togoland.

XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 31

Gen. Metaraphia.

Type. Metaraphia Hmpsn., Rcrm. Mem. viii. p. 49-1 (1901) ....... postluteella

Proboscis slight ; palpi of female short, porrect, typically not extending as far as the frontal tuft which is large and truncate ; antennae short, the basal joint long and curved. Forewing long and narrow, the costa slightly arched, the apex typically acute, the termen evenly curved ; the cell long ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 and 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 10, 9 absent ; 11 from ceU ; a small glandular swelling at base of costa on under- side. Hindwing with the apex typically produced and acute ; vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars strongly angled ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. Both wings with the apex produced and acute ; forewing with vein 2 from middle of cell ; palpi not extending as far as the frontal tuft.

(1) Metaraphia postluteella.

t Metaraphia postluteella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 495. pi. 55. £. 2 (1901). Borneo, Baram.

Sect. II. Both wings with the apex rounded ; forewing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; palpi extending about the length of head.

(2) t Metaraphia calamistis n. sp.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous tinged with rufous, especially on dorsum of abdomen. Forewing ochreous irrorated with black-brown especially along median nervure ; a diffused antemedial blackish mark on vein 1 and ter- minal series of points. Hindwing ochreous, the termen brownish. Underside with the forewing and costal area of hindwing irrorated with brown.

W. Colombia, San Antonio (Palmer), 1 ? type. Exf. 28 miU.

Gbn. Ethopia.

Type. Ethopia Wlk., xxxi. 233 (1863) roseilinea

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female obliquely upturned, the second joint reaching to about middle of frons, the third long, smoothly scaled ; maxillary palpi shght ; frons with tuft of hair ; antennae short, almost simple ; male with large protrusible genital tuft. Fore- wing narrow, the costa highly arched throughout in female, towards apex only in male, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved, the inner margin some- what excised towards tornus ; male with vein 3 from just before angle of cell ; 4 from angle with a recurrent vein running back from it to middle of subcostal nervure ; vein 5 from middle of cell from the almost obsolete discocellulars which are strongly angled inwards above it ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from before 9 ; 10, 1 1 from cell ; the cell on underside clothed with silky downturned hair ; female with veins 4, 5 from angle of cell and the discocellulars strongly angled inwards. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 strongly stalked and anastomosing with 8 ; the male with fringe of long downturned hair on upperside from beyond upper angle of cell.

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

Ethopia roseilinea.

Eehopia roseilinea Wlk., xxxi. 233 (1863) ; Swinh., Cat. Het. Jhis. Oxon. ii. pi. vii. f. 4; Hmpsn.,

Rom. Mem. viii. p. 458. pi. 53. £. 6. Grambomorpha aurora Voll., Tijd. v. Ent. xvi. p. 246. pi. 12. f. 2 (1873).

Philippines, Mindanao ; Salawati ; Dntch N. Guinea ; S'Entrecasteanx Is., Fergusson I.

Gen. Tirathaba.

Type.

TiVa<^6a Wlk., XXX. 961 (1864) mundetta

.a/wcm/to Wlk., XXXV. 1739 (1866) mundella

Harpagoneura Butl, A. M. N. H. {5). XV. p. 242 {ISS5) complexa

Coleoneura Rag., Noiiv. Gen. p. 52 (1888) ........ trichogramma

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending about twice the length of head ; maxillary palpi slight ; frons with tuft of hair ; antennae short and almost simple. Fore- wing narrow, the apex shghtly produced, the termen evenly curved ; the cell in male typically about two-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from just before angle of cell ; 4 from angle ; 5 typically from well above angle ; the discocellulars angled inwards ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 staUsed, 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male typically with small glandular swelling at base of costa on underside and the cell clothed with silky androconia ; female with vein 3 typically from near angle of cell and 4, 5 strongly stalked. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell or stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 touching 8 at a point ; the male with fringe of hair from below basal part of costa on upperside.

Sect. I. (Harpagoneura). Forewing of male with an elongate brand beyond upper angle of cell, the subcostal neuration and terminal area distorted ; the cell extending to about three-fourths of wing.

(1) Tirathaba acrocausta.

t Harpagoneura acrocausta Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897. p. 79 ; Hmpsn., Horn. Mem. viii. p. 466.

pi. 54. f. 9. Mucialla fuscolimbalis Snell., Tijd. v. Ent. xliii. p. 308. pi, 17. ff. 10. II (1900).

Philippines ; Java ; Celebes, Sangir I. ; D'Entrecasteaaz Is., Fergusson I. ; Louisiade Is., St. Aignan ; Queensland, Cedar Bay.

(2) Tirathaba trichogramma.

Heteromicta trichogramma Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886. p. 273 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 461.

pi. 51. f. 13. Coleoneura tacanovella Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 52 (1888).

Piji. The larva eats into young coconuts.

(3) Tirathaba complexa.

t Harpagoneura complexa Butl., A. M. N. H. (5). xv. p. 242 (1885) ; Rag., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 465. pi. 54. f. 7. Ellice Is.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 33

(4) * Tirathaba irrufatella.

Tirathaba irrufatella Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 462. pi. 43. f. 26 (1901). Japan.

Sect. II. Forewing of male without brand beyond upper angle of cell, the subcostal neuration and terminal area not distorted.

A. Forewing of male with the cell extending almost to termen.

(5) t Tirathaba pseudocomplana n. n.

Harpagoneura complana Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 466. pi. 46. f. l.'J (nee Feld).

Br. BT. Guinea, Aroa R. ; D'Entrecasteaiix Is., Fergusson I. ; Solomon Is., Florida I. ; Qneensland, Geralton.

B. Forewing with the cell extending to about two-thirds of wing. a. (Tirathaba). Forewing of female with veins 4, 5 strongly stalked.

(6) Tirathaba mimdella.

t Tirathaba munddla Wlk.. xxx. 961 (1864). t Mucialla mundella Wlk., xxxv. 1739 (1866).

Borneo, Sarawak.

h. Forewing of female with veins 4, 5 from cell or shortly stalked.

a'. Forewing of male on underside with glandular swelling below base of costa and the cell clothed with silky androconia.

(7) t Tirathaba ignivena n. sp.

?. Head and thorax brownish grey tinged with purplish red ; abdomen orange-yellow ; pectus and legs whitish irrorated with red-brown ; ventral surface of abdomen yellowish white. Forewing pale grey-brown, the basal and costal areas irrorated with a few black scales ; the veins below costa with rather diffused purplish-red streaks, the other veins and inner margin with well-defined fiery-red streaks ; a fine black terminal line interrupted by white points ; cilia red-brown \vith blackish marks near base. Hindwing orange-yellow. Underside of forewing yellow with a brownish tinge.

Louisiade Is., St. Aignan, 1 $ type. Exji. .36 miU.

(8) Tirathaba ruflvena.

t Lamoria rufivenaWlk., xxx. 960 (1864) ; Hmpsn., Moths Ind. iv. p. 5 ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 460.

pi. 46. f. 7. Lamoria ruplilinea Wlk., xxxv. 1723 (1866). Melissoblaptes rufovenalis Snell., Tijd. i\ Ent. xxiii. p. 248 (1879) ; id., xxvii. p. 53. pi. 5. f. 10.

Ceylon ; Singapore ; Borneo, Sarawak ; Bali ; Bnm ; Celebes ; Gilolo ; Batchian ; Dutch IT. Guinea ; Louisiade Is., 8t. Aignan I. ; Queensland.

(9) t Tirathaba maculifera n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax white mixed with ferruginous ; abdomen orange- yellow, the anal tuft white at tip. Forewing white, the costal area and sub- median fold tinged with ferruginous ; the wing mottled with ferruginous spots especially along submedian fold and an ill-defined subterminal band ; a short

3

34 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 191".

streak in base of cell and spots at unddle of cell and upper angle ; a terminal series of points. Hindwing and underside orange-j-ellow.

$. Forewing entirely suffused with ferruginous, the veins streaked with ferruginous, the subterminal band just traceable, the spots absent.

Sntch N. Goiitea, Ron J. (Doherty), l (J ; B'Entrecasteaux Is., Goodenough I. (Meek), 1 o". Woodlark I. (Meek), 1 <J type, ? in coll. Kothscliild ; Lonisiade Is., St. Aignan I. (Meek), 1 3- Exp. 24-30 mill.

(10) tTirathaba Juscistriata n. sp.

?. Head and thorax ochreous grey tinged with purplish red-brown ; abdo- men dull ochreous. Forewing ochreous grey tinged with purplish red-brown, the veins of costal half streaked with blackish ; traces of postmedial and sub- terminal series of slight brownish spots ; the apical part of costa and termen with series of dark striae ; cilia pale purplish red, the tips dark towards apex. Hind\ving dull ochreous, the costal area tinged with brown, the cilia pale purplish red. Underside dull ochreous ; forewing with the disk suffused with fuscrus, the costal and terminal areas tinged with purple ; hindwing with the ccstal area suffused with fuscous.

Dutch N. Guinea, Dorey (Doherty), 1 § type. Exp. 30 mill.

(11) *Tirathaba purpurella n. sp.

9 Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with jnirplish ; palpi fuscous at tips ; metathorax edged with fuscous ; abdomen ochreous, the anal tuft and ventral surface tinged with purple. Forewing purple suffused with fuscous, the veins streaked with fuscous ; a rufous discoidal spot. Hindwing greyish fuscous, somewhat ochreous towards base ; cilia purple on apical half.

Louisiade Is., St. Aignan I. (Meek), type $ in coll. Rothschild. Exp. 38 mill.

(12) Tirathaba grandinotella.

t Tirathaba grandinotella Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Sac. xii. p. 96 (1898) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 462, pi. 4.'-). f. 17.

Assam, Kha-iis ; Amboina.

(13) Tirathaba semifoedalis.

Jiotys semijocdalis Wlk., xxxiv. 1439 (1865) ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 462. pi. 54. £. 4, Bhutan ; Celehes, Sula I.

(14) Tirathaba parasitica.

Melissoblaptes parasiticus Lucas, Pr. R. Sue. Queeiisl. xiii. ]). 85 (1898). Ilarpajotieura hepialivora Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 464. jil. 53. f. 19 (1901).

Queensland.

(15) Tirathaba haematella.

t Tirathaba haematella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 463. pi. 54. f. 21 (19Ul). Aru Is.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 35

6'. Forewiiig of male without secondary sexual characters. (16) Tirathaba unicolorella.

t ilucialla unicolorella Hmpan., Moths Ind. iv. p. 5 (1896) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 463. pi. 54. f. 6. Bhutan ; Assam, Khasis.

(17) t Tirathaba nitidalis n. sp.

?. Head, thorax and abdomen white, the anal tuft brownish. Forewing silvery white, the costal edge black towards base ; a diffused purplish-fuscous subterminal line, slightly excurved at middle, the area beyond it faintly tinged with purplish fuscous. Hindwing .silvery white, the inner area slightly tinged with brown.

Dutch IT. Guinea, Kapaur (Doherty), 1 5 type. Exp. 18 mill.

Gen. Antiptilotis.

Type. Antiptilotis Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897. p. 80 rubicuTida

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male short, upturned ; maxillary palpi slight ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae short, the basal joint with tuft of hair. Forewing narrow, the costa arched at base, the apex somewhat produced, the termen obliquely curved ; cell long ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from near angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, S. 9, 10 stalked, 7 from , beyond 9 ; 11 from cell ; the male with large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside fringed with hair at extremity met by a fringe of upturned hair from middle of median nervure. Hindwing with the apex produced and acute ; the cell short, vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 shortly stalked, 7 not ana.stomosing with 8 ; the male with tuft of scales on upperside below base of cell.

Antiptilotis nibicunda.

t Antiptilotis rubicunda Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897. p. 80 ; Hmpsn., Rum. Mem. viii. p. 467. pi. 54.

f. 2. MelissoUaptes emhelidlus Snell., Tijd. v. Ent. xliii. p. 308. pi. 17. f. 9 (1900).

Java; Celebes, Sangir I.

Gen. Corcyra.

Type. Corcyra Rag., Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. p. 23 (1885) ....... cephalonica

Proboscis almost obsolete ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending about twice the length of head ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with large tuft of hair above ; antennae short, the basal joint large and with tuft of hair below. Forewing narrow, the costa arched towards apex wl ich is rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 2 from well beyond middle of cell ; 3 and 5 from angle, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled ; vein 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with slight glandular swclUng at base of costa. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars retracted to near base ; veins 0, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

36 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

(1) Corcyra cephalonica.

Melissoblaples cephalonica Sttn.. Ent. Mo. Mag. ii. p. 172 (186.5) ; Rag.. Rom. Mem. viii. p. 491.

pi. 45. f. 23; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. ilelissoblaptes neconnmellus Mann, Verh. zoot.-bot. ges. U'lVre, 1872. p. 35.

W. Indies ; Brazil ; Britain ; Germany ; Sicily ; Corcyra ; Bulgaria ; Seychelles ; Asia Kinor, Bitlij'iiia ; Uadras ; Ceylon ; Java ; Christmas I. ; Cocos Keeling I. ; IT. Australia.

(2) Corcyra translineella.

Corcyra translineeUa Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 492. pi. .51. f. 26 (1901).

Sudan ; Br. C. Africa ; Beuuion ; Ceylon ; Kei Is. Probably not distinct from C. cepfialoniai.

(3) * Corcyra asthenistis.

Corcyra asthenistis Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Qiieensl. xviii. p. 155 (1904). Queensland.

Gen. Arenipses.

