MEMOIRS

OF THE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Volume XII

FIRST MEMOIR

WASHINGTON
1914

'[

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Volume XII.

FIRST MEMOIR.

MONOGRAPH OF THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS
OF NORTH AMERICA,

INCLUDING THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORIGIN
OF THE LARVAL MARKINGS AND ARMATURE.

PART III.

FAMILIES CERATOCAMPID^ (EXCLUSIVE OF CERATOCAMPIN^),
SATURN I IMS, HEMILEUCID^), AND BRAHMiEID^E.

BT

ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD,

EDITED BY

THEODORE D. A. COCKERELL,

BEING A CONTINUATION OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

PUBLISHED AS VOLUME VII (FIRST MEMOIR) AND VOLUME IX (SECOND MEMOIR) OF THE

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY" OF SCIENCES.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1. Preface vn

2. Introduction IX

3. Family Ceratoeampidee 1

4. Family Hemileucidse 77

5. Family Saturniidse 151

6. Hybrid Saturniidfe 265

7. Parasites 267

8. Genera of uncertain family position 269

9. Brahmseidse 271

v

PREFACE.

The manuscript and notes for this final volume of my husband's (Alpheus Spring Packard)
Monograph of the Bombycine Moths are printed, with the exception of editorial additions,
exactly as he left them at the time of his death on February 14, 1905. He had been working
on them during the leisure intervals of college duties, and it was one of the last wishes he
expressed that the National Academy of Sciences might consent to print the unfinished part,
since they had already printed Parts I and II. My husband was fully aware of the incomplete
condition of this later part, and had expected to spend much time in finishing it; he had also
hoped to revisit the British Museum in order to work from the types in the collections there.

My husband's scientific friends who have been consulted in regard to printing have agreed
that although these parts are incomplete, yet the valuable results of so many years of labor
should be put into accessible and permanent form.

The accomplishment of this purpose is due above all to the labors of Prof. Theodore D. A.
Cockerell, of the University of Colorado, who has most generously given Ids time to editing this
volume. Without his kind and able assistance there would have been further delay of publi-
cation. I must leave to Prof. Cockerell all acknowledgments to those who have kindly helped
him by supplying illustrations, etc. Our obligations are great to both Dr. Samuel Henshaw,
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and to Miss Caroline G. Soule, of Brookline. We
must ask my husband's many friends who furnished him so generously either with specimens or
the results of their own observations to realize that through ignorance we can not make the
proper acknowledgments, as he would have been careful to do.

Elizabeth Walcott Packard.

Andover, Mass., July, 1912.

INTRODUCTION

The manuscripts left by Dr. Packard show that he contemplated what would have amounted
to a monograph of the Saturnioid moths of the world. Beginning with the North American
forms, he soon found it necessary to make comparisons with those of other regions, and during
his last years was actively engaged in examining the many exotic genera. As all lepidopterists
know, he was led to novel and interesting conclusions regarding the classification of these
insects, parts of which were published in short papers before his death. It was in the mono-
graph, however, that he hoped to fully expound and justify his opinions, while at the same time
making known the life histories of the Saturnioids in a manner never before attempted. As
will be seen from the following pages, great progress had been made, but very much remained
to be done. The latest writings of Dr. Packard show that he was actively seeking new light
and continually acquiring new information which led him to modify the details of his taxo-
nomic scheme. It is impossible to say how much the work now presented would have been
remodeled by him had he lived to this day, but it is at least certain that it would have under-
gone much modification and especially amplification. The editor has left the work exactly
as it came from Dr. Packard's hands except in the following particulars:

(1) The arrangement is that of the editor, following, however, the order of genera preferred
by Dr. Packard, so far as could be ascertained from a study of his writings.

(2) A few obvious slips of the pen have been corrected, and some very incomplete manu-
scripts have been omitted.

(3) Additions have been made, but in every case indicated by square brackets. Such
additions are the work of the editor unless some other signature is appended.

It was evidently impossible to complete the work on the lines laid down by Dr. Packard,
but it seemed practicable and desirable to bring the account of the North American species
up to date. In the case of the exotic genera only enough has been added to bring out inter-
esting points or give a general idea of the extent and distribution of the groups. A few genera
have been entirely omitted, either because Dr. Packard made no reference to them or because
they did not appear to belong to the families included in the work. It has often been necessary
to add bibliographical references, and when these could not be verified from the original works
Kirby's Catalogue was the source of information.

The editor is greatly indebted to many kind friends and correspondents who did every-
thing in their power to aid in the work. Dr. H. G. Dyar supplied much valuable material and
answered many questions, and also selected from the collection in the United States National
Museum a splendid series of moths to be photographed, enabling us to illustrate for the first
time and from the original types many American species. Mr. J. H. Watson, of Manchester,
England, aided by the loan of literature, by answering questions, and especially by supplying a
very fine series of photographs representing numerous genera discussed by Dr. Packard, but
represented only by drawings of venation, or not at all, among the illustrations left by him.
Dr. J. McDunnough, of Decatur, 111., has kindly prepared descriptions of several North Ameri-
can species and has sent photographs of rare forms in the Barnes collection. Dr. L. O. Howard
and his associates in the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture,
have placed at my disposal the numerous manuscript records of the bureau. Mr. Jacob Doll,
of the Brooklyn Museum, very kindly sent photographs of the North American species in his
charge not otherwise represented on our plates. Dr. Glover M. Allen copied several descrip-
tions inaccessible to me and looked up a number of doubtful references. Other assistance is
mentioned at various places in the text, but it has been impossible to acknowledge in any
sufficient way the results of Mrs. Packard's always active interest and cooperation.

On the financial side we are greatly indebted to the trustees of the Bache fund for a grant
of $200 toward the cost of the preparation of the plates.

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo., August, 1912.

IX

THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA, PART III.

By Alpheus Spring Packard.

Superfamily SYSSPHINGINA Packard.

Family CERATOCAMPID^ (Harris) Packard.1

Subfamily 1. Ceratocampin.e Grote.

(See Part II, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 9.)

Subfamily 2. Agliin^e Packard.

Agliinx Packard, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. [XXI (1893), p. 139].

Agliinse Packard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. [(6), XI (1893), pp. 172-175].

Head rather large, unusually narrow between the eyes; the vestiture rather long, but not
shaggy or radiating.

Antennae of 6" varying greatly, either bipectinated, with short very densely ciliated branches
(Arsenura), or the branches still shorter, forming almost simple teeth, much ciliated (Dysdse-
monia), or very widely pectinated to the tip (Aglia and Polythysana), or moderately bipectinated
nearly to the tip (Bathyphlebia) . In 9 either with very short pectination (Aglia, Polythysana),
or entirely simple (Arsenura and Dysdsemonia). Palpi very constant in form, being unusually
well developed, large, compressed, ascending, passing beyond the front, distinctly 3-jointed,
reminding one often of the Sphingidae. * Maxilla? unusually well developed, though slender and
short; in Dysdsemonia the two appendages are united for about half their length, and they are
as long as the head is broad, or about one-third as long as the S antenna?. Thorax rather stout,
abdomen conical. Wings often large; fore wings with the costa much curved on the outer
half; the apex either somewhat produced and rounded, or broad and square (Dysdsemonia);
outer edge normal, moderately full (Aglia) or slightly falcate (Polythysana and Arsenura), or
much so, and the outer edge deeply excavated and scalloped in Dysdsemonia.

Hind wings either normal, with the outer edge either full and rounded (Aglia, Polythysana) ;
or with a long angular projection at the end of veins III2 and III3 (Arsenura), or in Dysdsemonia,
with a rather long tail widening at the square, flaring end, supported by veins III2 and III3.

Venation: Fore wings, with 11 veins; vein III2 independent, entirely detached from its
original vein or stalk (Arsenura and Dysdsemonia) ; in Aglia and Polythysana the vein is less
detached. In all the genera examined the vein IL. arises within the origin of the anterior discal
vein, while the origin of this vein, in Aglia, is situated nearer to the discal vein than in any other
genus of the group. Another almost diagnostic character of the subfamily is the small size of
the discal cell; in all the genera the outer end or side is situated well inside of the middle of the
wing; it is widest in Dysdxmonia, narrowest in Arsenura.

Hind wings with eight veins; the discal cell is small and short, except in Polythysana,
where it is two-thirds as long as the entire wing along the median vein (IV), the genus being
very aberrant in this respect.

The common line formed by the two discal veins taken together is very oblique (Arsenura) ;
in Aglia much less so. In the venation of the hind wings Aglia is in all important respects
much like Arsenura and Dysdsemonia.

Legs rather large, long, and slender.

' [According to Art. 5 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, this family must be called Citheroniida? Dyar, 1894, and the sub-
family must be CitheronUnse.]

83570°— 14 1 1

2 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Larva in its last stage spineless, smooth; in the early stages with 2 to 6 thoracic spines,
and a median double spine on eighth abdominal segment. Pupa like that of Eacles [Packard,
Psyche, Feb. 1902, p. 305].

Judging by the adult characters the Agliinse may be divided into three groups, the first
being represented by Arsenura, which appears to be the most generalized form, its ally, Dysdse-
monia, being more specialized, having undergone reduction in its maxillae, but a higher degree
of specialization as seen in its tailed hind wings, and the diaphanous discal and secondary
spots, as also the highly modified, almost simple, but densely ciliated antennas. The second
group is represented by Aglia, and apparently Baihyphlebia.

The third by Polythysana.

It is quite apparent that Aglia is an offshoot of the Arsenura phylum. As to the origin of

Polythysana, that remains to be settled after we have a knowledge of the larva and all its stages.