Type. Arenipses Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 501 (1901) sabella

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male short, upturned and fringed with hair, of female downcurved and extending about three times length of head; frons with large tuft of hair; antennae short, the basal joint rather large. Forevving narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; the cell in male very long and produced to a point at vein 5 ; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 given off at equal distances and parallel ; the discocellulars very obUque ; veins 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked. 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; the cell on underside clothed with fine silky hair and with a large glandular swelling filled with floccu- lent hair at base of co.sta ; of female with the cell normal ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 separate, the discocellulars angled. Hindwing with the cell open, the lower discocellular very faint and the upper absent ; veins 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Arenipses sabella.

t Arenipses .mbella Hmp3n., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 501. pi. 24. f. 1 (1901) ; Stand.. Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. Algeria ; Arabia ; Persia.

Gex. Trachylepidia.

Type. Trachylepidia Rag., Ann. Soc. Ertt. Fr. 1887. p. 260 ...... fructicassiella

Proboscis sUght ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly sealed, of female downcurved and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi slight ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of moderate length, the basal joint with tuft of scales below. Forewing narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; the cell rather short ; vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 11 from cell ; the male with large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside, fringed with hair at extremity met by a fringe of upturned hair from middle of median nervure. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 37

of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; tlie discocellulars angled to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 7 anastomosing with 8.

Trachylepidia fructicassiella.

Trachylepidia frutlicassiella. Rag. Ann. Noc. Enl. Fr. 1SS7. p. 260; id., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 469. pi. 46, f. 15.

Egypt ; Mozambique ; Transvaal ; Syria ; Punjab ; Bengal ; Ceylon.

Gex. Paraphomia.

Typo. Paraphomia Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 501 (1901) ....... vineieella

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned, of female do^^ ncurved and extending about the length of head ; maxillary paljii slight ; Irons with small tuft of scales ; antennae short, the basal joint long and dilated. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex rounded ; the cell narrow and lorg ; vein 2 from about the middle of cell ; 3 from well befcre angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with glandular sweUing at base of costa on underside. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of ceU ; 3 and 5 strongly stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards almost to base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing xi ith 8.

(1) * Paraphomia vineteella.

Paraphomia vineteella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 502. pi. 55. f. 1 (1901). Tenimber Is. ; Queensland, Cedar Bay.

(2) * Paraphomia natalensis.

Paraphomia natalensis Hmpsn., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 502. pi. 55. f. 5 (1901). Natal.

Gen. Aphomia.

Type.

Tinea Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 496 (1858). partim t ? sociella

i4pAom»a Hiibn., T'cr;. p. 369(1827) sociella

§ Mdia Curt., Brit. Enl. vi. p. 201 (1829) nee Bilb. Crust. 1820 .... sociella

MelianaCmt.. Brit. Ent. vi. InAeK (\fi2ii) sociella

Mdiisoblaptes Zell., Isis. 1839. p. 180 foedella

Bopora Wlk., xxxii. p. 620 (1865) ohlilerosa

Paralipsa But!., A. M. N. H. (5). iv. p. 454 (1879) gularis

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending about three times length of head ; maxillary palpi dilated with scales ; frons with large tuft of hair above ; antennae about half the length of wing, the 1st joint with tuft of scales below. Forewing rather narrow, the costa arched, the termen evenly curved ; the males typically with the cell very large and extending almost to the termen ; veins 3, 4, 5 widely separated and parallel ; the discocellulars almost obsolete, 6 from below upper angle of cell ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 1 1 from cell ; a small glandular swelling at base of costa on underside and the whole cell clothed with fine silky scales ; female with the cell about two-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars strongly angled ; 6 from

X Cf. p. 17-

§ Curtis fixes the type as soct'eiia, and his description tind structural details on the plate of Senia flammea are from sociella.

38 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. I!117.

upper angle. Hindwing with the termen excised below apex ; vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3 and 5 strongly stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars obsolescent and angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anas- tomosing with 8.

Sect. I. {Aphomia). Forewing of male with the cell very broad and extending almost to termen, veins 3, 4, 5 widely separated and parallel, the discocellulars very indistinct, vein 6 from below upper angle ; a .small glandular swelling at base of costa on underside and the whole cell clothed with silky scales.

(1) Aphomia sociella.

Tinea sociella Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 534 (1758) Si Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 471 ; Staud., Cat.

Lep. pal. ii. p. 1 ; Dyar, Cat. Lep. N. Am. p. 413. Tinea colonella Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 534 (1758) $ ; Clerck, Icones. pi. 3. ff. 8. 11 ; Hiibn.,

Eur. Schmidt. Tin. ff. 22, 23 ; Dup., Up. Fr. x. pi. 282. f. 6 ; Steph., //(. Brit. Ent. Haust.

p. 296. Tinea tribunella Sohiff., iVieii Vers. p. 319 (1770). Aphomia sociella ab. rufinella Krul., Rev. Russ. Ent. viii. p. 274 (1909).

IT. America ; Europe ; Asia Minor ; Syria.

Sect. II. (Pamlipsu). Forewing of male with the cell shorter and narrower, produced at extremity but not reaching to near termen, veins 3, 4, 5 well separ- ated and parallel, 6 from below upper angle, a large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside extending to near middle of wing and fringed with long hair outwardly, the whole cell clothed with silky andrcconia.

(2) Aphomia gularis.

Meliasdblaptes gularis Zell., Hor. Soc. Ent. Rose. xiii. p. 74. pi. 1. f. 26 and pi. 2. f. 27 (1877).

t Paralipsa modesta Butl., .4. M. N. H. (5). iv. p. 455 (1879) S ; Rag.. Rovi. Mem. viii. p. 474.

pi. 43. f. 25. t Melissoblaptes tenebrosus Butl.. ///. Hel. B. M. iii. p. 78. pi, 60. f. 1 (1879) ?. Japan ; C. and W. China ; Sikkim ; Bhntan ; Madras.

(3) * Aphomia spoliatrix.

Aphomia spoliatrix Christ., Bull. Nat. Mosc. Ivi. p. 59 (1881) ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 476. pi. 46. f. 14 ; Stand., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. E. Siberia.

(4) * Aphomia decolorella.

Paralipsa decolorella Hmpsn.. Rom. Mem. viii. p. 474. pi. 53. f. 3 (1001). S'Entrecasteauz Is., Fergusson I.

(5) f Aphomia ochracea n. sp.

(J. Pale ochreous sUghtly tinged with brown. Forewing irrorated with a few black scales, the costal and terminal areas slightly tinged with red ; faint dark points at middle and end of cell ; traces of a curved postmedial line ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing ochreous white.

?. Head, thorax and forewing whitish tinged and irrorated with purplish red ; abdomen and hindwing suffused with br<nvn.

Dutch TH. Guinea, Jobi 1. (Doherty) ; Louisiades Is., Woodlark I., St. Aignan (Meek), 1 cJ, 1 ? type. E.vp. S 24, ? 26 mill.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 39

(6) *Aphomia erabella.

Paralipsa erubella Hmpan., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 475. pi. 53. f. 20 (1901). D'Entrecasteanz Is., FergiLsson I.

(7) Aphomia terrenella.

Aphomia terrenella Zell., Isis, 1848. p. 859 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 476. pi. 56. f. 12. t Meliisoblaptesfurellus Zell., Verh.zool.-bot.ges. W'ten, 1873. p. 212: Dyar, Cat. Lep. N. Am. p. 413. ir.S.A., New York, Georgia.

(8) * Aphomia fulminalis.

Melissoblaptes julminalis Zell., Verk. zool.-bol. ges. Wien, 1872, p. 560. pi. 3. f. 9 ; Dyar, Cat. Lep. N. Am. p. 413.

TT.S.A., Texas.

(9) Aphomia stenopepla.

Paralipsa stenopepla Turaer, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xviii. p. 156 (1904). Queensland.

(10) Aphomia monochroa.

t Melissoblaptes monochroa Hmpsn., •/. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xxi. p. 1249. pi. G. f. 29 (1912). Ceylon.

(11) Aphomia vinotincta.

t Melissoblaptes vinotincta Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xviii. p. 257. pi. E. f. 38 (1908). Ceylon.

(12) Aphomia rosella.

t Tirathaba rosella Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 97 (1898) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 465. pi. 54. f. 8.

Assam.

(13) t Aphomia albifiisa n. sp.

<J. Head and thorax white mixed with pale brown ; abdomen yellow brown. Forewing pale brown with broad fascia of white suffusion below costa extending at base to inner margin. Hindwing orange-yellow.

?. Forewing entirely suffused with pale brown and irrorated with darker brown ; reddish streaks from base of median nervure in and below the cell ; a dark terminal line.

Celebes, Sangir I. (Doherty), 1 <J, 1 ? type. E.vp. S 26, ? 30 mill.

Sect. III. {Melissoblaptes). Forewing of male with the cell extending to about two-thirds of wing, not produced at extremity, vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 shortly stalked ; a large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside fringed with long hair outwardly met by some upturned hair from median nervure, the cell not clothed with androconia.

(14) Aphomia bipunctana.

Tinea anella Zinck.. Germ. Mag. iv. p. 244 (nee Schiff.) ; Leech, Pi/r. pi. 13. f. 4. Melissoblaptesbipunctanus Zell., Isis, 1848. p. 580 (nee Curt.) ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 480 ; Staud.,

Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. Melissoblaptes bipunctanus var. sapozkniknvi Krul., Rev. Russ. Ent. viii. p. 274 (1909).

Europe ; E. Turkestan, Kiildja ; Japan ; IT. China ; Ceylon.

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

(15) Aphomia vinicolor.

Mdissoblaptes unicolor Stand.. Hor. Ent. Snc. Hoss. vii. p. 212 (1870) ; Rag., Bom. Mem. viii. p. 482. pi. 45. f. 21 ; Stand., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. Algeria ; Greece ; Bulgaria ; Asia Uinor, Bithynia.

(16) * Aphomia foedella.

Helissoblaptes foedella Zell., Isis, 1839. p. 180 ; Herr. Schiiff., Eur. Schm. Pijr. S. 147, 148 and iv. p. 133 ; Rag.. Rom. Mem. viii. p. 483 ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1.

Hungary ; Bohemia.

(17) * Aphomia isodesma.

MelissoUaptes isodesma Meyr., Trans. Ent. Sac. 1886. p. 272; Rag., Rum. Mem. viii. p. 484. pi. 51. f. 14.

Fiji.

(18) Aphomia sordidella.

Gyrtona sordidella Wlk., xxxv. 1723 (1866) ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 484. pi. 44. f. 23. W. Australia ; IT. S. Wales.

(19) t Aphomia melanomochla n. sp.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen grej-wliite mixed witli brown ; antennae ringed fuscous and white. Forewing grey-white suffused in parts and irrorated with brown ; a fine black streak in submedian fokl to the postmedial line ;. a dark mark on median nervure before the antemedial line which is rather diffused, black-brown, oblique to submedian fold, and slightly incurved at vein 1 ; a black bar in cell towards extremitj', and a rather lunulate discoidal bar defined on outer side by white ; postmedial line rather diffused black-brown, defined on outer side by white to submedian fold where there is a dark mark beyond it, obhque and slightly sinuous to beyond lower angle of cell where it is acuteh' angled outwards, then inwardly oblique to submedian fold and erect to inner margin, some dark brown suffusion beyond it on costal area. Hindwing white, the terminal area slightly tinged \^-ith red-bro-\\n ; a reddish brown terminal line and slight line near base of cilia.

W. AustraUa, Sherlock R. (Clements), 1 ? type. Exp. 28 mill.

(20) Aphomia phloeomima.

Hypolophota phloeomima Turner, Ann. Queensl. Mus. x. p. 108 (1911). IT. Australia,

(21) * Aphomia aegidia.

MelissoUaptes aegidia Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887. p. 252 ; Rag., Rom. Mlm. viii. p. 485. pi. 51. f. 7. S. Australia,

(22) * Aphomia disema.

MelissoUaptes disema Lower, Tr. R. Soc. S. Auslr. xxix. ji. 103 (1905). Victoria.

(23) Aphomia odontella.

^MelissoUaptes odontella Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 96 (1901) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii, p. 485. pi. 54. £. 18. Ceylon,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 41

(24) *Aphomia fuscolimbella.

MelissoUiijites fuscoHmbdla'Ra.g., Nouv. Gen. p. 20(1887) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 485. pi. 46. f. 11 ; Dyar, Cat. Lep. N. Am. p. 413.

TX.S.A.

(25) Aphomia variegatella.

■f Meliss"blaptes variegatella Hmpsn., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 486. pi. 54. £. 19 (1901). Borneo.

(26) Aphomia obliterosa.

Bapara obliterosa Wlk., xxxii. 603 (1865) ; Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. ii. pi. vii. f. 2 ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 487. pi. 53. f. 14.

IT. Guinea ; D'Entrecasteaux Is.

(27) * Aphomia distictella n. sp.

<J. Head and thorax brown irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen fuscous. Forewing brown irrorated with fuscous ; a black point in end of cell and anothei' on discoceUulars. Hindwing dark fuscous-brown ; the cilia paler with a dark line through them.

Natal (A. J. Spiller), type in coll. Rothschild. Exp. 22 mill.

(28) * Aphomia homochroa.

Melissoblaptes homochroa Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xix. p. 53 (1905). Queensland.

Sect. IV. Forewing of male with the cell extending to about two-thirds of wing ; not produced at extremity ; veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; a small glandular swelling at base of costa on underside, the cell clothed with sUky androconia ; hindwing with tuft of long hair from below costa near base on upperside

(29) t Aphomia cyclophora n. sp.

(J. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish tinged with pale purplish red. Forewing pale purplish red irrorated with blackish ; a minute annulus incom- pletely defined by black scales in middle of cell and a more complete discoidal annulus ; traces of a diffused dark post-medial line, obhque to vein 5, then inwardly obhque and somewhat dentate ; traces of a curved dark subterminal line ; a terminal series of black bars. Hindwing ochreous yellow tinged with brown except on inner area ; a slight brown terminal line ; cilia brownish to vein 2 with a pale line at base, then yellowish. Underside ochreous white tinged with brown, forewing with the cell clothed with golden yellow androconia ; hindwing with the tuft of hair ochreous.

Br. IT. Guinea, MUne Bay (Meek), 1 <? type. Exp. 34 mill.

Sect. V. Forewing of male with the cell extending to about two-thirds of wing, not produced at extremity ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the wings without secondary sexual charactei^.

42 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

(30) fAphomia cafiralis n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax grey tinged with purpH.sh red and with some blackish mixed ; abdomen pale grey with a faint ochreous tinge towards base and some fuscous brown suffusion towards extremity ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whitish uTorated with blackish, the tarsi banded with blackish. Forewing grey tinged with purplish red and sparsely irroratcd ^\ith black : a diffused whitish streak in submedian fold from before the antemedial to the postmedial line ; a black point at base of vein 1, and subbasal point in the cell ; antemedial line rather diffused, blackish, oblique to submedian fold, then erect ; rather diffused black spots in cell towards extremity and on discocellulars, with a few white scales between them ; postmedial line rather diffused blackish, defined on outer side by some white scales, rather obliquely incurved to discal fold, then inwardly oblique ; a punctiform blackish terminal line ; cilia with a slight pale line near tips, Hindwing whitish suffused with reddish brown, the cilia whiter with two dark lines through them except towards tornus. Underside of forewing fuscous with the costal edge pale ; hindwing whitish tinged with red-brown, the costal area suffused with fuscous.

TransvaaJ, Kranspruit (Jause), 1 o type ; Orange R. Colony, Bloemfontein (Eckersley), 1 cJ. Exp. 26-30 mill.

Aiictormn. Aphonia erumpens Lucas, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xiii, p, 79 (1.S98) ..... Queenslaud

JUelissoblaptes burellus Koll., Noi'. Zool. vii. p. 5Sl {\9>X>) ....... Buru

Melissoblaptes baryptera Lower, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1901. p. 659 . . Victoria ; S. Australia Melissoblaptes agramma Lower, Tr. R. Soc. S. Avstr. 1903. p. 49 . Louisiades Is. ; Queensland

Melissoblaptes cissinobaphes Turner, Tr. R. Soc. Queensl. xix. p. 90 (190.'5) . . . Queensland

.4pfcomia ymea Turati, £n(. Tfec. XXV. p. 18 (1913) ....... Sardinia

Gen. Heteromicta.

T.Tpe. Heteromicta Meyr., Trans Ent. Soc. 1886. p. 273 ....... pachytera

Hypolophota Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Qneensl. xviii. p. 155 (1903) ..... oodes

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male upturned, short, thickly scaled, of female obliquely porrect and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi minute, filiform ; frons with large tuft of hair : antennae of male almost simple, the first joint rather long. Forewing rather short and broad, the costa moderately arched, the apex rounded ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked from before angle, 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male typically without secondarj^ sexual characters. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of cell : 3 and 5 strongly stalked. 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 7 anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. (Hypolophota). Forewing of male on underside with costal fold extending to beyond middle of wing and containing large masses of flccculent hair, vein 5 well separated from 4.

( i ) Heteromicta amydrastis.

Hypolophota amydrastis Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xriii. p. 156 (1904).

Queensland. The forewing {fide Turner) sometimes has vein 7 from 8 beyond 9.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 43

(2) Heteromicta oodes.

Bypolophota oodes Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xviii. p. 155 (1904).

Queensland. The two specimens in B.M. have vein 9 of the forewing absent.

Sect. II. (Heteromicta). Forewing of male without secondary sexual charac- ters, vein 5 from close to 4.

(3) Heteromicta pachytera.

Aphomia pachi/tera Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1879. p. 237 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 453. pi. 45. ff. 19. 20.

Queensland ; N. S. Wales ; Victoria ; S. Australia ; Tasmania.

(4) * Heteromicta poliostola.

Heteromicta poliostola Turuer, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xviii. p. 158 (1903). Queensland.

(5) Heteromicta tripartitella.

Aphomia tripartitella .Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.IV. 1879. p. 236 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 454. pi. 46. f. 9.

Queensland ; N. S. Wales.

(6) Heteromicta oohraceella.

Heteromicta ochraceella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 455. pi. 54. f. 1 (1901). Queensland.

(7) * Heteromicta nigricostella.

Heteromicta nigricostella Hmpsn.. Rom. Mem. viii. p. 455. pi. 54. f. 3 (1901). Queensland.

Aiictormn.

Heteromicta poeodes Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xix. p. 54 (1905) . . . Queensland

H ypolophota agastaTumer, Ann. Queensl. Mus. x. p. 109 (1911)? 4pAom«o Queensland ; N.Australia, Heteromicta alypeta Turner, Ann. Queensl. Mus. x. p. 109 (1911) . . . Queensland

Heteromicta leptochlora Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xxiv. p. 129 (1913) . . Queensland

Gen. Agdistopis nov.

Type A. petrochroa.

Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi obliquely porrect, the second joint with some rough scales and extending about twice the length of head, the third moder- ate and somewhat dilated at extremity ; maxUlary palpi ab.sent ; frons with small tuft of hair ; antennae of male somewhat laminate and with fasciculate cilia ; legs long, the fore tibiae slight, fringed with hair, the mid and hind tibiae smoothly scaled, the hind tibiae curved and with the medial spurs absent ; abdomen very long and tipuliform. Forewing very long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly cui-ved ; the cell about tw o-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from close to angle ; 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 10 stalked, 9 absent ; 11 from cell, some rough hair from base of costa on underside. Hindwing with seme rough hair from base of costa, but

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

the retinaculum absent ; the apex produced and acute, the termen very obUque and somewhat excised below apex ; veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; the discocellulars erect ; 6 absent ; 7 from upper angle, closely approximated to but not anastomosing -with 8.

The genus has a remarkable superficial resemblance to AgdisUs.

Agdistopis petrochroa ii. sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous white with a brownish tinge, the last with paler segmental bands and slight dark sublateral streaks ; legs rather browner. Forewing ochreous white with some blackish irroration especially below and beyond the cell, the costal area paler ; a diffused oblique black fascia intersected by a pinkish streak below basal half of cell. Hindwing whitish tinged with fuscous brown, thinly scaled ; ciUa with a fine ochreous line at base.

Hab. Formosa, Kanshirei in coll. WUeman ; Ceylon, Kandy (Mackwood), <J type ; Singapore (Ridley), 2 <J, 2 ?. Exp. 22-30 mill.

Genus Achroia.

Type. Achroia Hiibn., Yen. p. 163 (1827) not preoce. by Acraea Hiibn., Verz. p. 92 . . grisella

Meliphora Guen, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. xiv. p. 308 (1845), not descr. .... grisdla FoirixWlk., XXX. 1014 (1864) innotata

Proboscis sUght ; palpi of male minute, upturned, hidden under the dowii- turned hair on frons ; of female downtiirned and extending to beyond the frons ; maxillary palpi minute and ddated with scales ; antennae rather long, the basal joint rather long and with tuft of scales below. Forewing eUiptical, the costa arched, the apex rounded, the termen obhquely curved ; male with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars very obhque ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 and 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 10, 9 absent ; II from cell ; female with the discocellulars less obhque, vein 3 from angle of cell and 4, 5 stalked. Hindwing of male with the apex produced and acute, the termen excised to vein 1 and obhquely truncate at tornus ; vein 2 from well before angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 from upper angle of cell, 7 anastomosing with 8 ; female with the apex less produced and the termen less excised, the ceU shorter, vein 2 from near angle and 3 and 5 more strongly stalked.

(1) * Achroia obscurevittella. Achroia obscurevittella Rag., Bom. Mem. viii. p. 498. pi. 43. f. 24 (1901). Japan. Probablj' not distinct from A. grisella.

(2) Achroia grisella.

Tinea grisella Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii. 2. p. 289 (1794) ; Hmpsn., Moths hid. iv. p. 6 ; Rag., Rom. Mim.

viii. p. 497 ; Stand., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 1. Oalleria alvearia Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 463 (1798). Bonibyx cinereola Hiibn., Eur. Schm. Bomb. f. 91 (1802).

U.S.A. ; Jamaica ; Europe ; Sikkim ; Bengal, Calcutta ; Ceylon ; Australia.

(3) Achroia innotata.

t Vobrix innotata Wlk., xxx. 1014 (1864) ; Rag., Rom. Miiri. viii. p. 498. pi. 55. f. 8. Ceylon; Borneo, Sarawak. Probably not distinct from A. grisella.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1017. 45

Auctorum.

Mdiphora myrmecophila Tumev, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. ^xiv. p. 130 {1913) . . . Queensland

Gen. Athaliptis.

Type. Athaliptis Schaug, A. M. N. H. (8). xi. p. 252 (1913) cymonia

Palpi of female long, downcurved , slender ; antennae almost simple. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 7 from before 9 and beyond 10 ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 stalked.

* Athaliptis cymonia.

Athaliptis cymonia Sehaus, .4. M. N. H. (8). xi. p. 252 (1913). Costa Rica'

Gen. Epimorius.

Type. Epimorius ZeW., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. ■s.ni. 1^. 16 (ISn). ...... suffusa

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending typically about twice the length of head ; maxUlary palpi minute ; frons vsdth tuft of hair ; antennae of male typically serrate. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 typically shortly stalked ; the discocellulars strongly angled inwards ; 6 from just bek w upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 9 from beyond 7; 11 from cell. Hindwing typically with vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3, 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. Palpi of female extending about three times length of head ; antennae of male serrate ; forewing with veins 4, 5 shortly stalked, the dis- cocellulars strongly angled inwards ; hindwing with veins 3, 4, 5 stalked and the discocellulars angled inwards to near base.

(1) Epimorius suffusa.

Epimorius suffusus Zell., Hor. Ent. Sac. Ross. xiii. p. 76. pi. ii. i. 28 (1877) ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 430. pi. 46. f. 3. Costa Rica ; S. Brazil.

(2) * Epimorius testaceella.

Epimorius testaceellus Rag., N. Am. Phyc. p. 20 (1887) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 430. pi. 45. f. 22. Jamaica.

(3) f Epimorius epipaschiella n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax pale rufous tinged with grey and irrorated with

blackish, the palpi with more black ; abdomen white faintly tinged with brown ;

tarsi blackish with pale rings. Forewing grey tinged with rufous and irrorated

with blackish ; the basal area suffused and irrorated with black to just before

46 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

tlie medial line, which is black, inwardly oblique and incurved from subcostal nervure to just below the cell ; the costal area bej'ond it whitish ; a small rather oblique black discoidal spot ; postraedial line black, diffused on inner side and defined on outer side by whitish, inwardly oblique, and with its outer edge minutely dentate, a blackish shade beyond it ; the terminal area grey- white with some black at costa and a terminal series of minute black spots. Hindwing white, faintly tinged with brown ; a slight dark termmal line. Under- side of forewing white tinged with fuscous ; hindwing with the costa slightly UTorated with fuscous.

Colombia, Minca (H. H. Smith), 1 <J type. Exp. IG mill.

Sect. II. Palpi of female extending about twice the length of head ; antennae of male ciliated ; forewing with veins 4, 5 strongly stalked, the discocellulars less strongly angled inwards ; hindwing with vein 3 frcm near angle of cell and the discocellulars not so strongly angled inwards.

(4) tEpimorius adustalis n. sp.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown with a slight reddish tinge. Fore- wing grey-brown with a slight reddish tinge and some black irroraticn ; a slight discoidal spot formed by black scales ; traces of an obliquely curved postmedial black line ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing and underside grey- brown with a slight reddish tinge.

Sierra Leone (Clements), 4 cJ, 1 $type ; S. Nigeria, Lagos (Sir G. Carter), 1 ?, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 $; Sapele (Sampson), 1 i; Warri (Roth.), 1 $. Exp. <J 18-22, ? 26-30 mill.

Gen. Cathayia.

Type. Ca(Ao^ia Hmpsn., 7?om. J/em. viii. p. 451 (1901) ....... obliquella

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned, thicklj' scaled, of female downcurved and extending about the length of head ; maxOlary palpi minute ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male rather short, the basal joint somewhat dilated. Forewing triangular, the costa arched, the apex somewhat produced and rounded, the termen oblique ; the cell about two-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 separate in male, in female stalked or from a point ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked from 10, 9 absent or frcm beyond 7, arising before the angle of cell ; 1 1 from cell ; the male on underside with a small glandular swelling at base of costa with a large tuft of black hair from below its extremity, the base of median nervure and cell clothed with rough androconia. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell ; 4, 5 stalked ; the dis- cocellulars angled inwards to near base ; veins 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Cathayia obliquella.

Cathayia ohliqudla, Hmpsn. Rom. Mem. viii. p. 452. pi. 51. f. G (1901). Japan ; C. China.