Until its transformations became known and comparisons made with those of Sphingidae and

Ceratocampidae, the European Aglia tau was allowed to remain in the family Saturniidse, as

formerly understood.

ARSENURA Duncan.

Phalxna-Attacus Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, III, t. 197A, 1782.
Arsenura Duncan, Naturalists Library, p. 125 (no description), "1837."
Rhescyntis group 2, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1323, 1855.
Arsenura Drtjce, Biologia Centrali-amer., Lep. Het., I, 1886.
Arsenura Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 769, 1892.

Imago. — <? and ? . Head of moderate size; in front between the eyes unusually narrow,
the sides nearly parallel; when denuded, the front is unusually narrow, flat, not much narrower
at the front edge than at the vertex, even a little narrower than the width of one eye; eyes
rather large, round.

Female antennae well pectinated to near the tip, the joints long, each one with two pairs
of densely ciliated pectinations; each pair of branches situated close together and of nearly
equal size and length, but diverging at their tips. Palpi porrect, very large, thick, longer than
usual, extending well beyond the front; third joint short and small, not very distinct from the
end of the second; when denuded the second joint is seen to be very long, about four times as
long as the basal one, the tliird joint being very small, almost minute. Maxillae vestigial,
either microscopic in size, forming two separate processes, one on each side of the mouth and
turned upward, or in A. xanthopus united, well developed, forming two coils.

Fore wings of o* moderately wide, costa well curved toward the apex, which is rather
blunt, falcate, outer edge a little hollowed out; outer edge longer than the inner; wings of 9
wider, less arched on the costa and less falcate. Hind wings with no costal enlargement as in
Citheroniinas; the apex well rounded; outer edge with a well marked angle, almost suggesting
a tail, in 9 rounded ; above the angle the wing is somewhat excavated, less so in 9 than in <? .

Venation nearly as in Citheronia; vein II2 being present, but differs in vein III! arising at
the same point as the anterior discal vein ; vein III2 arises nearly as far from vein IV, as from
III, ; vein II, arises far within the discal veins, toward the base of the wing. Discal cell small,
but larger than in Citheronia.

In the hind wings vein II arises very near the discal vein and origin of III, ; the origin of
III, is nearly midway between that of III, and III3; the two discal veins taken together form a
very oblique line.

Legs rather long; odoriferous sack in fore tibia unusually narrow, pointed, slightly over
one-half as long as the tibia, acute at tip, lying at the bottom of a depression, and at the base
partly concealed by hairs. Abdomen rather slender and reaching nearly to the end of the hind
wings. Markings: Ground color fawn-brown, with only a slight indistinct line in place of a
discal spot; extradiscal line on each wing composed of a few large uneven scallops.

Genitalia. — Suranal plate large, about twice as long as broad, the end curved in, extending
out as far as the upper clasper; the latter rather large, broad, the, end a single acute incurved
point, hook-like and roughened; seen from directly above or beneath they are narrow; the

no. i. BOMBYCLNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 3

claspers of the lower pair at base not differentiated from the upper claspers, incurved, blunt
at the end, which does not extend beyond the outer fourth of the length of the upper claspers.

Geographical distribution. — The species range from Mexico to Brazil, being characteristic
neogseic forms.

Larva. — The full-fed larva? of this genus, as in Aglia tau and Cercophana, are unarmed, with-
out any characteristic humps or spines, while the fresldy hatched larva? entirely differ in bristling
with forked spines or flexible horns, these characters not being thrown off until the last ecdysis.

Stage I. — Two large 5-headed pro thoracic dorsal setiferous spines; mesothoracic dorsal
spines reduced, minute, while those of the third thoracic segment are enormous, about half as
long as the body, flexible, forked at the end; caudal horn in shape like the metathoracic ones,
but about one-third as long. The long setae arising from all the tubercles are black and
spinulose.

Later stage to the last molt. The partly grown larva, when about one-half grown, is
drawn as having a pair of high horns on the prothoracic and a longer pair on the third thoracic
segment, and a caudal hom on the eighth segment, also a shorter median horn on the ninth
abdominal segment. Peters l states that this armature is retained until the last molt. Here-
tofore we have only had the figures of the mature larva of three species of this genus, and four
sketches of the caterpillar of A. armida, the better known species of tliis interesting genus,
which ranges from Mexico to Brazil. The larva figured by Madam Merian, Stoll, Burmeister,
and by Peters, is represented as being smooth, without any tubercles, horns, or hairs.

Fully fed larva. — Either without any spines or tubercles, the body being smooth, unarmed,
and of a generalized form (A. armida), or apparently the four thoracic and the caudal horn of
the earlier stages are retained after the last molt (A. aspasia and A. xanthopus). This remains
to be verified.

We had from a study of this genus (also of Khescyntis and Dysdaemonia) referred these

moths to the subfamily Agliina?, the venation being similar to that of Aglia tau. And it is a

matter of no little interest to find that the young freshly hatched larva is somewhat similar in

armature to that European genus, whose nearest allies belong to the South American fauna,

and also to Cercophana.

ARSENURA XANTHOPUS (Walker).

Rhescynlis xanthopus Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1327, 1855.
Rhescyntis xanthopus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 769, 1892.

LARVA.
Peters, Het.-Raupen, Taf. II, figs. 2, 2a, p. 9, 1898-1901. Pupa also figured.

Imago. — 2 s . Antenna? more completely bipectinated, and the pectinations much longer
than in the other species examined by me; those of the distal pairs but little shorter and smaller
than those of the basal pair; the joints slender and pectinated to the tip of the antenna. Palpi
stout as usual. Head dark vandyke brown, with no pale band between and pale tufts at the
base of each antenna as occurs in A. armida. Maxilla? unusually well developed, very slender,
united, and making about two coils. Body stouter than in A. armida.

Fore wings a little more rounded at the apex and less subfalcate than in A. armida; hind
wings not excavated behind the apex, as they are in A. armida. Markings quite different
from those of A. armida and pandora, though the ground color is the same fawn color with
Vandyke brown shades and lines. Basal line bent rectangularly and sending a point toward
the hinder end of the discal spot, and inclosing an oblong ash-fawn area, which also extends
beyond the basal line along the costa to the outer third of the costa, and incloses the large
distinct lunate discal spot, which is more distinct than in the other species examined by me.
Extradiscal line pale cream white, very deeply sinuous, the middle loop not divided into two
scallops in the middle of the wing as in A. armida and pandora; beyond are two series of fawn-
colored lunules with two linear whitish lines, and a submarginal row of Vandyke brown lunules

1 Die Heteroceren-Raupen (und Puppen) des H. T. Petersschen manuskriptwerkes; Biologische Beitrage zur Brasilianischen Schmetterlings-
fauna, Neudamm (1898J-1901.

4 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

on both wings. The brown lunules toward the apex and the costo-apical black spot edged with
blue scales are much as in A. pandora, but there is no distinct red patch beyond; it is only
faintly indicated. The angle or loop made just behind the subcostal ocellus is angular, and
more as in A. armida than in pandora.

Hind wings with a narrow lunate discal spot, more distinct than in A. armida or pandora.
Under side of the wings with the lines, discal spot and costo-apical ocellus and lines much
as above, though the ground color is paler. The submarginal line of lunules is obsolete behind
the red and brown marks of the apical region, and on the hind wings the submarginal pale lilac
line and the brown lunules beyond are distinct, and not present in A. armida. On each side
of the abdomen are short six luteous or pale yellowish-brown spots. The specific name applies
with less force to this than the other species, the tarsi being scarcely paler than the base of
the legs.

Expanse of fore wings, 2 114 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 2 60 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 2 32 mm.
Length of a hind wing, 2 45 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, 2 34 mm.
This species, with its well pectinated 2 antennae, well-developed tongue, discal spot, entire
nonfalcate fore wings, and rounded hind wings, appears to be the most primitive or generalized
species of the genus, and A. richardsoni the most specialized and recently evolved form. The
fact that the mature larva retains two long thoracic fUamental appendages is a further proof
of the primitive nature of this species.

Larva. — Stage III. The small young (in stage III?) has a pair of long, slender filamental
metathoracic horns about half as long as the body, and a caudal filamental horn of nearly the
same length.

FuU-fed larva. — The older larva has no caudal horn, but retains the two thoracic append-
ages, which are about a quarter as long as the body. The methathoracic segment is much
swollen, while the dorsal surface of the eighth abdominal segment presents a broad, slightly
concave smooth surface. Peters does not positively say whether this is the full-fed larva or
not, but the pupa (subterranean) is figured.

Peters describes the larva as dark gray, sprinkled with brown; with a yellow lateral fine
and yellow with black markings on the head and tail end. Pupa of the same general appearance
as that of A. armida.

Food plant. — It lives exclusively on a shrub with a bur-like fruit, called locally "carapicho"
(Vrena sinuata).

Geographical distribution. — Petropolis, Brazil (J. G. Fetterle), Brazil (J. Doll). Only in
the mountainous country near Rio (Peters).

ARSENURA PANDORA (Klug).

Saturnia pandora Klug, Neue Schmett., I, p. 6, Taf. 5, fig. 2, 1836.
Rhescyntis pandora Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Schmett., I, fig. 3, 1869.
Arsenura pandora Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 769, 1892.
Arsenura xanthopus Peters, Het.-Raupen., p. 9, 1898-1901.

Imago. — 1 2 , 1 9 . Though a much larger species, allied to A. armida in the shape of the
wings and the markings, though the hind wings of 2 are not angulated. Antennae of 2 with
a little longer cilia, $ antennae simple, one-half as wide as in 2 , with fine cilia. Palpi the
same as in A. armida.

Fore wings, apex much rounder, not falcate, scarcely subfalcate, outer edge slightly exca-
vated. Hind wings of 2 not angulated, outer edge full, rounded, the same in both sexes,
and the markings the same. Ground color dark fawn and vandyke brown. Fore wings with
the basal line distinct, dark, sending a point out along the median vein; within this fine the
wing is ashen fawn ( 2 ) or dark fawn (9). Extradiscal faint, dark, somewhat sinuous; the
submarginal line very distinct, whitish, within vandyke brown, very sinuous, two deep sinuses,
one bent in toward the discal spot, the other on the inner edge of the wing; each sinus divided

no. i. B0MBYC1NE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 5

into two scallops, the line ending at the costa just inside of the costo-apical spot. The line is
bordered externally with two lilac and a white and broad reddish Vandyke brown line; this
shade widens in the sinus; the apex is pale reddish; the edge of the wing fawn color. Costo-
apical spot black, irregularly oval, edged within with a blue semicircle and a few blue scales
on the costal side; the narrow blue- white submarginal line ending on the outer edge of the spot,
and besides two parallel blue-white streaks pass toward the apex. (This spot is larger, much
more perfect and specialized than in A. armida; the same in ?.) Discal spot ovo-lunate, dark
vandyke brown, paler within and with a clear central line or tissue; or the entire spot is dark,
opake.

Hind wings vandyke brown, paler toward the base, no basal lines, a very faint discolora-
tion; outer line much as in the fore wings, curved outwards on the second median; a submar-
ginal series of seven larger unequal round nearly separate scallops, umber or pale vandyke
brown in color. Under side of wings of a uniform ash yellowish brown; all four discal spots
present and quite distinct; the submarginal line yellowish brown, but otherwise as above, as
are the costo-apical black ocellus, and the white and broad madder-red curved streak; hind
wings with the lines much as above. Legs brown, but all the tarsi yellowish brown.

Expanse of the fore wings, S 103 mm.; 9 160 mm.

Length of a fore wing, S 53 mm.; 9 88 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, S 29 mm.; 9 48 mm.

Length of hind wing, $ 39 mm.; 9 64 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, S 35 mm.; 9 50 mm.
Bonm'nghausen in Peters' Heteroceren-Raupen, etc., page 9, gives A. xanthopus as a syno-
nym of A. pandora, but until I have been able to make further examination and comparison
I should prefer to keep them distinct.

Geographical distribution. — Santa Catarina, Brazil (American Museum of Natural History,

New York) ; Brazil (Doll).

ARSENURA ARMIDA (Cramer).

Phalaena-Attacus armida Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, III, p. 6, Tab. 197A, 1782.

Phalaena-Attacus cassandra Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, III, p. 7, Tab. 197B, 1782.

Bombyx erythrinse, Fabricius, Species Ind., II, p. 169, No. 9, 1781; Mantissa Ins., II, 108, 10; Ent. Syst., Ill, p. 411,

No. 13.
Rheseyntis erythrinse Hubner, Verz., p. 15G, 1822?
Rheseyntis Cassandra Hubner, Verz., p. 156, 1822?
Arsenura armida Duncan, Naturalists' Library, p. 125 [1837].
Rheseyntis erythrinse Walker, Cat. Lep.-Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1324, 1855.
Arsenura armida Druce, Biologia Centrali-amer., Lep.-Het., I, 1886.
Rheseyntis erythrinse Preuss, Abbild. Nachtschmett., p. 9, Tab. 12, fig. 1, 1888.
Arsenura armida Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep.-Het., I, p. 770, 1892.

LARVA.

Merian, M. S., Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, PI. XI, p. 11, 1705.
Stoll, C. Supple. Cramer's Pap. Exot., PI. XIX, 1787-91, figs. 1 and 2.

(Larva, final and an earlier half grown stage; pupa, $ and 9 > young and full-fed larva.)
Burmeister, H., Description phys. Rep. Argentine, Lep., Atlas, Liv. 1 and 2, p. 47, PI. XXI, figs. 1, 1A, 1879-80.
Peters, H. T., Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 9, Taf. VI, fig. 9, 1898-1901.

(Young, half grown, and full fed or last stage.)

Imago. — 1 £19. Body and wings uniformly fawn brown, the S a little darker than 9 .
Head and palpi much darker than the rest of the body. Fore and hind wings not scalloped
on the edges. Fore wings with a broad diffuse basal line situated much nearer the discal streak
than the base of the wing; on the outer or hinder half of the wing it is curved outward. Discal
spot an indistinct broad line alike on both wings. Extradiscal line dark fawn, oblique, not
waved or scalloped, slightly excurved on inner edge of wing, ending on the costa on the outer
third of the wing. Halfway between the end of this line and the apex of the wing is a double
dark-brown irregular costal streak, from which passes a white line to the apex. A sinuous
white line edged more or less distinctly on each side curving outward in a large scallop toward
the apex and behind the double blackish spot; it makes two similar scallops in the middle of

6 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

the wing. In the apical region are two linear white scallops, the hinder one bordered with an
oblique chestnut-brown streak reaching the extradiscal line. Beyond the extradiscal line
the wing is clear fawn brown, while within the extradiscal line the wing (except on the inner
edge) in hoary or gray, much less so in $ than in 9 , with the angle in male well marked. Hind
wings colored and marked like the fore wings; no basal line. The extradiscal line broad, straight,
dark, and touching the submarginal scalloped line on the inner edge of the wing. This line
is made up of six scallops, with dark points between them, the first, fourth, and fifth points
three times larger than the second ami third; in the S the points are more nearly equal in size
and form a more continuous blackish line, with scattered white scales.

Beneath slightly paler, but the lines and other markings are as on the upper side though
less distinct, and the dark submarginal line is nearly effaced in the middle of the wing away
from the costal and inner edge of the wing. Legs: The femora and tibiae dark, like the palpi,
but the tarsi are much paler. Abdomen with a row of six lighter oval triangular spots encir-
cled with dark on each side.

Expanse of fore wings, $ 120 mm.; 9 142 mm.
Length of fore wings, S 62 mm.; ? 70 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, S 30 mm.; $ 36 mm.
Length of hind wings, S 46 mm.; <? 47 mm.
Breadth of hind wings, S 30 mm.; ? 38 mm.

One <? from Mexico is most probably this; it only differs in being darker, with all the
lines and spots more distinct; it differs chiefly in the extradiscal line in both wings being some-
what sinuous. Length of fore wings 60 mm., breadth 33 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Vera Cruz, Mexico (G. Franck); Jalapa, Mexico; Surinam (very
common, Cramer); Venezuela and Brazil (British Mus.). My Mexican one is like Cramer's
figure of A. cassandra, the extradiscal line being more wavy, especially that on hind wings.

Fully fed larva. — The body is entirely unarmed, with no apparent vestiges (in the figure)
of the armature of the earlier stages. The body differs from that of Aglia and Cercophana in
being elongated, while the outline is that of a generalized or noctuiform larva, the thoracic
segments being of normal size, and the larva apparently does not strike the singular attitude
of those of Aglia and Cercophana; in fact the larva looks like that of a Cossus.

The body is dark brown, contrasting with the orange red of the head, prothoracic shield,
suranal plate and anal legs, as well as the four pairs of midabdominal legs. Peters describes
and figures the fully fed larva as dark gray ringed with black.

Pupa. — (Sent me as such by Mr. O. Barrett and identified by E. A. Smyth.)

Stoll figures the adult larva and that of an earlier stage of his A. cassandra, now regarded
as a synonym of A. armida. In both stages the body is yellow, with irregular dark markings,
but otherwise it is as in his figure of the larva of A. armida. The young larva is armed as in
the normal young of A. armida, figured on the same plate.

The larva spins no cocoon, but pupates 6 inches below the surface of the soil.

Food plant. — In Nova Friburgo, Brazil, the larva occurs in great numbers on an Anona,

the genus to which the custard apple belongs ; at Petropolis, Peters often found it " in enormous

numbers" on the Paineira, Bombax ceiba L. In Surinam it lives on the "Palisade tree"

(Merian) .

ARSENURA ASPASIA (Herrich-Schaeffer).

Arsenura (Rhescyntis) aspasia. Herrich-Schaeffer, Samnil ausser-eur. Schmett., p. 60, fig. 51, 1854.

Rhesq/ntis aspasia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1326, 1855.

Arsenura aspasia Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupeu, p. 9, Larva, Taf. IV, fig. 7; Pupa, 7a, 1898-1901.

LARVA.

Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, Taf. IV, fig. 7.

Judging from Herrich-Schaeffer's figure, this is a larger species than A. armida (expanding
170 mm.), but with wings of similar shape; the markings are closely similar; the costo-apical
oval mark is larger, but the extradiscal line is nearly the same, though the scallops differ in
slight details. It may be found to intergrade with A. armida.

no i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 7

Larva. — Peters figures the caterpillar of this species, which has four short thoracic and a
conical caudal horn ; one would infer from his brief account that this larva was fully fed, since
he figures the pupa, but it may be found to belong to the penultimate stage. He states that
it is gray, marked with brown. It was found only once by Peters on a large forest tree with
leaves like the hazel. It became well known to him in Petropolis, where it lives on a high
stemmed Melastomaceous tree.

Pupa.— As figured by Peters the body is rather thick, with a cremaster of moderate size,
and not differing in general appearance from that of A. armida.

Geographical distribution. — Brazil (Herrich-Schaeffer, Walker). Peters states that it is
very rare and only found in the high mountain region.