(2) Cathayia purpureotincta n. sp. ?. Head and thorax rufous with a few blackish scales; abdomen paler rufous ; palpi with a slight purplish tinge ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 47

abdomen rufous, the last with some blackish irroration. Fore\\ing bright rufous irrorated with black and slightly tinged with purple, the veins with slight pale streaks ; an obscure mark formed by an aggregation of black scales in upper angle of cell and an oblique bar formed by black scales at middle of submedian interspace ; traces of an oblique postmedial line formed by black scales from vein 5 to inner margin ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing ochreous tinged and irrorated with brown, the cilia with a faint purplish line through them from apex to vein 2. Underside reddish ochreous irrorated with dark brown ; forewing tinged with purplish red, the disk suffused with brown, a faint curved blackish postmedial line.

Hab. Borneo, Kuching, 1 ? type. Exp. 32 mill.

Gen. Picrogama.

Type.

Picrogama lleyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897. p. 91 ....... cotnplana

Proboscis rather short ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled ; of female downcurved and extending about twice the length of head ; maxillary palpi slight ; frcns with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint somewhat dilated. Forewing narrow, the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved ; the male with the lower part of cell produced, vein 3 from well before angle, 5 from above angle ; the discocellulars angkd inward.s above and with a recurrent vein from their angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, & stalked from before the angle, 7 typically from beyond 9 ; 10, 1 1 from cell ; a small glandular swelling at base of costa on underride and the cell clothed with androconia ; the female with veins 4, 5 from angle of cell, Ihe discocellulars incurved. Hindwing with vein 3 from just before angle of cell ; 4, 5 strongly stalked, the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with S.

Sect. I. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 beyond 9. ( 1 ) Picrogama complana.

ApJiomia complana Feld., Seis. Xov. pi. 137. i. 6 (1874).

Picrogama anticosma Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897. p. 92 ; Hmpsn., Bom. Mini. viii. p. 445. pi. 53. ft. 10. 11.

Celebes, Sangir I.; Amboina ; Dutch N. Guinea; D'Entrecasteanz Is., Goodenough I., Fergusson I. ; Louisiade Is., St. Aignan I.

Sect. II. Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 9.

(2) t Picrogama albiJascialis n. sp. o. Head and thorax whitish tinged with red-brown ; abdomen deep golden yellow. Forewing whitish tinged with brown and irrorated with dark brown, a purplish red tinge in lower part of cell and below vein 6 to termen ; the veins of costal area v/ith chocolate-brown streaks and two slight purple-brown streaks in the cell ; a white fascia from base through the upper part of cell to apex broken up by the dark streaks on the veins ; small elongate elliptical purple- brown spots in upper part of cell ; an aggregate of dark scales at origin of vein 2 ; an obliquely curved postmedial shade formed by aggregations of dark scales

48 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 11)17.

in the interspaces from below the white fascia to above inner margin ; a terminal series of sUght black lunules. Hind wing deep golden yellow ; the cilia with a brown line at middle and white tips. Underside deep golden yellow, the terminal area of forewing and apex of hindwing greyish tinged with purple-red. Br. If. Guinea, Milne Bay (Meek), 1 <J type. Exp. 46 mill.

(3) Picrogama nigrisparsalis.

t Lamoria nigrisparialie Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hisl. Soc. xiv. p. 658 (1903). Ceylon.

Gen. Prosthenia.

Type. Prosthenia Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. via. 11. iSO (IW)1) ..... psittacolella

Proboscis small ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female with the second joint obliquely upturned to about vertex of head and bent forward at extremity, the third porrect ; maxillary palpi shght ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint with tuft of scales below. Forewing very narrow, the apex rounded, the termen very short ; the male with veins 2, 3, 4, 5 given off at even distances, the cell being strongly produced to a point at vein 5 ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked. 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; a large costal fold on basal third of costa on underside T\ith thick fringe of hair below and the cell clothed with andrcconia ; the female wth vein 3 from well before angle of cell, veins 4, 5 from angle, the discocellulars angled. Hindwing with vein 3 shortly stalked with 4, .5 ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

(1) Prosthenia psittacolella.

t Prosthenia psittacolella Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 450. pi. 54. f. 11 (1901). Hornigia sauberi Semp., Reis. Phil. Schmett. ii. p. 644. pi. 66. f. 1 (1902).

Singapore ; Borneo ; Philippines.

(2) t Prosthenia xyloryctella, n. sp.

?. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish tinged with brown ; antennae brown ringed with white ; tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing whitish tinged with purplish brown and irrorated with dark brown ; antemedial line dark brown defined on inner side by whitish, oblique, sinuous ; two black- brown points in the cell towards extremity ; an oblique purple-brown discoidal lunule defined except on outer side by deep chocolate-brown and with a small chocolate-brown spot at its lower extremity ; postmedial line dark brown, curved, dentate, defined on outer side by whitish with a diffused dentate brown shade beyond it except on costal area ; the costa towards apex with white points with short black streaks between them and the costal area whitish ; a terminal series of black striae, forming a rather triangular spot below apex ; cilia whitish with sUght brown line near base and stronger hue near tips. Hind- wing whitish tinged with brown ; a dark terminal line and faint line near base of ciha from apex to submedian fold. Underside whitish tinged with brown ; forewing with the markings less distinct ; hindwing with curved brown post- medial line from costa to vein 2.

Queensland, Toowong (Dodd), 1 ? type. Exp. 40 mill.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 49

The specimen is labelled " found in xylo-stick, supposed to be parasitic on the pupae of Xi/loryctidae." This and the other species of the genus are probably not parasitic but feed on the faeces and rubbish in the one case in the nest of the parrots, in the other in the borings of the Xyloryctidae.

Gen. Acara.

Type.

Acara Wlk., xxvii. 198 (1863) morosella

Ertzica Wlk., xxxv. 1768 (1866) morosella

Proboscis short ; palpi of male short, upturned, fringed in front with long hair, of female obliquely downcurved, extending about twice the length of head and fringed below with long hair ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint with a tuft of scales below. Forewing with the costa slightly arched, the apex produced and acute, the termen evenly curved ; the male with the cell about two-thirds length of wing ; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 given off at even distances ; the discocellulars angled inwards above ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked from angle, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; a large glandular fold on basal half of costa on underside, fringed with hair at extremity ; female with the cell shorter, vein 3 from near angle of cell, 5 from just above angle, the discocellulars angled inwards at middle. Hindwing with the apex produced and acute, the termen excised below apex ; vein 3 from just before angle of cell ; 4, 5 shortly stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 not anastomosing with 8.

Acara morosella.

t Acara morosella Wlk., xxvii. 199 (1863) ; Hmpsn., Moths Ind. iv. p. 8; Rag., Mom. Mem. viii.

p. 446. pi. 46. f. 10. t Ertzica maximella Wlk., xxxv. 1768 (1866).

Galleria macroptera Snell., Tijd. v. Enl. xxiii. p. 249 (1879) ; id., idem, xxvii. p. 53. pi. v. i. 11. Acara impunctdla Sauber, Semp. lit:cs. Phil. Schmett. ii. p. 645. pi. 66. f. 2 (1902). Assam ; Ceylon ; FhiUppines ; Java ; Celebes.

Auctorum. Acara psolopasta Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xxiv. p. 131 (1913) 1 Eucallionyma. Queensland

Gen. Schistotbeca.

Type. Schistotheca Rag., Bull. Soc. Era. Fr. (6). ii. p. clxxv. (1882) . . . . canescens

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending about three times length of head ; frons smooth, with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved ; the male with vein 3 from long before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; the discocellulars highly angled inwards ; vein 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; a large fold on basal half of costa on underside containing masses of flocculent hair ; the female with veins 4, 5 from a point. Hindwing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 not anastomosing with 8.

4

50 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

(1) Schistotheca canescens.

t Schistotheca canescens Rag., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (0). ii. p. clxn-. (1882) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 429. pi. 45. f. 15. Chili.

(2) Schistotheca gigantella.

Crambtts gigantella Druce, A. M. N. H. (8). viii. p. 720 (1911). Peru.

Gen. Lamoria.

Type.

iomorw Wlk.. xxTii. 87 (18G3) adaptella

Maraclea Wlk., xxvii. 88 (1863) inostentalis

Tugela Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 51 (1888) clathrella

Proboscis minute ; palpi of male sliort, upturned, tliickly scaled, of female porrect, extending about twice the length of head and fringed with hair below ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint rather dilated. Forewing narrow, the costa arched, the apex rounded ; vein 3 from close to angle of cell : 4. 5 staUced, from a point, or separate ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from just below upper angle, from angle, or shortly stalked with 7, 8, 9, 7 from before 9 ; 10,11 from cell ; the male with glandular sweUing at base of costa on underside. Hindwing with vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3, 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to near base ; 6, 7 stalked. 7 anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. Forewing with veins 4, 5 separate.

A. Hindwing of male on upperside clothed with golden brown androconia except on terminal area and on underside along the median nervure and veins 4 to 2.

(1) Lamoria pachylepidella.

Lamoria ■par.liylepidella Hmp.sn., Bom. Mhn. viii. p. 441. pi. 53. f. 3 (1901). Queensland.

B. (Blaraclea). Hindwing of male normal.

(i) Lamoria oenachroa.

Lamoria oenachroa Turner, Pr. R. Soc. Queensl. xix. p. 55 (1905). Queensland ; W. Australia.

(3) Lamoria inostentalis.

t Maraclea inostentali.'i Wlk.. xxvii. 88 (1803); Hmpan.. Rom. Mhn. viii. p. 436. pi. 53. f. 2.

Japan ; Formosa ; C. and W. China ; Borneo ; D'Entrecasteaux Is., Fergus- son I. The hindwing often has vein 4 absent.

(4) t Lamoria medianalis n. sp. cJ. Head and thorax pale purphsh grey mixed with blackish ; abdomen ochreous white, tinged with rufous at base ; legs grey tinged with brown ; ventral surface of abdomen whitish irrorated with brown. Forewing pale purplish grey irrorated with blackish, with a dark shade along median nei-vure and whiter sliades in the cell and submedian interspace ; a small obscure discoidal spot tinged

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 51

with rufous ; a faint slightly dentate brown postmedial line, oblique to vein 4, then inwardly oblique ; a terminal series of blackish points. Hindwing ochreous white, the terminal area tinged with brown except towards tornus. Underside of forewing grey-brown ; hindwing whitish, the costal area tinged with brown, niashonaland (Debbie), 1 3 type. E.rp. 34 mill.

Sect. II. (Lamoria). Forewing with veins 4, 5 from a point or stalked.

(5) Lamoria anella.

Tinea anella Scliiff., Wien Vera. p. 135 (1776) ; Dup., Lep. Fr. x. p. 261. pi. 282. f. 7 ; Herr. Schaff,

Schmett. Eur. If. p. 113. f. 1.51 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 438 ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2. Tinea sodella Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. Tin. I. 24 (nee Linu). Melia bipunctami Curt.. Brit. Ent. v. p. 201 (1830).

S. Centr. and S. Europe ; Egypt.

(6) Lamoria melanophlebia.

Lamoria melanophlebia Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 51 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 435. pi. 46. f. 6 ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2. Bnssia, Caucasus ; Syria.

(7) Lamoria ruficostella.

Lamoria ruficostella Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 52 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 436. pi. 45. £. 11 ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2. S. Russia ; Japan ; C. China.

(8) * Lamoria caffrella.

Tugela caffrella Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 51 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 442. pi. 46. £. 6. ITatal.

(9) Lamoria jordanis.

Lim.oria jordanis Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 435. pi. 46. f. 5 (1901) ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2.

Tunis; Egypt; Cyprus; Syria; Palestine; Persian Gulf; Punjab; Bind; Ceylon.

(10) Lamoria imbella.

t Acrobasis imbella Wlk., xxx. 955 (1864) ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 437. pi. 45. f. 12. Melissoblaptes obscurellus Saalm.. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1880. p. 308 ; id., Lep. Madaij, p. 511.

N. ITigeria ; Br. E. Africa ; Br. C. Afirica ; Mashonaland ; Transvaal ; Katal ; C. Colony ; Madagascar.

(11) Lamoria clathrella.

Tvgela clathrella Rag.. Nouv. Gen. p. 51 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 442. pi. 46. ii 1. Uadagascar.

(12) Lamoria adaptella.

Pempelia adaptella Wlk., xxvii. 74 (18.33) ; Rag.. Rom.. Mem. viii. p. 434. pi. 35. f, 21.

Limoria planalis Wlk., xxvii. 88 (1853).

Crambus joedellus Wlk., xxxv. 1757 (1866).

Lamoria jusconervella Rag., Nouv. Gen. p. 51 (1888) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 437. pi. 45. f. 13.

Melissoblaptes bipunctanus Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 375 (nee Haw).

Lamoria anella Hmpsn.. Moths Ind. iv. p. 7 (nee Schiff).

Formosa ; Madras ; Ceylon ; Singapore ; Sumatra ; Java ; Plores.

52 NoTiTATES Zoolog:cae XXIV. 1917.

(13) Lamoria infumatella.

t Lamoria injumateUa Hmp.sn., >/. Bomb. yat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 98 (1898) ; id., Eom. Mem. viii. p. 440. pi. 53. £. 5. Sikhim ; Ceylon.

(14) Lamoria virescens.

■f Lamoria virescens Hmpsn., J. Bomh. Xat. Hist. Soc. sii. p. 97 (1898) ; id., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 440. pi. 537. f. 1. Sikhim ; Ceylon ; Queensland,

Gen. Acyperas.

Type. Acyperas Hmpsn., jRom. Mem. viii. p. 427 (1901) ...... aurantiacella

Proboscis minute ; palpi in both sexes downcurved, extending about twice the length of head and moderately fringed with hair below ; maxillary palpi fihform ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male short, almost simple, the basal joint dilated, hollowed out on outer side and with tuft of hair in front. Forewing with the costa arched to beyond middle, then oblique to apex which is produced and acute, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from long before angle of cell ; 4, 5 separate in male, from a point in female ; the discocellulars curved ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with large glandular .swelling at base of costa on under- .side, fringed with oblique hair met by a tuft of hair from median nervure. Hind- wing with the cell short ; vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; the discocellulars acutely angled ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing slightly with 8.