ARSENCRA SYLLA (Cramer).

Phalxna-Attacus sylla Ckamer, Papillons Exotiques, III, p. 79, PL CCXLA.
Rhescyntis sylla Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 156, 1818, 1779 (?).
Rhescyntis sylla Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1325, 1855.
Arsenura sylla Ktrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 769, 1892.

This species is larger, but approaches A. armida in the shape and markings of the wings,
though sufficiently distinct. The extradiscal lines on both wings are in general similar, but
flesh-colored, and accompanied by a grayish scalloped shade on both wings. A more decided
oval discal spot; no basal line present. The apical marks on the fore wings somewhat as in
A. armida.

■Geographical distribution. — Surinam (Cramer) ; Para (British Museum). [Jordan, Nov.
Zool., 1911, describes A. sylla pelias, placing it in Rhescyntis.]

ARSENURA BATESH Felder.

Arsenura batesii Felder, Reise der Novara, PI. XCI, fig. 2, 1874.
Rhescyntis batesii Preuss, Abbild, Nachtschmett., p. 7, Tab. 12, fig. 3, 1888.
Arsenura batesii Klrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 769, 1892.

Imago. — -This is a larger species than A. armida, with rather deeply scalloped wings, espe-
cially the hinder pair, but the markings are of the same type, though the discal spot on the
fore wings is connected with the basal line, making a large oblong inclosure, and the discal
spot on the hind wing incloses a small oval space. The extradiscal line is more scalloped than
in my Mexican example of A. armida.

Geographical distribution. — Brazil.

ARSENURA PONDEROSA Rothschild.

Arsenura ponderosa Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 48, 1895.

Imago. — -"This curious species is quite unlike any other of the genus.

"Fore wings, ground color clay yellow washed with yellowish buff. Wings crossed ob-
liquely from the apex to near the base of the inner margin by a broad blackish brown line,
which is wavy and less conspicuous in the apical half. This line runs parallel with the costa,
and not at an angle with it, as usual ; within the cell is a half -moon-shaped broad but indistinct
line, and a narrower but more irregular one at the apex of cell. The outer half of both wings
is crossed by two transverse and parallel broad lines. The outer one bears on the fore wings
four buff patches, of which the anterior one in front of the upper median nervule is much the
largest and almost square. The space between these two lines is narrower than between the
outer one and the margin, and is decidedly yellower.

"Hind wings similar to fore wings, but the outer line is double, gradually merging into
one toward the anal angle, when it exhibits a yellow patch.

"Head and collar brown, with a white mark between the antennae.

' ' Thorax and abdomen pale buff.

"Underside pale buff, the oblique band on fore wings wanting, and the two transverse
bands much less distinct, the outer one nearer margin, and dissolved into blackish and ruddy

8 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

spots at the nervules. On the hind wings at the apex of cell is a small brown ring with a central
spot.

"Expanse, S.5 inches = 21 5 mm.

"Hab. Chuchuras, East Peru. (In coll. Staudinger.)"

ARSENURA RICHARDSONI Druce.

Arsenura richardsoni Druce, Biologia Centrali-amer., Lep. Het., Ill, plate 83, fig. 1; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) V, p.

215, 1890.
Arsenura richardsoni Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 770, 1892.

Imago. — 1 <? . Fore wings more falcate, with the apex more produced, and hind wings
much more angulated (almost tailed) than in d1 A. armida. Antennas of 6 as in S A. armida,
the pectinations being short, vestigial, and much ciliated. Head in front a little narrower than
in A. armida, and the palpi larger and longer, more prominent. Body of the same size as in
A. armida.

Fore wings more falcate, being decidedly so, than in A. armida, arcaei, pandora, and xan-
thopus, but not so much so as in A. championi. Costa a little more arched; apex more pro-
duced and outer edge more deeply excavated than any species except A. championi.

Hind wings with the apex rounded, the middle of the outer edge produced into a decided
angle or point on the independent vein.

The ground color darker Vandyke or deep chestnut brown than in A. armida and pandora.
The markings are much less distinct than in the other species. The fore wings with an obscure
basal dark line or shade. Discal spot distinct, roundish lunate, in the middle paler, forming
a linear pale streak, sending a short streak along the base of the independent vein. Halfway
between the discal spot and submarginal line is a broad dusky extradiscal shade; between it
and the submarginal 6-scalloped line the wing is dark chestnut brown. Outer edge of the
wing beyond the line is darker than in the other species named. A large suboval black costo-
apical spot slightly edged with pale blue scales; this spot is much larger than in A. armida; no
pale red patch beyond the costo-apical spot, but behind it three or four deep madder-red slashes.
Hind wings marked like the fore wings, but no trace of a discal spot. Three dark excurved
parallel shades; the outer margin as on the fore wings, with two madder-red spots, one at the
base of the tail.

Underside of the wings uniformly dark fawn brown, with scattered darker spots; no discal
spots. Two broad very diffuse dark brown shades, while the outer third of the wings of both
pairs is hoary, though the outer edge is free from the whitish scales.
Expanse of the fore wings, o* 125 mm.
Length of a fore wing, o* 68 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 3 37 mm.
Length of a hind wing, <? 57 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, <? 40 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Eastern Mexico (Doll) (Druce).

The eggs of this rare species were kindly sent me from Tacubaja, Mexico, by Mr. O. W.
Barrett. The food-plant of the caterpillar was unknown to him.

Stage I. — Length, 4 mm. Head large and round, wider than the body, and shaped as in
Adelocephala. The body is rather thick, and tapers somewhat to the end. The first thoracic
segment is rather wide, but not so wide as the head; the front edge is somewhat raised, i. e.,
flares up, and bears a remarkably complex armature. The two dorsal tubercles are broad, thin
(in a fore-and-aft sense), and divided into seven heads or subtubercles, one or two of which are
smaller and shorter than the others, each digitiform tuberculet bearing a long spinulate black
seta; the setae are of nearly equal length, and nearly as long as the entire main or master tubercle.
As compared with those of Eacles imperialis, stage I, these tubercles are much thinner, and are
7-headed instead of being 2-headed, i. e., simply forked.

Below on the front edge of each side is a smaller tubercle of the subdorsal series about one-
third as long and large as those of the dorsal pair, ending in three subtubercles, each of which

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 9

bears a black spinulated seta. Just below the spiracle is a small, simple, infraspiracular tubercle,
and below this a low minute 3-headed one. Behind this series of four tubercles (on each side)
is a dusky, narrow, chitinous band or rudimentary prothoracic plate or shield, which passes
down each side of the segment, not quite reaching a point opposite the spiracle, i. e., not as far
down as the spiracle.

On the second thoracic segment are two dorsal tubercles (i), which are small, digitiform,
2-headed, the heads diverging. These are smaller than the corresponding pair on the first
abdominal segment, but larger than those of the hinder pair (ii) on the same abdominal segment.

On the third thoracic segment is a pair of enormous horns, which are slightly more than
half as long as the body. They are not stiff, and easily bend over, but with a thin integument,
the surface of which is crowded with short, erect spinules, some of which are conical, others
blunt. These two appendages are nearly as thick as the segment is long, their greatest diame-
ter being a little above the base; they are forked at the end, each fork being about twice as
long as thick, and much rounded at the end, and giving rise to a stout spinulated seta, which is
of moderate length, i. e., about twice as long as the greatest diameter of the horn itself. The
horns of this pair are much larger than those of Aglia tau of the same stage, and differ in the
trunk, and two branches of the fork being much thicker, while the short spinules do not give
rise to a hair. It is most probable that the caterpillar moves these horns with more or less
freedom, and that they are deterrent structures.

On the back of abdominal segments 1-7 are two pairs of dorsal tubercles, those of the
anterior pair (i) digitiform, as long as the horns are thick; they are separated by a space nearly
as long as one of the tubercles themselves. Those of the second pair (ii) are a little wider apart,
but situated close to the anterior pair, and with shorter and smaller seta?. The presence of a
second pair of tubercles on the tergum, the four tubercles arranged in a short trapezoid, is a
very primitive feature. I have observed them hi the first stage of Cerura, Heterocampa, Macru-
rocarnpa, and other Notodontidae, as well as in Anisota and Adelocephala, but not hi Eacles.

The caudal horn is about as thick as the metathoracic horns, the distal half fully as thick
through, and the two divisions of the fork are of the same size, including the terminal setae.
It is also equally flexible, and its armature is the same, the surface behig beset with micro-
scopic conical spinules which do not end hi a hah. The horn is about half as long as the anterior
horns, extending a little beyond the end of the dorsal setae.

The horn is the fused homologues of the anterior pair of tubercles of the abdominal seg-
ments in front, for directly behind its base is a pair of short tubercles of the same size and
shape as those of the posterior pah.

The ninth abdominal segment is armed dorsally with a pair of separate tubercles like, in
shape and size, the anterior ones on segments 1-7, but situated close together at their base.
The suranal plate is triangular, about as long as broad, with three small marginal tubercles on
each side, and one twice as large near the base of the plate. The surface is not tuberculated.
The anal legs are flat, square, not rough and tuberculated, but bearing three small setiferous
tubercles near the lower edge.

The tubercles of the subdorsal second row (ii) are simple and digitiform, as are those of
the third or supraspiracular row (Hi). These tubercles arise from a broad base, forming a dark
or reddish discoloration. The tubercles of the lower or fourth supraspiracular row (v, vi) are on
the abdomhial segments united at their base, those of the second and third thoracic segments
minute and single, as usual in all Ceratocampidae.

The setae are peculiar in the microscopic spinules being stout, corneal, often blunt. They
are of nearly equal length, the longest one being nearly or about two-thirds as long as the seg-
ment is thick, and necessarily add very much to the defensive nature of the armature of the
young larva.

The ground color, as shown by Mr. Joutel's drawing, is a reddish ochreous, the bases of the
tubercles being surrounded by light reddish brown; the tubercles are all red, the middle of the
big two dorsal horns and of the caudal horn being yellowish. There are no longitudinal or
transverse stripes.

10 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xu,

[ARSENURA POLYODONTA (Jordan).

Rhescyntis polyodonta Jordan, Nov. Zool., vol. 18, 1911, p. 134. — Mexico.]

RHESCYNTIS Huebner.

Rhescyntis Huebner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 156, 1822.
Rhescyntis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het, Br. Mus., VI, p. 1320, 1855.
Rhescyntis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 745, 1892.

Imago. — Head narrow between the eyes, the sides of the front parallel, the scales close
and short, eyes large and full. Antenna of d" very long, composed of about 48 joints, which
are short, bipectinate; pectinations moderately long; only the last joint without a short branch;
those of the basal and distal pair very close to each other. Palpi large, extending well beyond
the front, directed upward; third joint not distinct.

Fore wings very long and narrow, nearly two and one-half times as long as wide, very
falcate; costa much arched; apex broad, squarish, outer edge nearly twice as long as the inner.
Hind wings Attacus-hko in shape; outer edge full and rounded, especially toward the inner
angle; inner edge very long and straight. The abdomen only reaches to a little beyond the
basal third of the hinder edge.

Venation much as in Arsenura and Dysdaemonia. In the fore wings vein III1 arises as
in these two genera ; there is no vein III, (so far as I can ascertain) ; as in those two genera
vein IV2 is detached, becoming an independent vein. In the hind wings the shape of the discal
cell, the length of the discal vein and their obliquity is nearly identical with that of Arsenura.

Markings: There are no ocelli on either pair of wings, but an apical eye like black spot
on the fore wings. The moths of this magnificant genus have been associated with Attacus
and Philosamia since the days of Hubner, but in the venation, the palpi, and the narrow front
it is closely related to Arsenura.

[Several species, described as Rhescyntis, are placed by Kirby in Arsenura. In the later
writings of Rothschild and Jordan, various species which Kirby lists as Arsenura (e. g., cham-
jrioni Druce, Jiercules Walker, sylla Cramer, armida Cramer) are referred back to Rhescyntis.
Rhescyntis as here understood is Machaerosema Rothschild. Kirby designates hippodamia
Cramer as the type of Rhescyntis, but Rothschild states that the type is armida Cramer, and
hence gives a new name to the Rhescyntis of Kirby and of the present work. Dr. Dyar informs
me that Hiibner's Rhescyntis included erythrinae ( = armida), cassandra, syUa, and hippodamia
in this order. Kirby apparently had a right to designate hippodamia as the type, and hence
Machaerosema is a synonym of Rhescyntis.}

Geographical distribution. — Neogaeic, the genus ranging from the Isthmus of Panama to

RHESCYNTIS HIPPODAMIA (Cramer).

Plate LXXII, fig. 2.

Phalaena- Attacus [hippodamia] Cramer, Papillons exotiques, II, p. 43, Tab. CXXVI, B. 1779.

Phalaena- Attacus [hippodamia] Gmelin, Systema Naturse, I, 5, 2404, 468.

Bombyx hippodamia Fabricius, Species Ins., II, 169, 11; Mantissa Ins., II, 109, 13; Entomologiae Systema, III, 1,

413, 18.
Bombyx hippodamia Olivier, Encycl. ineUi. Ins., V, 28, 15.
Rhescyntis hippodamia Huebner, Verz. Schmett., p. 156, 1822?
Rhescyntis hippodamia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1322, 1855.
Rhescyntis hippodamia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 745, 1892.
Rhescyntis hippodamia Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 35, 1895.

Imago. — 1 6* . Body and wings fawn-brown, fore wings with a basal shade formed of two
parallel reddish brown curved lines, fading out toward the inner edge. No discal spot or
even discoloration. Extradiscal Line composed of four reddish brown lines arising close
together from near the outer edge and curving around to the middle of the costa, the four
lines slightly separating from each other. An apical oblique ocellus more developed and
specialized than in Arsenura (though the latter is a highly specialized genus) ; this oval ocellus

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 11

is edged externally with pale steel blue; directly on the costa is a secondary linear black spot.
Below, at the beginning of the bay or sinus, is an irregular black spot, edged with very few
scattered blue scales.

Hind wings with no discal spot. A median brown band curved a little outward on the
costa. A marginal curved whitish band beyond which is a deeper fawn-colored wide band,
edged heavily with black and tending to divide into rings, a little as in Rothschildia. This band
reappears beneath, but the other lines are nearly effaced. No discal spots on the under side,
though the apical eye like spot reappears.

Expanse of the fore wings, 6" 180 mm.

Length of a single fore wing, <? 88 mm.

Breadth of a single fore wing, <? 38 mm.

Length of a hind wing, 6" 60 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, 6* 37 mm.

Larva. — Unfortunately the larva of either species of this genus is as yet unknown.

Geographical distribution. — Central America, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, and Brazil

(Rothschild). Canta Gallo, among the mountains a little north of Rio de Janeiro (Mus. Comp.

Zoology, L. Agassiz).

RHESCYNTIS MORTH (Perty).

Saturnia mortii Perty, Del. Anim. Art., p. 159, Tab. 32, fig. 1, 1834.
Rhescyntis mortii Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 745, 1892.
Rhescyntis mortii Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 35, 1895.

Geographical distribution. — As observed by Rothschild this species has almost the same
range as R. hippodamia; it was originally described from southern Brazil, but the Tring
Museum possesses one from British Guiana.

[Two other species belong to this genus — R. norax (Druce) and R. hermes (Rothschild).
An allied genus is Grammopella Rothschild, based on G. cervina Rothschild, from Peru (Nov.
Zool., 1908, pi. XI, fig. 5).]

Rhescyntis norax is in general shape like [Philosamia] cynthia, but with no ocelli or corre-
sponding spots; basal and extradiscal bands ill defined; no apical ocellus. Two submarginal
lines on both wings. [Dr. Packard also adds, "it is an extreme departure from Attacus prob-
ably," but see the remarks above under the genus Rhescyntis.]

GOODIA Holland.

Goodia Holland, Entomological News, May, 1893, p. 177.

Orthogonioptilum Karsch, Berlin ent. Zeitschrift, 1892, p. 501, taf. XX, fig. 1, May 15, 1893.

Goodia Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskrift, p. 246, 1899.

[Dr. Dyar writes that Goodia Holland was published at the beginning of May, 1893, while
Orthogonioptilum Karsch appeared in the part of Berl. Ent. Zeit. dated on cover "mitte mai
1893," and received at Library of Congress July 19, 1893. Goodia thus has clear priority.]

Imago. — Head rather prominent; eyes rather large; front of the head only moderately
wide and narrowing perceptibly toward the labrum. Antennae of the male very short bipec-
tinated (about 19 or 20 joints in all), with 13 or 14 joints each bearing two pairs of pectina-
tions; those of the basal and distal pair spreading widely apart from the base and provided
with long dense cilia, which are curved at the end; the tip subfiliform, composed of 5-6 joints
of which all except the two last bear fine short minute vestigial pectinations, with long crowded
cilia. Palpi small and short, not reaching the front; brush like, the scales at the end scraggly
and irregular, with no sign of a third joint (probably only composed of a single joint) ; of the
shape and proportionate size of those of Pseudantheraea [Cremastochrysallis] arnobia.

Thorax moderately stout; the collar distinct; vesture of moderate length.

Fore wings about half as wide as long; unusually falcate, the costal edge much arched
and almost suddenly bent on the outer fourth; apex unusually sharp; outer edge deeply but
not suddenly excavated; inner angle squarish, and the inner edge shorter than the outer.

12 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Hind wings with the costa regularly convex; the apex rounded, though a little angulated;
outer edge full and regularly convex; inner edge straight, so that the inner angle is squarish,
not rounded.

Abdomen rather slender, not quite reaching the inner angle of the hind wings.

Venation: Very much as hi Rhyscyntis, the broadly triangular discal cell of the fore wings
having the same shape as in that genus; vein II, [III, in revised nomenclature] arises, much as
Ehescyntis, quite far from the outer end of the discal cell; II2 is wanting as in that genus; the
venation of the hind wings is also much as in Rhescyntis; the two discal veins make an angle,
the hinder one being very oblique, directed outward. In all these respects the venation differs
from any of the Bunaeinas, though nearest approach is that of Cremastochrysallis.

Markings: Ground color ochreous, a clear small narrow inconspicuous lunate discal spot
on the fore wings. Hind wings like those of the anterior pair with no distinct lines; no discal
spot above, but a dark solid small one beneath. Its colors indicate that it is protected by its
resemblance to a sere faded pale sienna brown leaf.

In its venation, notably in the vein III3 being so much detached from the subcostal vein,
and becoming an independent one, this genus does not belong with the Bunaeinas, but should
provisionally be associated with Rhescyntis in the Agliinse. A glance at the figures will show
how closely the two genera agree in venation. On the other hand, the <? antennae are very
short, and the palpi are very small and short, almost vestigial, as in Cremastochrysallis arnobia
(Westw.). It will be interesting to see what light a knowledge of the larva and pupa will
throw on the affinities of this aberrant and rather highly specialized genus.