Acyperas aurantiacella.

Acyperas aurantiacella Kmpan., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 427. pi. 53. f. 15 (1901). IT. Guinea ; B'Entrecasteaux Is.

Gen. Omphalophora.

Type. OmpJialophora Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 427 (1901) rvhreUa

Proboscis minute ; palpi in both sexes downcurved, extending about the length of head and clothed with long hair below ; maxillary palpi dilated with scales ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae short, almost simple, the basal joint dilated, hollowed out on outer side and with tuft of hair in front. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex produced and acute ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars slightly curved ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked in male, 7 from before 9, in female vein 10 from the cell ; 1 1 from cell ; the male with large glandular swelling at base of costa on underside fringed ^\iih oblique hair met by a tuft of long hair from median nervure. Hindwing with the cell short ; vein 3 from angle ; 4, 5 shortly stalked ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing slightly with 8.

* Omphalophora rubrella.

Omphalophora rubrella Hmpsn., Rom. Mim. viii. p. 428. pi. 53. f. 13 (1901). Acara dohrni Hering, SleU. ent. Zcit. Ixiv. p. 87. pi. 1. f. 34 (1903). Sumatra ; Java.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 53

Gen. Galleria.

Type.

Galleria Fnhr., Ent. Syst. Snppl. p. iG2(nQS) • . . mellondla

Ceriodepia Sodof., Bull. Nat. Mosc. x. 6. p. 20 (1837). ...... mellonella

I'indanm Wlk., x.xxv. 170G (1866) mdloneUa

Proboscis slight ; palpi of male short, obliquely upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved and extending about the length of head ; maxillary palpi dilated with scales ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint somewhat dilated and with a tuft of scales below. Fore- wing with the costa slightly arched, the apex rounded, the termen excised to vein 2, strongly in male, the tornus obliquely excised ; the male with the cell about three-fourths length of wing ; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 given off at even distances ; the discocellulars slightly angled inwards ; vein 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8. 9 stalked from before angle, 7 from beyond 9; 10, 11 from cell ; a small glandular swelling at base of costa on underside and the cell clothed with androconia ; the female with the cell about two-thirds length of wing and veins 4, 5 from angle. Hindwing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 stalked ; the discocellulars angled inwards to about one-fourth from base ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Galleria mellonella.

Tinea mellonella Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 537 (1758) ; Curt., Brit. Ent. xlii. p. 587 ; Hmpsn.,

Moths Ind. iv. p. 9 ; Rag., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 448 ; Stand., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2. Tinea cereana Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. xii. p. 874 (1767). Tinea cerella Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 655 (1775). Galleria cerea Haw., Lep. Brit. p. 392 (1811). Vindana obliquella Wlk., xxxv. 1706 (1866). Galleria auatrina Feld., Eei.^. Nor. pi. 137. f. 7 (1874).

Almost universally distributed.

Gen. Galleiisthenia nov. Type, G. mellonididla.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of male porrect, extending about twice the length of head and thickly scaled above and below ; maxillary palpi trian- gularly scaled ; frons oblique ; antennae short, simple. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7 from angle ; 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell ; the wing narrow, the termen erect from apex to vein 3 where it is strongly hooked then very oblique. Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle which is greatly produced ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 approximated to 7 beyond the cell ; the termen slightly excurved at middle.

* Galleristhenia mellonidiella n. sp.

(?. Head and thorax pale red-brown ; abdomen brownish white. Forewing pale red-brown suffused with grey and irrorated with a few dark scales ; a post- medial line obsolescent towards costa, angled at vein 5, then very oblique and formed of dark red-brown spots ; cilia dark red-brown, whitish at tips below the hook. Hindwing semihyaline white ; the costal area, termen, and base of cilia brown.

Queensland, Dawson district (Barnard), 1 ^ type in coll. Rothschild. Exp. 46 mill.

54 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917,

Gen. Paraphycita.

Type. Paraphycita Hmpsn., Bom. Mem. viii. p. 451 (1901) ...... efiperccidla

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi of female upturned, the second joint reaching to vertex of head and rather broadlj' scaled in front, the third long, roughly scaled in front ; niaxUlary palpi long and filiform ; frons smorth, the vertex of head with tufts of scales ; antennae of female almost simple, the basal joint rather long. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen erect ; the cell about two-thirds length of i^ing ; vein 3 from angle ; 4, 5 stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; veins 3, 4, 5 stalked ; the discccellulars curved ; veins 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Paraphycita epipercciella.

Paraphycita epiperchidla Hmpsn., Bom. Mem. viii. p. 451. pi. 53. f. 9 (1901). Timor, Dili I., Oinainissa I.

Gex. Megarthria.

Type. Megarthria Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soi-. xii. p. 304 (1899) velutinella

Proboscis short ; palpi with the second joint porrect, extending about twice the length of head and moderately fringed with hair above and below, the third short, oblique, roughly scaled ; maxillary palpi filiform ; frons smooth with slight ridge of hair above ; antennae of male ciliated, the basal joint very long and curved. Fore^ving with the costa slightly arched, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; the discccellulars curved ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from before 9; 10, 11 from cell ; the male with glandular swelling at base of costa on underside fringed with hair met by an oblique fringe from median nei-vure. Hindwing with the cell rather short ; veins 3, 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; veins 6, 7 shortly stalked, 7 slightly anastomosing with 8.

Megarthria velutinella.

Embryoglossa variegata Warr., A. M. 2\. H. (G). xviii. p. 226 (1S9G) q, nee ?. Megarthria velutinella Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. p. 304 (1899) ; id., Rotn. Mem. vii, p. 426. pi. 53. f. 12. Sikhim ; Assam.

Gen. Embryoglossa.

Type. Embryoglossa'Wa.TT., A. M.N. H. (6). xviii. p. 225 (ISQG) variegata

Proboscis small ; palpi porrect, the second joint extending about twice the length of head and fringed with hair above and below, the third rather long and smoothly scaled ; maxillary palpi filiform ; frons smooth, with ridge of hair above ; antennae of male minutely serrate and with long fasciculate cilia, the basal joint with large tuft of hair in front, of female with shorter cilia ; the back of head with tufts of hair. Forewing with the costa slightly arched, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from upper angle ; 7. 8, 9 .stalked ; 10, 11 from cell, Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulaiR curved ; G, 7 shortly stalked. 7 not anastomosing with 8.

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 55

(1) Embryoglossa variegata.

Embryoglossa variegata Wan., ^4. M. X. H. (6). xviii. p. 226 (1896) ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 424. pi. 53. f. 8. Assam.

(2) Embryoglossa bipuncta.

Embryoglossa bipuncta Hmpsn., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xiv. p. 658 (1901).

Assam. '

Gex. Sphinctocera.

Type. tSphinctocera Wa,n:, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 128(1897). ...... crassisquama

Proboscis rather short ; palpi downcurved, extending about three times length of head and fringed with hair below ; maxillary palpi filiform ; frons with large tuft of hair ; antennae of male laminate with a small tooth above at one-fifth length, the basal joint long. Forewing with the costa slightly excised beyond middle, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from upper angle or stalked with 7, 8, 9 ; 7 from before 9 ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle or shortly stalked ; the discocellulars curved ; veins 6, 7 shortly stalked, 7 slightly anastomosing with 8 or free.

Sphinctocera crassisquama.

Sphinctocera crassisquama Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. p. 128 (1897) ; Hmpsn., Rom. Mem. viii. p. 425. pi. 53. t 16. Transvaal ; Natal ; Cape Colony.

Gen. Archigalleria.

Type. Archigalleria Eebel, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lii. p. 570 (1902) .... proavitella

Proboscis rather short ; palpi of male short, upturned, thickly scaled, of female downcurved, extending about three times length of head and smoothly scaled ; maxillary palpi dilated with scales ; frons with conical prominence produced to a slight corneous point at extremity ; antennae of male almost simple, the basal joint somewhat dilated. Forewing with the costa moderately arched, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; the cell in both sexes about two-thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle ; 4, 5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked, 9 absent ; 10, 11 from cell, 10 approxi- mated to 7, 8 at base ; the male with slight glandular swelling at base of costa on underside. Hindwing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4, 5 closely approximated for about half their length ; the discocellulars moderately angled inwards ; 6, 7 shortly stalked, 7 not anastomosing with 8.

Archigalleria proavitella.

Aphomia proavitella Rebel, Ann. Hojmus. iricn, vil. p. 262 (1892) ; Staud., Cat. Lep. pal. ii. p. 2. Canary Is.

5g NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917.

Gen. Morpheis.

Type.

Morpheis Hiibn., Vers. p. 196 (1S27). preocc. Bot. nee Zool smeritUha

Mydobia Herr. Schiiff, Ansser. eur. Schmell. pp. 79. 75 (1858) smerintha

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi in both sexes obliquely upturned, extending to the extremity of the frontal prominence and thickly .scaled ; maxillary palpi two-jointed, as long as the labial palpi and thickly scaled ; frons with large conical prominence ending in a small corneous beak ; antennae of male typically bipectinate with .short branches to one-third length, then mmutely serrate, of female with very short branches on basal third ; tibiae rather strongly frmged with hair. Forewing long and narrow, the costa highly archfd towards apex which is produced and somewhat falcate, the termen obliquely curved, the inner margin rather lobed towards base ; vem 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7 from angle ; 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell ; veins 9 to 12 becoming coincident below the costa ; the cell on underside clothed with rough downturned hair. Hindwing with the termen excised above tornus ; vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 shortly stalked or from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7 free or slightly anastomosing with 8.

Sect. I. Antennae in both sexes bipectinate with short branches towards base.

(1) * Morpheis piistulata.

Morpheis pustulata Herr. Schaff, Ausser. eur. Schmell. p. 75. f. 152 (1858). J ; Hmpan., Rom. Mem.

viii. p. 423. Morpheis murina Herr. Schaff, Ausser. eur. Schmett. p. 75. f. 153 (1858), $.

Brazil.

(2) Morpheis smerintha.

Morpheis smerintha Hiibn., Samml. exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 195. ff. 3. 4 (1821) ; Hmpsn., Bom. Mem. vUi. p. 423. pi. 54. t. 16.

Mexico, Yucatan ; Brazil (some specimens taken at sea 130 to 500 miles from land), Rio Grand do Sul.

(3) '" Morpheis paleacea.

Morpheis paleacea Herr. Schaff, Ausser. eur. Schmett. p. 75. f. 150 (1858) ; Hmpsn., Bom. Mim. yui. p. 423. Venezuela ; Brazil.

Sect. II. Antennae of male minutely serrate and fasciculate to base, of female ciliated.

(4) Morpheis decolorata.

Morpheis decolorata Herr. Schaff, Ausser. eur. SchmeU. p. 75. f. 151 (1858) ; Hmpsn., Bom. Mim. viii. p. 424. pi. 54. f. 5. Colombia; Veneznela; Brazil.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 57

Gen. Schoenobiodes nov.

Type, S. striata.

Proboscis aborted and small ; palpi oblique, rather roughly scaled and reaching to about vertex of head ; maxillary palpi nearly filiform ; frons with rounded prominence ; antennae of female almost simple, with tuft of scales on basal joint ; anal tuft rather large. Forewing narrow, the costa arched, the apex produced and acute, the termen obliquely curved ; the cell about two- thirds length of wing ; vein 3 from well before angle ; 4. 5 from angle ; the dis- cocellulars angkd ; 6, 7 strongly stalked from below upper angle ; 8, 9, 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 from upper angle. 7 strongly anastomosing with 8.

Schoenobiodes striata.

Acara striata Sc\m\iz, Phil. Journ. Sci. ii. p. 308. pi. 1. f. 11 (1907). Philippines, Manila.

Gen. Balaenifrons.

Type. Balaenifrons Hmpsn., Moths Ind. iv. p. 9 (1896) ...... homopteridia

Proboscis short arising with the filiform two-jointed maxillary palpi from the enormous conical smoothly scaled frontal prominence, which is grooved below, well in front of the labial palpi which are upturned in front of the prominence and smoothly scaled ; antennae of male almost simple. Forewing with the costa arched, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; the discocellulars curved ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7 from angle ; 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell, the latter curved. Hindwing with the lower end of cell produced ; veins 3, 4, 5 well separated ; the discocellulars angled ; 6, 7 stalked, 7 connected with 8 by an oblique bar ; the retinaculum bar-shaped in male, the frenulum of female single.

(1) t Balaenifrons haematographa n. sp.

(J. Golden yellow ; head, thorax and abdomen with crimson mi.xed ; palpi tinged with fuscous. Forewing with five ill-defined waved crimson lines with black marks suffused with silvery scales on them at costa except the subterminal line ; the antemedial and medial lines confluent in the cell, the postmedial line incurved at discal fold and bent inwards below vein 3, the subterminal line bent outwards to the margin and interrupted at vein 3. Hmdwing semi- hyaline ochreous, the terminal area suffused with brown with a purplish crimson patch on it below vein 3 with two yellow marks on it at vein 2.

?. Forewing without the black marks on the lines at costa ; hindwing with the terminal area suffused with crimson except towards tornus,

Solomon Is., Bougainville I. (Meek), 2 3 type ; Queensland, Cedar Bay, Cooktown (Meek), 1 ?, Geraldton (Meek), o^ ? m coll. Rothschild. Exp. cJ 22, 9 28 mill.