Geographical distribution. — So far as known, the species are confined to the region in West
Africa in French Congo, near Cape Lopez, about the mouth of the Ogove River.

GOODIA NUBILATA Holland.

Goodia nubilata Holland, Entomological News, IV, p. 178, PI. IX, fig. 3, May, 1893.
Goodia nubilata Holland, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XII, p. 251, Oct., 1893.

Imago. — 1 3 . Head, body, and wings pale ochreous brown, the head in front, breast, and
legs darker with a reddish ochreous tint. Collar and costal edge of fore wings whitish gray or
hoary. No distinct lines or bars, but the wings are variously spotted and mottled with sienna-
brown. A fine brown curved basal line, which is reddish, ending near the inner third of the
inner edge of the wing. Extradiscal line obscure, scalloped, marked by brick-reddish distinct
points on the veins. Discal spot indistinct, not easily seen, small, narrow about three times as
long as wide, and finely edged with dark-brown scales. Edge of wing pale reddish brown;
a large pale cloud between the discal spot and the outer edge.

Hind wings like the fore wings, but more ochreous; no basal line. A zigzag submarginal
line chiefly indicated by the emphasized dark points of the scallops.

Beneath much as above, but the discal spot a little more readily seen, and on the hind
wings there is a dark-brown line; a small distinct lunate, somewhat angular, discal spot. There
are no distinct lines.

Expanse of fore wings, 3 70 mm.
Length of a single fore whig, 3 35 mm.
Breadth of a single fore wing, 3 19 mm.
Length of hind whig, 3 24 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 3 19 mm.
This species has been described from the type specimen very kindly loaned by Dr. Holland,
director of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, Pa. It appears to differ from 6. impar Aurivill ius
in the hind wings not being so much produced behind; the fore wings are more acute; there are
no spots near the clear discal one; and the wings beneath show no violesc.ent shade.

Geographical distribution. — Collected by Rev. A. C. Good at Kangwe, Ogove River, West
Africa. French Kongo, a little south of Cape Lopez, latitude 2° S. (about).

Dr. Holland states that the female differs from the male in having the antennae very slightly
pectinated and quite short, the fore wings relatively broader, with the outer edge rounded from
the outer angle and very slightly produced at the apex.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 13

Originally referred by Holland to the Drepanulidse, the genus was placed in the "Saturnidaa"
by Karsch. [More recently (1909) G. septiguttata Weym. has been described from East Africa
and G. oriens Hampson from Ruwenzori.]

DYSDiEMONIA Hiibner.

Dysdsemonia Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 151, 1S22.
Dysdxmonia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1328, 1855.
Dysdxmonia Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., I, 1869.
Dysdxmonia Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep., IV, 1874.
Dysdxmonia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.

Hiibner had only one species under Dysdsemonia, D. boreas (Cramer).

Imago. — S and 9. Head moderately prominent; eyes rather large. The front is square,
though longer than wide, while the squamation is close, the scales appressed to the surface.
The male antennae are very peculiar, being long and narrow; the joints are longer than thick;
and the distal pectinations are absent; the basal ones very short and broad, obtuse at tip, the
outer ones much longer than those on the inside, which are simply short blunt teeth; they
are densely ciliated, the long cilia spreading out. above, beneath, and at the ends. The 9
antennas filiform, simple, with a minute tuft of cilia on each side of each joint. Palpi very
distinct, as the scales on the under side of the head and thorax are short; they extend a little
beyond the front and slightly ascend; the tliird joint is not distinct from the second and is quite
small. The maxillae are well developed, and, what is unusual in the group, united at their
base; and though very slender, coiled up between the palpi, they are about one-third as long
as the o" antennae. The thorax is rather stout, and the scales short.

Fore wings large and broad with the costa straight at base, but well arched toward the
apex, which is elongated, squarely docked, and the outer edge deeply excavated and scalloped;
in the 9 the broad apex is shorter and the outer edge less deeply excavated than in <? . Hind
wings rectangular at apex; the middle of the outer edge is drawn out into a rather long square-
tipped tail, which in 9 is much longer though no wider, being nearly as long as half the breadth
of the wing. Abdomen of s rather more regularly conical than usual. Costal region wider
than in Arsenura.

Venation: Approximates to that of Arsenura; vein 11^ arises at the same distance within
the discal cell; but HI2 is wanting, showing a reduction and aberration; vein FV \ originating as
in Arsenura; vein rV2 arising in the middle, so that the cells on each side are of the same width;
the discal veins each curved, so that the common line made by the two is a distinctly sinuous
one. Hind wings with the same general arrangement of veins as hi Arsenura but the anterior
discal vein is straight, not curved, and extends very obliquely to origin of vein ni2, and the
posterior discal vein is not oblique but regularly curved.

Markings: The genus may be at once recognized by the two twin regularly oval clear spots
on the fore wings at the end of the discal cell. On the hind wings is a minute indistinct clear
round spot; both wings are crossed by three dark lines which radiate from near the inner angle
of the wings. Ground color fawn brown, the color of the elk and deer, also leaf brown. Both
sexes have the same shades and style of markings.

Larva. — Body smooth, unarmed, somewhat as in Agiia tau; the head and first two thoracic
segments small; the metathoracic segment large and swollen.

The genus is marked by the tailed wings in both sexes, but also by the peculiar antennas,
which suggest the Sphingid type by their very short pectinations which are ciliated, as do also
the coiled, though slender and small maxilla?. In no other genus are there two twin oval spots,
one discal, the other in the cell in front. In its colors and tailed wings the moths probably are
mimetic and could be mistaken for a dead dry leaf with its stalk. It is allied to Arsenura, the
venation not being very different in the two genera.

In the shape of the head and coloration, the fine close vestiture of the body, and the angu-
lated wings and venation, the genus comes near Arsenura, from which, or some allied form, it
may have originated; its greater degree of specialization is seen in the short "tails" and the

14 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

singular twin discal spots. It is possible that Copiopteryx with its very long tails is an extremely
specialized Dysdsemonia. It has no near relationship to Eudsernonia.

Geographical distribution. — A member of the Neogaeie fauna, extending from Vera Cruz,
Mexico, to Brazil.

DYSD-ffiMONIA BOREAS [Cramer] Hubner.

Phalxna-Altacus boreas Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, I, p. 110, PI. LXX, B. 1774.
Dysdxmonia boreas Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 151, 1822 (?).
Dysdxmonia boreas Druce.
Dysdxmonia boreas Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.

LARVA.

Peters, H. T., Bie Heteroceren Raupen, p. 9, PI. Ill, fig. 9, pupa, 9a (reduced), (a very brief description of colors
only).

Imago. — 1 <? , 1 9 . General color of thorax, abdomen and wings fawn or elk brown, or
color of a dead brown leaf, being of a pale umber, with a hoary or frosted tint. Head, palpi,
fore legs and breast chocolate. Antennae pale, the joints dark.

Fore wings with three narrow brown lines diverging from near the inner angle, the basal
one arising somewhat beyond the middle of the inner edge, and passing in a slightly curved
direction to the inner fourth of the costal edge; the extradiscal and submarginal lines arise
close together near the inner edge and diverge a little, the inner passing close to the discal spots
and the submarginal, parallel with the outer edge and near the costa, bent at a right angle
onto the costa, approaching the costal end of the extradiscal line. The edges of the wings are
only slightly darker brown than the middle of the wing. There are faint traces of a very
diffuse dark shade between the basal line and the discal spots. Two conspicuous rather large
clear discal spots at the end of the discal area, and separated by a vein; they are regularly oval,
the larger end looking toward the base of the wing and bordered with chocolate brown, more
narrowly so on the outer end. Outer edge of the wing with the apex broad and square, and
the deeply excavated outer edge below the broad square elongated apex is divided into four
scallops.

Hind wings with three lines as in the fore wings, but the third or outer one is curved around,
ending at the base of the tail. A small round inconspicuous discal clear spot. Underside of
the wings slightly paler than above, the submarginal line is not repeated, but the two inner
ones are distinct, and the twin discal spots are not bordered with chocolate in either sex.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? , 117 mm. ; ? 130 mm.

Length of one wing, <? , 63 mm. ; 9 70 mm.

Breadth of one wing, o* , 33 mm. ; 9 38 mm.

Length of hind wing, including tail, 8 61 mm; the tail alone, 18 mm.; width of tail
at end, 7 mm.

Length of hind wing, including tail, 9 56 mm.; the tail alone, 10 mm.; width of tail
at end, 8 mm.

Length of an ocellus, 6 mm.
A very interesting and peculiar form, the leaf-brown color, the tattered and torn ragged
outer edge of the wings, and the tailed hind wings, evidently make it a mimetic form, reminding
one of the KaUima butterfly.

Larva. — Peters states that "the third segment of the body is swollen or humpbacked;
that the body is green, often ornamented with violet."

Judging from his figure the body is smooth, unarmed with either spines or tubercles; his
drawing showing no traces of any kind of armature. The body tapers to the anal legs, which
seem to be much smaller than usual; the suranal plate not being prominent. On the other
hand the third thoracic segment is very large, much swollen and bulging out in front on each
side. The first and second thoracic segments, as well as the head, are small; the second seg-
ment about half as wide as the third, and these two segments, with the head, are probably,
when the creature is alarmed, retracted within the third segment.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 15

As the caterpillar is not rare in the neighborhood of Rio Janeiro, it will be most desirable
to discover the larva in its first stage and see how it compares, as it probably does closely, with
that of Arsenura in its first stage.

Pupa. — Peters represents the pupa as of the Sphingicampid shape; the head end not much
rounded, but the other end of the body ending in a spine or cremaster of moderate size.

Food plant. — Ascending to Peters the larva lives on the beautiful well-known Paineira.

Geographical distribution. — Vera Cruz, Mexico (Franck); Brazil, Peters says "it is not

rare near Rio, where the gray, tailed moth grows larger than in the mountains." Cramer gives

"West Indies" as its habitat. [Rothschild (1907) has described a subsp. brasiliensis from

Brazil.]

DYSDXMONIA KADENH (Herrich-Schaeffer).

Eacles kadenii Herrich-Schaeffer, Sammlung aussereur. Schmett., p. 61, $ , fig. 444, 1855.
Dysdxmonia kadenii Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.

In the shape of the antennas and wings, and the tail of the hind wings this, judging from
Herrich-Schaeffer 's figure, is congeneric with D. boreas, but there are no clear spots or any
kind of discal spots on the fore -wings, though the lines or shades are much as in D. boreas.

DYSD^MONIA TAMERLAN Maassen.

Plate CXIII, fig. 2.

Dysdxmonia tamerlan Maassen, Beitrage Schmett., I, fig. 10, 1869.
Dysdxmonia tamerlan Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.
Dysdxmonia tamerlan Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 48, 1895.

Imago. — 1 <? . This species is larger than D. boreas. The antennas and palpi are the same
as in that species, though the latter are slightly stouter and extend farther beyond the front
of the head. Fore and hind wings of the same shape, but the tail is not quite so long and is
decidedly broader. The ground color is light fawn-brown while D. boreas is gray or somewhat
hoary. In the fore wings the lines and the two clear discal spots are as in D. boreas, but the
basal line is less distinct. The sinuses on the outer edge of the wings are deeper than in D.
boreas. A large triangular costo-apical spot. Beneath uniformly ochreous-fawn, the extra-
discal line forming a dark shade.

Expanse of fore wings, a* , 142 mm.

Length of a fore wing, 3 , 75 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, <? , 40 mm.

Length of hind wing, s , 75 mm., including the tail, which is 12 mm. long.

Breadth of hind wing, c? , 37 mm.
Rothschild states that "A great amount of variation is shown in D. tamerlan Maass., both
in size and tint, which latter varies from warm gray to chestnut."

Geographical distribution. — Brazil (Neumoegen coll. in Brooklyn Museum).

DYSDSEMONIA GLAUCESCENS Walker.

Dysdxmonia glaucescens Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1328, 1855.
Dysdxmonia glaucescens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.

Imago. — "Female, brown, antennas testaceous. Fore wings obscurely glaucous, with
brown streaks, and with a blackish blue-speckled band, which disappears toward the costa
and joins the interior border at two-thirds of the length of the latter; the streaks between this
band and the base of the wing are transverse, but the exterior streaks are parallel to the length
of the wing; exterior border with a deep notch between two shallow excavations, somewhat
angular in front. Hind wings pale brown toward the base, and with an angular pale brown
exterior band; exterior border with two broad shallow excavations; tails short, acute, parallel
to the length of the wing. Length of the body 17 lines; of the wings 62 lines."

Geographical distribution. — Brazil (Saunders collection).

16 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

DYSDXMONIA ARISTOR (Felder).

Aricia aristor Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, Tab. 91, fig. 3, 9 , 1874.
Dysdsemonia aristor Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 768, 1892.

[Geographical distrib ution. — Surinam.]
[Rothschild makes this a synonym of D. boreas.]

DYSD-dEMONIA PLUTO (Westwood).

Saturnia ? pluto Westwood, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, XV, p. 301, 1S55; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 164.
Dysdxmonia ? pluto Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1330, 1855.

Walker states: ''This may be a variety of D. glaucescens."

Geographical distribution. — Venezuela (Walker, British Museum). [Brazil, Rothschild.]

[Rothschild (1907) has described a subsp. andensis from Peru.]

[Other species of Dysdxmonia are D. platydesmia Rothschild, 1907 (Peru), with subsp.
castanea Roth., 1907 (Costa Rica); the latter figured in Nov. Zool. 190S, PI. XI, f. 10; and
D. lemoidti Schaus, 1905 (French Guiana).]

AGLSA Ochsenheimer.

Plate LXXXIV, fig. 4: CIII.

Aglia Ochsenheimer, Schraett. Eur., Ill, p. 11, 1810.

Echidna Hubner, Tentamen, p. 1, 1S10?

Aglia Hubner, Verzeichniss bekant. Schmett., p. 152, ISIS or 1822.

Aglia, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1313, 1S55.

Aglia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 783, 1892.

Imago. — <3 and 9 . Head not prominent, in 9 much less than in <? ; front moderately
wide, of much the same proportions as in Arsenura and Dysdxmonia. The sides between the
eyes parallel, not converging toward the labral region; the hairs standing straight out, long
and fairly even; when denuded the front or clypeus is but a little longer than wide, nearly
square. The eyes are rather small.

Antenna? of <? consisting of 40 joints, 39 of which bear each two pairs of pectinations,
which extend to the penultimate joint, very widely and evenly branched so that they are
between one-half and one-third as wide as long; the distal branches are very slender, pressed
against the basal ones of the succeeding joint, and a little shorter than the basal ones, ah the
branches with long sparse cilia. In 9 the basal branches reduced to minute stout teeth; no
vestiges of the distal ones.

Palpi large, unusually well developed, ascending and passing well beyond the front, farther
than usual, except in Arsenura and Dysdxmonia; the third joint large, well developed, and
unusually distinct; when denuded, the second joint is seen to be much longer, nearly twice,
than the basal joint. The maxillre with no vestiges iinless two microscopic tubercles represent
them, at all events they are still more vestigial than in Arsenura.

Wings of both sexes very similar in shape, though the 9 hind wings are perhaps a little
more produced toward the apex; fore wings moderately wide, costa straight, arched toward
the subacute apex; slightly subfalcate; outer edge very slightly excavated. Hind wings in
each sex reaching well beyond the end of the abdomen; they are rounded at the apex, outer
edge full and well rounded, the inner angle rounded.

Venation: Vein 11^ arising close to the common stalk of veins III3 and III,, and both
points of origin situated just within that of the anterior discal vein, which is oblique, thick,
and throws off the independent (vein IV2), near the middle of the extradiscal cell, but not
exactly in the middle, as occurs in Arsenura and Dysdxmonia. The rest of the discal vein
(posterior one) is divided into two curved separate veins, giving off a slight short fold (or
incipient vein) passing outward. No vein III2. Hind wings with an arrangement of veins
approaching that of Arsenura and Dysdxmonia, though cjuite distinct. It agrees in the discal
veins, together forming an oblique line, so that the general shape of the discal cell is the same,
the outer side being very oblique; in Aglia vein IV, is not quite so near the middle of the

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 17

extradiscal cell as in the two other genera named; on the whole Aglia approaches nearest to
Arsenura in venation, though the discal vein (or end of the discal cell) is exactly in the middle
of the wing, owing to the wing not being produced, while in Arsenura, and more especially in
Dysdsemonia, the outer portion of the wing is so produced or developed as to make the discal
cell appear very small and but little more than a third the length of the wing. [On the margin
is a pencil note.] Thus Aglia is nearest to South American genera. [Compare?] Bathyphlebia.

In the venation Aglia also approaches Urota, i. e., in the ramification of the "subcostal"
(radius) vein III2, those of the common stalk of III! and III, is long in Urota, in Aglia there
being no such stalk; in the mode of origin of the independent vein IV2, while in the venation of
the hind wings there is also, in the essential features, a marked resemblance to Urota; thus
the origin of the veins IVt and IV2 are much the same, the latter (independent) being detached
and assuming nearly the same position in the discal cell; the two discal veins taken together
forming a line of the same degree of obliquity, so that the shape of the discal cell is the same
in both genera, and though the cf Urota is tailed, the end of the discal is near the middle of
the wing (in the longitudinal sense) ; in 9 Urota the venation (involving the length of the
vein) is remarkably similar to that of Aglia, the branches of the radius (III) and median or
cubitus (IV3 and V,, V,) being very similar, as well as the disposition of the two discal veins
taken together.

The resemblance to the South American Eudelia, as regards venation, is much less marked.

Legs unusually long and slender, not very densely scaled, and with two small unequal
spines on the hind tibiae; the fore tibiae rather long and slender; the tibial epiphysis is covered
with hair-like scales, there only being a bare space on the inside near the end; it is unusually
long and large in proportion to the tibia, being about three-fourths as long as the tibia, narrow,
flat, the end widened, not pointed.

Markings: The ground color of the body and wings is a dull ochreous-fawn, with a heavy
dark-brown submarginal line common to both wings, an incomplete or rudimentary ocellus
in each wing, being a dark blotch centered by a white T, the shaft of the T pointing inward
and no longer than the cross ; the T is more regular and decided in the $ . On the under
side of the fore wings the T is more marked, the shaft triangular; on the hind wings forming
an irregular conspicuous triangular spot, rather than a T; the hind wings are also suffused
with rich brown and gray.

Genitalia: A single pair of unusually large claspers nearly as long as abdominal segments
VII-IX together, very wade and convex externally, and ending within in a small obtuse projec-
tion, not forming a true spine. Suranal plate broad, curved downward and inward at the
extremity, which is forked, black, solid, densely chitinous. Compared with Polythysana, the
suranal plate is of nearly the same type, being a broad concave plate narrowing behind where
it curves downward and is forked at the end; but there is but a single pair of claspers, and
they are much simpler in structure, though larger, and not ending in a true hook, nor is there
present the upper pair of claspers, which are so marked in Polythysana. The penis is slender,
style-like, and the accussory part is triangular; these parts being much as in Anisota.