58 XOTITATEB ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

(2) t Balaenifrons aryrostrota n. sp.

<J. Head, thorax and abdomen golden yellow mixed with crimson-red ; palpi yellow towards base, then red ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tibiae yellow banded with red. Forewing golden yellow with five ill-defined waved crimson-red bands suffused with silvery purple, the ante- medial and medial bands confluent except towards costa and inner margin and the post medial and subterminal bands confluent in places ; a red discoidal striga. Hindwing yellow ; some crimson-red on vein 2 near base ; the apical area suffused with brown ; partly confluent postmedial and subterminal crimson- red bands suffused with silvery purple between discal and submedian folds.

Ceylon, Gampola (Green), 1 o, Newera Eliya (Green), 1 3 type. Exp. 16 mill.

(3) t Balaenifrons phoenicozona n. sp.

Head and thorax yellowish white mixed with rufous ; abdomen white with dorsal rufous bands towards base and dark brown bands towards extremity ; antennae yellow ringed with black-brown ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore femora blackish above, the fore and mid tibiae yellow and red with black bands at extremities and on the tarsi. Forewing golden yellow with deep red bands suffused with silver, their edges rather diffused ; a subbasal band with black and silvery mark at costa ; a black and silvery mark on costa near middle with the antemedial and medial bands arising from it and confluent to above inner margin where they fork ; a black and silvery mark on costa above end of cell and two red discoidal points ; the postmedial band with black and silvery mark at costa, and partly confluent with a terminal band ending at vein 3. Hindwing semihj'aline yellow ; a red mark on vein 2 at its middle ; the terminal area suffused with brown, a red and purplish sUver patch on it below vein 3 with a small yellow spot on it at vein 2.

Queensland, Cedar Bay, Cooktown (Meek), 1 3 type, o, $ hi coll. Rothschild. Exp. 16 mill.

(4) Balaenifrons homopteridia.

t BalaenifroTishomripleiklia'Hmpsn., Moths Ind. iv. p. 9(1890); id., Fom. Mem. viii. p. 421. pi. 53. f. 4. Bengal ; Burma ; N. Borneo.

(5) t Balaenifrons ocbrochroa n. sp.

(J. Head and thorax oehreous mixed with brick-red ; abdomen ochreous with a fulvous yellow band near base and some red suffusion toward extremity ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous white, the tibiae and tarsi suffused with rufous. Forewing ochreous thickly irrorated with brick-red ; an oblique diffused red antemedial line ; a discoidal spot ; a diffused post- medial line, slightly incurved below vein 4 ; a fine dark terminal line ; cilia ochreous white. Hindwing ochreous whitLsh suffused with brown, the cDia ochreous white.

Singapore (Wood-Jones), 1 3 type. Exp. 28 mill.

Genera auctorum.

Hombergia unicolor de Joan, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1910. p. 270, probably near .ArchigaUeria. France.

NOVITATEB ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1917. 59

TWO NEW AMERICAN MOTHS

By K. Jordan, Ph.D.

Family ''ASTNIIDAE.

1. Eupalamides grandis spec. nov.

(J $. E. dedalo simUlimus, pallidior, alis anticis sine maculis submarginalibus ante ramum primum radialem (costam sextam) atque infra totis squamosis.

Hab. French Guiana (type), Surinam, British Guiana and the Amazons. In these countries two species occur, apparently side by side. The one which I take to be dedalus Cram. (1775) = cyparissias Fabr. (1777), has one or more submarginal spots on the forewing between the first radial (R' = vein 6) and the costa, both above and below ; the forewing beneath in the male is strongly hairy from near the base to two-thirds, and glossy in the centre, and in the female is covered with narrow haii-like scales between base and oblique band. In the second species the scaling on the underside of the forewing is normal, i.e. there is no coat of hairs in either sex ; the apical area of the forewing and the whole hindwing, beneath, are much paler than in E. dedalus, and there are no submarginal spots from R' forward on the forewing. The ij-genitalia also differ to some extent, as will be explained in another place.

Eupalamides Hiibn. (1822 ?) is a well-defined genus, both sexes being charac- terised inter alia by the hairiness of the upperside of the hindwing and the absence of the paronychia and pulvUli.

Family SPHINGIDAE.

2. Protoparce vestalis spec. nov.

S. A specie P. floresian dicta colore magis albescente, maculis nigris superiori- bus abdominis multo minoribus, alis posticis macula distincta subbasali in et sub cellula sita grisea notatis.

Long. al. ant. 58-60 mm.

Hab. Para, May and June (Rev. A. Miles Moss), two oo'.

Much purer white than P. florestan, to which it is nearest. The black side- spots of the abdominal segments 2, 3 and 4 are narrow, tran.sverse, and do not touch one another above, while beneath they are joined together by a broad black stripe ; the white side-spots, therefore, are not separated from the grey dorsal surface ; black side-spots of segments 5 to 8 quite small and inconspicuous, being obsolescent. Underside of body and the legs and palpi as in P. florestan but purer white. Wings, upperside : the markings of the forewing as in P. florestan, but the black basal stripe placed in the hindmargin broader ; the distal margin more deeply incurved before anal angle. The two black discal streaks distinct, the submarginal line obsolescent, as is also the third discal dentate line ; interspace between this third line and the second almost pure white ; in type-specimen basal and discal areas with a distinct yellowish tint, of which there is hardly a trace in the second example, the space around the etigma between the submedian and discal lines has no yellowish or buff tint.

60 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

— On the hindwing a broad whitish grey area extends from the base to the anal angle, being divided up by three transverse black lines and two black streaks, the anterior streak reaching to the distal margin, the other being short ; the proximal portion of this grey area is often vestigial in P. florestan, but never so distinct as in P. vestalis ; in the type of P. vegtalis the grey area is slightly washed with buff.

Underside as in P. florestan, but the hindwing lighter grey, the dark brown marginal band, therefore, more prominent ; in the type on hindwing a double median line and dentate discal line, the latter obsolete in the parat3'pe.

Genitalia similar to those of P. florestan, but the tenth sternite shorter and broader, and the harpe more coarsely dentate and dorsally notched twice (only the type examined).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 61

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES TO MR. CHAELES OBERTHUR'S FAUNE DES LEPIDOPTERES BE LA BARBARIE, WITH LISTS OF THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

MR. CHARLES OBERTHtJR has, for many years, made a special study of the lepidoptera of N.W. Africa, and all entomologists must have been very pleased when he started to publish a connected account of the results of his investigations. Although he published the first part of his Etudes d'Ento- mologie in 1876 with his initial list of Algerian lepidoptera ; it was not till JNIarch 1915 in the X' Fascicule of his Etudes de Lepidopterologie Coniparee that he began his complete work. In that " Fascicule " he has given us a resume of his studies on the Rhopalocera and the Grypocera of Barbary. The commence- ment of the Heterocera is made on pages 179-428 of "Fascicule" XII, and includes the Sphingidae, Zygaenidae, Ainatidae, Heterogynnidae, Linuicodidae, Notodontidae, Cnetliocampinae, Liparidae, Lasiocampidae, Lemoniidae, Saturnidae, Drepanidae, and Megalopygidae. The classification is, for younger students, rather perplexing, for it is neither the modern classification nor does it exactly follow that of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Lepidoptera of Drs. Staudmger and Rebel ; however, although not following Mr. Oberthiir's nomenclature, I have arranged the species in the same order as he has, for easier reference, but this does not mean that I agree with it.

Although I would not wish ui any way to hurt the feelings of Mr. Charles Oberthiir, for he has been a kind friend to me, and his services to Entomology are very great, I cannot help making a few general remarks. In the present work Mr. Oberthiir, as he always has done, maintains that descriptions of lepidoptera without good figures are useless, and he will not recognise the validity of names founded on descriptions alone. I certainly go so far as to say that figures are very useful and desirable ; but a good description is often more easily understood and can be identified better than an inferior figure, and who is to be the judge if a figure is good, bad, or indifferent ? ! If Mr. Oberthiir's rule were to be adopted, we should have to consider thousands, nay, tens of thou- sands of zoological names as invalid, which are in use every day and are quite understandable to the students interested. I then must draw my readers' attention to the presentation of the various species by Mr. Oberthiir. We find that although in Barbary the typical form of a given species may be quite unknown ; yet Mr. Oberthiir heads each species with the name of the typical race and only draws attention to the various local races in the text. This is most confusing, especially as his Etudes have no index, an extremely regrettable circumstance. Then we find that Mr. Oberthiir apparently does not under- stand the modern use of trinomials, for he uses them indifferently for Subspecies ( = local and geographical races), and for individual variations. JIi-. Oberthiir even makes use of quadrinomials and quuiquinomials, which are absolutely inadmissible under the International Rules. Accordijig to the International

62 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAK XXIV. 1917.

Rules of Nomenclature, trinomials can only be uf-ed for Subspecies and not for individual aberrations. If such individual aberrations are named at all. the name must be preceded by ab. ( = abbreviation for aberration), thus Vanessa polycJiloros ab. testudo, while the North African local form of this insect is written trinomially thus, Vanessa polychloros erythromelas Aust. Another undesirable nomenclatorial practice of ]\Ir. Oberthiir is \^ithin one and the same gemis applying the same name to species or subspecies and to individual aberrations also ; as an instance Satyrvs powelli Oberth.. a very distinct species, and Satyriis fdia. albivenosa poicelli Oberth., which is an aberration of an aberration of Satyrus fdia.

Now I know that names applied to aberrations do not come within the scope of the International Rules which only apply to " subspecies," " species," " genera," and " still higher divisions," but nevertheless it is most incon- venient and much to be deprecated if aberrations are given names which already belong to species in the same genus, and ^^hen Mr. Oberthiir in addition WTites both trinomially the practice leads to utter confusion.

It is also most startling and disconcerting to find interpolated in the midst of a Fauna of Barbary on pages 372-376 of " Fascicule XII " a series of de- scriptions of Thibetian Drepanidae. Although I am not guiltless of similar discrepancies (see WoUaston Expedition description and figures of some lepidop- tera not from this expedition) myself, yet my references dealt with the same faunal area, while Mr. Oberthiir cannot plead that Thibet is a part of Barbary, though within the Palaearctic area.

In additijn to notes on the specimens in the British Museum, I am givmg also, under each species, such references as I think of use from Mr. Ch. Blachier, Miss M. E. Fountaine, Mr. J. de Joannis, and the late Mr. A. E. Gibbs. I am adding to this a complete list of the Mauretanian specimens in the Tring Museum.

The Algerian material in the Tring Museum was principally collected by Dr. Ernst Hartert, Dr. Karl Jordan, and myself, and our energetic taxidermist Mr. C. Hilgert, between the years 1908 and 1914 ; and also by the professional collectors, Victor Faroult and E. Blanc, Mr. Maxime Rotrou of Sidi bel Abbes, and the pharmacist of Batna, Mr. A. Nelva. In addition to these, as appears in the lists, a certain number of things were caught by the guide Cheli Brahim and a number of other individuals. Last, but not least, I am most indebted to the genial Danish Consul at Alger, Dr. Nissen, for much good material, but stUl more for an amount of help and general assistance without which nothing hardly of this collection could have been brought together.

I paid in all, between 1908 and 1914, six visits to Algeria in company with Dr. Ernst Hartert and Dr. K. Jordan ; on all of which, except the first, some of us were accompanied by Mr. Carl Hilgert as taxidermist and general shikaree. In 1912 Dr. Hartert together with Hilgert made the long desert trip to In-Salah, while Dr. Jordan and I explored variovis places north of the desert. In 1914, after spending some time at Biskra, Dr. Hartert and HUgert went down to the Oued N^a near Ghardaia for four weeks, while Dr. Jordan and I spent the time in the east of Algeria.

In 1908 Dr. Hirtert and I arrived in Algiers on February 14th, and after four days in that town, where we caught a few Zygaena algira in the " Bois de Boulogne " and a few moths at night, we left for Biskra, arriving there on the 20th. Wii remamed at Biskra till the er.d of April, having paid short visits to

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 63

El Kantara and Batna in between. After two or three days at Constantine, where I caught one Zygaena zuleiha among otherwise only common in.sects, we returned to Alger and Dr. Hartert returned to Tring. Dr. Jordan and I spent the three latter weeks of May and early part of June in Alger, Hammam R'ihra, and Blida les Glacieres, and made some good collections. It was on this occa- sion beyond the " Bois de Boulogne " that I first saw a living Charaxes jasius in a wild state, though I had taken the larvae at Hyeres and bred some 20 imagines. Dr. Jordan and I chased this individual (a<J) for twenty minutes or half an hour, but failed to catch it ; we also failed to catch a large ? near Blida some four weeks later.

In 1909 we arrived at Alger on February 22nd ; and after making prepara- tions for our proposed journey to El Oued, we left for El Kantara, where we arrived on the 29th. We made various collections there and went to Biskra on March llth. We made numerous excursions to Oumash, Zaatcha, Tolga, etc., and collected a certain amount. On March 25th we left Biskra in com- pany with Dr. Nissen, the Danish Consul, on our desert trip to El Oued. On this trip very few Rhopalocera were seen, though many interesting moths, among them Lymantria oberthiiri were added to the collection. We reached El Oued on April 7th and arrived back at Biskra on the 22nd. The two principal new species found on this trip were Cleoplmiui pictiirata and Euhlemma deserti Rothsch. Our friend Dr. Nissen returned to Alger, and on April 30th we went for five days to El Kantara ; and then spent ten days at Batna and Lambessa, from whence we went to Hammam Meskoutine. We stayed here till early in June.

In 1911 we reached Alger on January 21st, and spent the days from February 1st to 18th at Hammam Meskoutine ; from February 19th to March 17th we remained in Biskra, and from March 17th to 27th at El Kantara, and then returned to Alger. On April 1st we left Alger with Dr. Nissen for our trip by automobile to Gharda'ia. This journey was very fruitful in lepidoptera, and it was on our return journey on April 28th that we took for the first time Euchloe tagis pechi, which Dr. Nissen discovered while we were detained at Guelt-es-Stel by an accident. On AprU 30th we returned to Alger, where we were detained for a fortnight by my being Ul with fever. We spent May 17th to 26th at Hammam R'ihra, where we caught much of interest ; a long series of Zygaena theryi Joan, and a specimen of Haemoirhagia fvciformis being specially noteworthy. We left Alger on June 14th.

In 1912 Dr. Hartert and Carl Hilgert went to In-Salah. They left BLskra February 20th, and got back to Alger on June 21st. This trip was very fertile in new forms, Melitaea didyma harterti, Anumeta major, Anumeta sahulosa, Odontelia griseola, Polia cinnamomeogrisea, etc., 38 species and subspecies apparently being new to science.

In that same year Dr. Jordan and I spent March and the first half of April at Alger and Hammam R'ihra, and then the last half of April in company with Dr. Nissen at Guelt-es-Stel. The first half of May we spent at Khenchela, and then returned to Alger, reaching home early in June.

In 1913 we reached Alger on AprU 2nd, and arrived at Oran on April 9th. After exploring the neighbourhood we went to Tlemcen on the 18th and col- lected as far round as Lalla Marnia and Terni. We returned to Oran on the 29th, where we were joined by Dr. Nissen and started for Ain Scfi-a, and we arrived

64 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

there on May 1st and remained till the 18th. We took large numbers of moths, many very rare, among others the true Metapoceras codeti Oberthiir, also one solitary Teracolus rwiirm, and on the Djebel Mekter Cigaritis allardi and Zygaena marcouna. We then went to Saida, which was not very fruitful, and on May '23rd we went to Hammam R'ihra for a week ; where among a lot of good things we caught two fine Sphinx pinastri.

In 1914 we arrived early in March at Alger, and proceeding to Biskra, stayed there a month, getting some very welcome additions to the collection. On April 8th Dr. Hartert and Carl HUgert set out for the Oued N9a, and Dr. Jordan and I proceeded to join Dr. Nissen at Constantine, whence we went to Souk Ahras in the extreme east of Algeria. We were considerablj' disappointed here, for we found we had come at least three or four weeks too early. However, we had one good haul, for we found Zygaena zuleika simply swarming in the old Arab giaveyard above the town. In the previous five years I had only taken four specimens of this species, viz. 1 at Constantine in 1908, 2 at Hammam R'ihra, and 1 in 1913 in Mrs. Beresford's garden in Mustapha Superior. We went from Souk Ahras to Tebessa after about ten days, but here there was absolutely nothing to be found, so after three or four days we went back to Hammam Meskoutine, where we stayed, and Dr. Hartert and HUgert rejoined us there, and we finally reached home early in June. Dr. Hartert collected a nice series of lepidoptera both on the Oued Nfa and on the way back, the best things being a pair of the very rare noctuid Anydrophila sahoiirodi (Lucas), which had hitherto been known only from the unique type from Zarcime in Tunisia. I have only given above the bare ovitline of our journeys in Algeria ; but those of my readers who want further details I must refer to Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xviii. pp. 456-492 (1912), vol. xx. pp. 1-27 (1913) ; vol. xxi. pp. 180-186 (1914), and vol. xxii. pp. 61-66 (1915).

The reader will find enumerated among the specimens a series collected by Herr Geyr von Schwcppenburg on a journey to the Hoggar Mountains. Herr Geyr went with Herr Paul Spatz, and the journey was made from Biskra to Ideles via Touggourt, Ouargla, Ain-Ta'iba and Timassinin ; the full list will be foimd in the Antuils ami Magazine of Natural History (8), xvi. pp. 247, etc. (1915). For those who have not visited Algeria, I should like to say that it is divided into tliree faunal regions, first the " Coastal or Tell " which lies north of the northern range of the Atlas Mountains ; second, the " Hauts Plateaux," which consist of the high steppe-like country mostly some 900-1,100 metres above sea-level and is situated between the northern and southern chains of the Atlas ; and third, the " Saharan or Desert region," which comprises all the country south of the second Atlas chain as far as the end of the Hoggar Moun- tains, i.e. about halfway between Ideles and Air. The northern or Tell Atlas has more or less the same fauna as the Coastal Plain, but its southern slopes agree more with the Hauts Plateaux ; the Southern or Saharan Atlas has principally the fauna of the Hauts Plateaux. In Tunisia and the most eastern part of Algeria, owing to the mountains running up closer to the sea, the " Hauts Plateaux " region is less defined and runs more into the other two. In Morocco we know too little about the natural history of the country, except round Tangier and along the coast, i.e. Mazagan and Mogador, to say if these threefold faunal divisions are there well defined or not. Of the localities mentioned in the lists, Alger and the Foret de Bainen are on the

NOVITATE.S ZOOLOGIPAE XXIV. 1917. (J5

littoral of the province of Alger, while the Grands Kabylie ard Leila Kredidja, Yakouren. Abd-el-Kader. Oued Hamidou, Sakanmdi. Tizi Ouzou, and the Foret d'Akfadan lie in the mountains north of the Atlas range between Alger and Bougie. Blida les Glacieres and Hammam R'ihra are in the foothills of the Atlas, while Teniet-el-Haad, Medea, and Boghar are in the main Atlas chain of the province of Alger. Boghari, Berrouaghia, Guelt-es-Stel, Puits Baba, Terres Blanches, Ain-Oiissera, and Bordj-bou-Arreridj are on the " Hauts Plateaux " of that province ; Djelfa is in the second Atlas chain ; while Bou Saada, El Hamel, Laghouat, Tilghempt, Ghardaia, Berrian Guerrara, and the Oued N9a are in the " Desert Region " south of that province. Oran, Nemours, and Nedronia are in the littoral of the Province of Oran ; while Masser Mines and Lalla Marnia are in the low mountain ranges north of the Atlas in that province. Tifcen Yaya, Sidi-bel- Abbes, Tlemcen, and Les Pins are on the northern slopes of the Northern Atlas range on the railwaj' line between Sidi-bel-Abbes and Tlemcen in the west of the Oran Province. Saida and Tifrit, 25 kilometres west of it, are in the central part of the Northern Atlas chain in the Oran Province, while Ain Sefra, Ras Chergui, and Mecheria are in the Southern Atlas chain of that province. The fauna of these three places has a much more desert mixture than is the case in the Aures districts in the Province of Constantine, and this appears due to the invasion of large and extensive sand-dunes. Colomb Bechar is at the commencement of the desert in the Oran Province.

Zoiidj-el-Beghal is in Eastern Morocco, 15-20 kilometres bej'ond the Algerian frontier west of Oudjda. Mazagan, the Mwhoila (Orange Grove, Oum- er-Rebia), Ouled Farsh, Truchan, Rabat, the Oum-er-Rebia, and Mogador are on the Atlantic west coast of Morocco. Tangier is due north opposite Gibraltar, Tamarouth, Djebel Tixa, Agvirgur Amsmiz, Sould Jedid, Imentalla, Tizi Gourza, Tsigidir-el-Bor, and Tsauritz Entsagauz are in the High Atlas, while the Forest of Marmora is inland from Rabat.

Batna, Lambessa, and KJienchela are on the " Hauts Plateaux " of the Province of Constantine ; Menaa and El Kantara and the Gorges de TUatou are in the Aures Mountains = the Southern Atlas range.

El Outaya, Biskra, Hammam-es-Salahin, Oumash, Bordj Chegga, Mraier, Touggourt, Bled-et-Amar, El Oued, El Arish, Ouargla, El Golea, Igosten, In-Salah, the Oued Mya, El Hadadra, and Aiin Guettera are in the desert south of the Province of Constantine.

Ai'n Taiba and Timassinin lie south-east of Ouargla, while Oued Ag'elil, Oued Ahma, Oued Tamadout, Oued Abou, and Oued Dehm are north of the Hoggar Mountains, and Ideles is in the northern part of the Hoggar Mountaiiis, while Tamargliasset is in the main portion of these mountaii;s. Oued Kadamelkt and Oued Tidek are south of these mountains in Adrar, Oued Kadamellet is north of Air, and Philippeville and Bone are the two chief ports of the Provmcc of Constantine. Constantine and Hammam Meskoutine are in the foot-hills north of the Northern Atlas chain in the Province of Constantine ; while Souk Ahras is in this northern chain close to the Tunisian frontier, while Tebessa is in the Southern Atlas also near Tunisia. Ain Draham is in the Northern Atlas in Western Tunisia, called by the French " Kioumerie." Tunis is the capital of Tunisia.

Marakesh is the capital of Morocco.

5

66 XOVITATES ZOOLOGIfAE XXIV. 1 iU 7.

The data for specimens given under Mr. A. E. Gibbs are taken from "An Algerian Holiday " in The Entomologist, vol. xliv. pp. 135-140 and 170-174 (1911); those given under Joannis are taken from the Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 1908, pp. 82, 83; and those under Miss Fountaine are from The Entomologist, 1906, pp. 84-89 and 107-109.

I herewith give a sort of synopsis of the people named in the lists of Ti ii.g Museum material.

Dr. Nissen is Danish Consul-General for Algeria and a medical practitioner ; he has a private collection of Algerian lepidoptera and a small representative one from elsewhere.

Captam Holl, who died in 1916 or the end of 1915, was a retued engineer oflScer of the French Army ; he was an Alsatian, and had a collection of Algerian and Alsatian lepidoptera and disposed of his duplicates commercially.

Mr. A. Nelva is the principal pharmaceutical chemist at Batna ; he originally collected all orders of zoological objects, but in 1909 determined to restrict himself to coleoptera. However, he could not forgo retaining small series of his local lepidoptera, but collects lepidoptera mainly for sale.

Mr. Maxime Rotrou is a coleopterist who habitualh- lives at Sidi-bel-Abbes, but travels about in the Province of Oran, being m Government employ. He collects lepidoptera and other orders for sale to help him with his coleoptera.

Mr. A. Thery is a merchant and commission agent of Alger, who has one of the best collections in the world of the coleopterous family of Buprestidae, and made also a collection of Algerian insects. Just before the war he took up a large land concession near Rabat and sent me a small collection from there.

Victor Faroult is a French professional collector who has collected for me in various parts of Algeria since 1911.

Cheli Brahim is or was the Arab guide at the Hotel Bertrand at El Kantara.

Mr. E. Blanc is a taxidermist and dealer in Tunis.

W. Riggenbach is a Swiss zoological collector who collected for the Tring Museum in Morocco from 1900-1905, and in Senegal in 1906-1907.

Except in very few instances no insects received in 1916 could be included, as owing to the war I have not been able to get them set. I received in 1916 from Mr. Nelva, Mr. Rotrou, and Victor Faroult some five or six thousand specimens from Perregaux, Sidi-bel-Abbes, Titen Yaya, Lambessa, Environs de Batna, Hammam R'ihra, Djebel Zaccar (above Miliana), and Aflou.

I have in the lists of specimens only used initials when quoting cur own captures. E. H. signifies Dr. Ernst Hartert ; K. J. signifies Dr. K. Joidan ; C. H. signifies Carl HUgert and W. R. denotes myself.

The localities are arranged from west to east and from north to south and from south to north.

[Papilio machaon Linn.

Mr. Oberthiir states quite truly that it is not very easy to define the different subspecies of this butterfly which inhabit Barbary. But I think I shall be able to make it quite clear that there are three distinct races inhabiting this area. (1) That found along the coast and down to the centre of the " Hants Plateaux " in Central and Eastern Algeria and Tunisia ; (2) that inhabiting the coastal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917. 67

and northern portions of Western Algeria and the known portions of Morocco ; and (3) that inhabiting the desert areas of Algeria and probably Tunisia and running up in places into the southern portions of the " Hants Plateaux."

The second local form presents little or no difficult}' beyond the question of the priority of the two names rnauretanica Blachier and maxima Verity, but the other two forms are not so simple. In my " Revision of the PapUios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa," Nov. Zool. vol. ii. pp. 165-463, I united under P. macJMon sphyrus Hiibn. (see pp. 275-276) all the maclmon from England, South Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia (to Cashmere).

As our knowledge of lepidoptera has advanced by leaps and bounds since then, it is not remarkable that this classification of the 7nachaon forms should now prove to be out of date. The British form is distmct enough to warrant a separate designation, and the Moroccan and West Algerian and that from the desert regions of Algeria have also proved to be two distinct local races which must be separated. The consideration, therefore, only remains of the form inhabiting the northern portions of Central and Eastern Algeria and Tunisia. This involves the vexed cjuestion, " What is sphyrus Hiibn. ? " He has given no locality for it, and the figures (ff . 775, 776) at fii'st sight give one the impression of the British form. However, the yellow is too dark, and it agrees, I think, fairly well with Spanish, South France and Italian specimens. The North African specimens (Alger, Hamniam R'ilira, Tunis, etc.) differ slightly both from Portuguese and Riviera ones in the width of the black outer one-fourth of forewing, in the more oblong and narrower red area in the anal ocellus of hindwing, in the larger yellow submarginal spots of the hinchvmg, and in the reduced orange spots below.

Dr. Verity has separated the Algerian and Noitli Tunisian machaon as m. mauretanica ; and although I consider that I have not enough dated material from both sides of the Mediterranean to give a final assent to this, it is quite certain that a number of the North African specimens show characters never found in those from South Europe, so I have adopted Dr. Verity's name in the present article. The summer generation appears alwajs to be distinguished by greater extent of yellow on the abdomen.

Mr. Oberthiir states that he has never seen any account of the larvae of any of the Asiatic forms of inachaon. I have a number of blown larvae of machaon hippocrates Feld. from Japan. They are exactly like the larvae of European machaon, but much larger.]

1. Papilio machaon mauretanica Verity.

Papilio machaon mauretanica Verity, Rhopaloccra Palaearctica, p. 12. pi. ii. f. 5 (1905) (Alger).

The larvae of the Algerian mauretanica resembles European machaon larvae, but appears to have the black bands on the segments and especially these between the segments broader. We found two larvae at Khenchela in the last moult but one, May 1912, of which I prepared one that died before the last moult . The second pupated, but died at Tring. These larvae had both the segmental and intrasegmental black rings complete, so undoubtedly the Klienchela machaon belongs to the northern form. We found this insect fairly abundant round Mustapha and at Hammam R'ihra, but elsewhere we only came across it occasionally.

68 NOVITATES ZOOLOOKAE XXIV. 1917.

The Guelt-es-Stel unique specimen is in appearance intermediate between the northern and the desert race, but it cannot be settled what form occurs in this region till we find the larvae, and I prefer for the present to regard it as mauretanica on account of its northern localitj'. Tlie specimens of this form in the Tring Musetim number forty-one.

11 Envii-ons d'Alger, May— October 1905-1914, W. R., E. H. and K. J., Dr. Nissen and Captain Holl.

3 Hammam R'ilira, April— September 1912-1916, W. R., K. J. and Faroult.

1 Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914, W. R. ai.d K. J. 10 Belvedere. Tunis, August — September 1915, Blanc.

1 Gafsa, Tunisia.

2 Khenchela, May 1912, W. R. and K. J. 1 Guelt-es-Stel, July 1913.

3 Saida, May 1913, W. R. and E. H.

3 Ain Sefra,"May 1913, W. R. and E. H.

4 Djebel Mekter, near Ain Sefra, May 1913, E. H. and C. H. 1 Les Pins, July 1915, Rotrou.

1 Sidi-bel- Abbes, August 1916.

1 larva, 1 pupa, Khenchela, May 1912, W. R. and K. J.

The specimens from the last four localities are very perplexing ; they agree with mauretanica in size and appearance, but ought by rights to belong to the next form ; however, as the " Hauts Plateaux " of Province Oran have a very mixed fauna, it is possible that machaon is an immigrant from the cast and not from the north.

In the British Museum there Ls a single specimen from the Salvm-Godman collection labelled " Algeria " !

2. Papilio machaon maxima Verity.

Papilio machaon maxima Verity, Rhopalocera Palaearctica, p. 296. pi. lii. f. 2 (1911) (gen. vern.)

(Tangier). Papilio machaon maxima gen. aest. angulala Verity, Rhopalocera Palaearctica, p. 290. pi. \x. i. 14

(1911) (Tangier).

Mr. Blachier (Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. 77. pp. 209-211. ff.) 1, 2 (1908) endeavours to show that the name mauretanica, originally given by Verity to the whole of the Mauretanian machaon, should be restricted to the form from Morocco. This is quite wrong, for Verity states distinctly that his form is small and figures a specimen from Alger. Therefore the name of inaxima given three years later by Verity must stand for the Moroccan form.

This name maxima applies, however, only to the spring generation. The summer generation, which is larger, has the black lines somewhat reduced and the abdomen almost entirely yellow with only a black dorsal line ; this is Verity's gen. aest. angulata. The number of specimens at Tring are twenty-one.

2 Mazagan, April 1902, W. Riggenbach "j

1 Ouled Farsh, AprU 1901, W. Riggenbach J-gen. vern. maxima.

1 Djebel Tixa, March 1905, W. Riggenbach J

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1017. 69

gen. aest. angulata.

6 Mazagan, July — September 1900, W. Riggenbach 4 Morocco (Marakesch), October 1902, W. Riggenbach

2 Cap Blanco, August 1902, W. Riggenbach 1 Ouled Farsh, May 1901, W. Riggenbach

3 Masser Mines, June 1914, Faroult

1 Titen Yaya, June 1915, Rotrou

The four specimens in the Tring Museum from t!ie i.orth of the Province of Oran are certainly unmistakable maxima, in fact, one of the Ma-ser Mines specimens is as big as many summer specimens of machaon hifpocrates Feld. from Japan (length of forewing 52 mm., expanse 109 mm.).

Mr. Blachier (loc. cit.) records maxima from Marakesch, coll. Vaucher and Tangier, from the same source.

There are in the British Museum three specimens collected by Ms. Meade- Waldo. In the Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. 369-392, Mi-. M-ade-Waldo records Tangier January and August 1901 ; Amsmiz, June 1901 ; Imentalla, 1901 ; and Forest of Marmora, March 1902.

3. Papilio machaon saharae Oberth.

Papilio nuKhaon var. saharae Oberthur, Elud. d'Entom. iv. p. 68. sub No. 192 (1879) (Laghouat). Papilio macJiaon var. hospifonides Oberthur, Elud. d'Enlim. xii. p. 21. t. 5. f. 19 (1888) (larva Biskra).

Ii] Novit. Zool. vol. XX. p. 109 (1913) I kept hospitonides separate from saharae, as my Laghouat and Bou Saada imagines were somewhat different from the desert specimens from elsewhere. Since then I have examined more material, both larvae and imagines, and I find that though the imagines represent two di; tinct types — viz. either very small with the yeUow much reduced or somewliat larger with the submarginal yellow spots strongly developed and with a curious yellow bloom over the whole insect, giving it a mealy appear- ance— nevertheless all the desert machaon have the hospitonides form of larva and so represent one local race only. Therefore the name saharae must be used for this subspecies, it having nine years' priority over hospitonides.

Of the Bou Saada series one specimen is very different from the othersi beuig quite indistinguishable from North Algerian ones. It is, of course, well known that occasional specimens of subspecies show greater resemblances to other races of the same species than to the one to which they geographically belong, but this specimen is too much like m. mauretanica. Victor Faroult has the bad habit, which was equally the case with our lamented friend William Doherty and our poor collector Heinrich Kiihn, of dragging about with him, when travelling, odd specimens of lepidoptera captured on previous expeditions. I therefore feel sure that this specimen in question was obtamed somewhere else and included in the Bou Saada lot by mistake. The remaining 41 Bou Saada specimens vary much in size, though all are small. The smallest has the length of forewing 24 mm. and total expanse 52 mm., while largest has the forewing 40 mm. and a total expanse of 85 mm. The specimens at Tring total 65. 42 (41) Bou Saada, May, June, July 1912 (1 May 1911 ? ?), Faroult.

2 Biskra, September 1910, Faroult. 1 El Kantara, April 1911, Faroult.

3 El Outaya, March 1911, Faroult.

70 XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIV. 1!>17.

2 Laghouat, March— April 1911-1912, W. R. and E. H., Faroult. 5 Ghardaia, May 1912 and 1914, E. H. and C. H. 1 Oued N^a, May 1914, E. H. and C. H. 8 El Hadadra, May 1912, E. H. and C. H.

1 Oued Mya, April 1912, E. H. and C. H. 5 larvae, 1 pupa shell, Bou Saada, Faroult.

2 larvae. El Hadadra, E. H. and C. H.

Mr. de Joaniiis records two specimens collected hy Mr. M. R. Chudeau, August 1905, at Tamangha-sset, Hoggar Mountains.

The larvae of vutchaon saharae are very different from those of other forms of machaon. They resemble those of Papilio hospiton of Corsica and Sardinia in having tlie black segmental and intersegmental bar.ds broken up into spot.'-.

[Papilio podalirius Linn.

Dr. Veritj', in his Rhopalocera Palaearctica, p. 293 (1911), asserts that he has become convinced that P. podalirms and P. feisthameli are two distinct species, and not, as hitherto considered by himself ar.d otheis. two local races of one and the same species Papilio podalirius. Dr. Verity further asserts that podalirins and feisthameli hy together tliroughout Spain and across to Tangier.

Dr. Jordan and I have been too busy with other entomological work to go carefully into this question and dLssect a number of specimens ; moreover, although my material at Trmg is very large, the scries from Spain and that from Northern and Central France are very poor. I therefore cannot at present adopt Dr. Verity's view, but consider it verj- doubtful indeed if podalirius and feisthameli can be considered anything more than two very distinct subspecies of one species. I have examined 536 specinicrs of podalirius and feisthameli in the Tring Museum and those in the British Museum and others ; and out of this large number of nearly 650 specimens from the whole of its range, I only know one specimen of what could be considered true podalirius which has been taken within the feisthameli area, and this is a Tangier specimen obtained by Mr. Meade- Waldo now in the British Museum. It is quite reasonable to suppose that this specimen is a reversion to an ancestral type or else a variation from the more ancestral form to the more recent, whichever view is considered the more consistent with the known facts about podaliritis and feisthameli. This specimen is quite similar to podalirivs in every way, but is rather large even for a female.]

4. Papilio podalirius feisthameh Dup.

Papilio feisthameli Duponchel in Godart's Lipid, de France, Kupp. I. p. 7. t. 1. f. 1 (1832) (Perpignaa loc. typ. fixed by Pierret).

There are two distinct seasonal generations, gen. vern. feisthameli ard gen. aest. latteri Aust., in Barbary, and the latter is at once distinguishable by its great size and in being nearly always white, while the $ feisthameli is generally pale yellow.

We found this butterfly abundar^t in the neighbourhood of Alger and at Hammam R'ihra ; but elsewhere, though not rare, was only seen singly. At Tring the series comprises 178 specimens from Mauretania.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1017. -1

3 Mauretania (Staudir.ger).

8 Seksawa, Morocco, 1905, Riggenbach. 2 Fenson, Morocco.

1 Zoudj-el-Beghal, E. Morocco, July 1914, Faroult. 1 Masser Mines, June 1914, Faroult. 1 Lalla Marnia. Maj' 1914, Faroult. I Saida, May 1914, W. R. and E. H. 25 Sidi-bel-Abbes, April 1915-1916, Rotrou.

1 Sidi-bel-Abbes, Austaut, August 1878 (type of gen. aest. latteri).

1. Sebdou, Austaut, July 1880 (also marked "type," but is evidently only a subsequent acquisition).

42 Environs d'Alger, March— June 1908-1914, W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Dr. Nissen.

2 Adrar Amellal, Gorges de Chabet, June 1905, Dr. Nissen. 7 Blida Ics Glacieres, June 1908, W. R. and K. J.

17 Enviions de Batna, July— August 1909-1915, Nelva. 2 Lambessa, June 1905, L. Kuhlmann. 7 ElKantara, March— July 1911, W. R., E. H., Faroult, and Cheli Brahim.

1 Constantine, May 1908, W. R. and E. H.

4 Philippeville, June 1905, L. Kuhlmann.

31 Hammam R'ihra, April— May and August 1908-1916, W. R., E. H., and K. J., and Faroult.

2 Hammam Meskoutine, May 1914, W. R. and K. J.

3 Souk Ahras, Apiil 1914, W. R. and K. J. 3 Ain Draham, 1910, Faroult.

7 Djebel Zaccar above Miliana, August 1916, Faroult.

In the British Museum are 2 from Mr. Meade-Waldo ; 1 Lieutenant Codet, Sebdou, 1880-1882; 1 Mount Thessala, Province Oran, July 1880, Austaut ; 2 Mauretania ex coll. Grum-Grshimailo per Elwes ; 2 Algiers, 1 Morocco, Leech coll.

Mr. Meade-Waldo gives the following data in his article : Amsmiz, June 1901 ; Imentala, July 1901.

The anal rufous red patch in the Spanish and Pyrenean feisthameli is broader than in Mauretanian ones, but is not at all like that in podalirivs. The gen. aest. latteri only occurs in Maureteftiia.

Dr. Verity, in his "Revision of the Linnean- Types," seeks to show that Linnaeus' type of Papilio podalirius is the Algerian ab. latteri, but as I am not yet quite satisfied on this point I have not adopted the change of name in this paper.

5. Thais Tumina mauretanica Schultz.

Thais rumina mauretanica Schulz, Int. Entom. Zeitsch. Stuttgart, vol. xxi. p. 267 (1908) (Morocco

Algeria).

I never liad anj' luck with this beautiful insect, for we always were too late in the places where we met with it ; so that the series of specimens collected by ourselves is poor in quality and scanty in numbers. We found a few larvae at Hammam R'ihra, and I found in May 1909 two larvae at Lac Fetzara, near Bone, which were quite black.

72 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIV. 1917.

One of the specimens collected by E. Deschanges has the black in the wuigs much extended, and all the red spots of the forewings are absent except a small red dot below the vitreous patch = ab. derubescens Schultz. Several others have the red on the forewings niuch reduced. One specimen from Oran and one from Blida les Glacieres are of the aberration canteneri Stdgn. One of Faroult's Ain Draham specunens has the curious quadrately distorted wings as figured by Mr. ObDithiir. The above-mentioned canteneri has a rather j)crplexir.g synonymy.

In 1861 Staudinger, in Staudinger and Wocke's Catalog der Lepidopieren, Europas, ed. i. p. 1. No. 7, thus describes it: "ab. Canteneri Heydenreich Catal (ab ochracea)," and has put it as an aberration