Aglia appears to be a genus which has perhaps by migration to Asia and finally to eastern
and central Europe, been cut off from its ancestral forms and adapted to a cool moist climate.
The wings are of simple outline, without any tendency in the anterior pair to become falcate,
or in the hinder pair to become tailed, or if not tailed, angulated. The ocelli are alike in
shape and color on the wings of each pair, though those of the fore wings are smaller. The
coloring of the wings is less vivid and striking than in Polythysana. Its general similarity in
size, shape of body and wings, and in markings, to the smaller kinds of Saturnia has led to
its being regarded as a Saturnian.

Egg. — Poulton describes the egg as being of very large size, about 2.5 mm. by 1.9 mm.;

and as rather flattened on the upper surface with a slight central depression. The shape, he

adds, is very like that of Smerinthus or Sphinx, but the size is somewhat larger. It is dark

brown and laid upon bark. He obtained about 60 eggs from a single $ paired in confinement.

83570°— 14 2

18 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Larva. — Stage I: For our knowledge of this stage we are indebted to Mr. Poulton's
careful description and excellent figures.

Length, 6.25 mm.; at the end of the stage, 10-11 mm. Head green and rounded. The
ground color dark green; along each side a white subspiracular line ending in front on the
base of the prothoracic spine, and behind ending at tbe base of the red terminal suranal spine.
There are seven complete oblique lateral white stripes sloping in a posterior, a direction the
reverse of that of most Sphingida;, though in Sesia there are similar reversed stripes. The two
prothoracic dorsal are slightly shorter than the metathoracic dorsal horns, but are much as in
stage III and all a little longer, but otherwise like the caudal horn; all are bright red. He
describes the head as very generalized, and like that of the young form of Smerinthus and
Sphinx. The length of the stage is unusually long, i. e., 16 days.

Stage II: Length 10.5 mm.; at end of the stage 15.5-17 mm.; color and marking almost
identical with those of the previous stage, and the terminal fork on the five spines not so marked
in this stage, and it becomes less so in the next, the fork being entirely absent in the last stage
and often in stage II. Length of stage about nine days.

Stage III: Length 16 mm.; at end of the stage 22.25-27 mm. Differs but slightly in color
or armature from stage I. "The anal red spine is relatively shorter and less conspicuous"
(Poulton). A blown larva 23 mm. in length, and evidently in stage III, I have received from
Staudinger-Bang-Haas.

Prof. Poulton does not enter into details regarding the armature. Notable features are the
two great prothoracic horns, the minute mesothoracic ones, the very large metathoracic ones,
also beside the large caudal horn, the pair of small short spines on the distinct ninth abdominal
segment, the tubercle i of this segment being obsolete, while the suranal plate bears in its
middle a pah of similar spines, the plate itself ending in a long somewhat upturned conical
projection, extending well beyond the anal legs. Tubercles ii are wanting on the thoracic and
abdominal segments, at least I have been unable to detect them, while the two tubercles on
abdominal segment 9 are presumably ii. The two minute tubercles i on the mesothoracic
segment are scarcely higher than thick. Those of abdominal segments 1-7 are of uniform size,
being small and slender and ending in a short seta. The caudal horn is more deeply forked
than the thoracic ones. The suranal plate is regularly triangular, a little longer than broad.
The anal legs are large and rounded. The bodjr is clothed with numerous line microscopic
secondary setiferous tubercles.

Stage IV: As observed by Poulton, Aglia is remarkable for passing through but four larval
stages.

Length 24-25; at the end of the stage 45 mm. The stage lasts from 10 to 12 days, the
whole larval life in England extending from 42 to 44 days.

The larva has now lost all its spiny armature, the shagreen dots, oblique stripes, and sub-
spiracular line remaining. "The whole anterior part of the larva," says Poulton, "is not unlike
a caricature of a vertebrate head, with the terrifying marks in the appropriate position for
eyes." *

Prof. Poulton comes (1888) to the following results from his study of the ontogeny of this
insect. He shows the resemblance to the larva? of the Sphingidse in 15 points, also noting the
differences, such as the presence of the four thoracic horns and caudal horn in all but the last
stage. He compares the armature with that of certain Ceratocampidse, also Rhescyntis.

He concludes that "the Sphingida? are a specialization of the group of Saturnian Bombyces,
and that the following order represents the nearest affinity, and is an. approach toward the
expression of genetic relationship: Sphinx, Acherontia, Smerinthus, Ceratomia, Lophostethus,
Aglia, Ceratocampa, (Attacus), Saturnia."

[Since the above was written, Aglia tau has been made the subject of much experimental
research by Standfuss and others, on account of its remarkable variations, which are of great

i The transformations of A . tau were originally described and figured by Duponchel ct Guenoe (Iconographie, ii). In 1S63, from an examination
of the figures, my attention was attracted to the singular changes of the larva, and I compared the young larva to the fully grown caterpillar of
atheroma regalis, afterwards, and pointed out that the latter genus was an "embryonic form and therefore inferior in rank to the tau moth." Amer.
Naturalist, June, 1S70, and Our Common Insects, p. 52.

No. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 19

interest to students of heredity. Several of the forms have received names, as rnelaina Gross,
cerberus Schultz, ferenigra Thierry-Mieg, ferecaeca Oberth., uniformis Oberth., etc. A race
from Japan has been described as japonica by Leech, while one from west China has been
named homora Jordan. The variety lugens Standf . is identical with ferenigra, according to
Jordan.]

[The following general discussion of the affinities of Aglia appeared in Proc. Amer. Philo-
sophical Society, XXXI (1893), pp. 139-141:]

Aglia tau, a connecting link between the Ceratocampidx and Saturniidx and the type of a new subfamily, Agliinx.
In this European Bonibycine moth we have surviving, side by side with the generalized Saturnia, a most interesting
form, which is a Ceratocampid in its earlier larval stages, the larva in its last stage and the moth being very near the
Saturnians, although it does not spin a cocoon, and should be regarded as a Ceratocampid. We could not have any
clearer demonstration of the origin of one family from another by direct genetic descent.

The transformations of this form, originally figured in Duponchel et Gu6neVs Iconographie ' (Tome II), has been
more fully elaborated by Mr. Poulton.

Having received, through the kindness of Dr. Heylaerts, a young larva of Aglia tau in its third stage, I have been
able to compare it with Eacles imperialis in its third stage, a thing Mr. Poulton could not do for want of specimens.
The resemblance between the two genera at this stage is most striking, although the fully fed larvae are so different,
Aglia passing at a single molt (the third and last, this larva only having four stages), from one family to another ! We
know of no parallel case, or at least of one so very striking and conclusive.2 Thus the ontogenetic development of
this caterpillar epitomizes that of two families, whereas that of most Bombyces is simply usually only an epitome of
that of a subdivision of a family, or of a small group of genera.

Aglia tau in its third stage differs from Eacles imperialis in its third stage in having a pair of dorsal "horns" on the
first and third thoracic segments, where E. imperialis has only minute ones on the prothoracic segment, while those on
the second thoracic segment are as well developed as those on the third segment; those on the second segment are
minute; all the ''horns'' are forked as in Eacles. The dorsal spines on the abdominal are simple and minute, like
those on the second thoracic segment. The shape of the head and of the anal legs is much as in Eacles, but the suranal
plate differs strikingly in being produced into a rather large, spinulated spine, a feature not known to exist in any
Ceratocampids.

It should be observed in regard to the large size of the prothoracic horns of Aglia, that those of Citheronia regalis
are quite well developed, being about two-thirds as long as those on the two succeeding segments.

Upon examining the adult of Aglia, I find that its head and antennae are closely similar to those of Eyperchiria
[Automeris] io, and the Hemileucidae in general; the antennae form a close approach to those of H. io, as on careful
examination with a good lens a second branch of the pectinations of the male antennae can be perceived ; it forms a long,
separate branch, but is in the dead and dry specimens very closely appressed to the anterior main pectination. In the
venation of both wings Aglia shows a most unexpected resemblance to that of Eacles imperialis; like that and other
CeratocanipidEe and the Hemileucidae, having five subcostal branches, while in the Saturniidae there are only four,
the first one wanting in the latter family.

Thus the moth belongs with the Ceratocampidae, while the larva after the last molt loses all its spines and becomes
very much like a Saturnian, perhaps of the type of Telea, though it is without tubercles or spines, and especially like
a smooth form, the larva of Attacus betis Walker, figured by Burmeister in his Atlas of the Lepidoptera of the Argentine
Republic. We therefore suggest that Aglia tau should be regarded as the type of a distinct subfamily of Ceratocampidae,
and thus the latter group may be divided into the two subfamilies Ceratocampinae and Agliinae.

At present both from their larval and their imaginal characters, and in their spinning a cocoon we are disposed to
consider the Hemileucidae as a family closely allied to, though distinct from, the Ceratocampidae.

On examining the European genus Endromis, we are disposed to think that the family Endromidae is a natural
one. It would, however, be a violation of the principles of classification to include Aglia with it. The two genera,
both as regards their larval and their adult characters, are quite distinct. I find that Endromis versicolora has the head,
palpi, and antennae and the hairy abdomen very closely like those of our Hemileuca maia, but the median vein of both
wings divides into four branches, and the subcostal vein of the four wings divides into five branches, as in H. maia
and the other Hemileucidae. Judging by the colored figures of the larva in European works, the larva of Endromis is
smooth, with a small retractile head, oblique bars, and a conical caudal horn. The group Endromidae is a branch of
the Bombyciue tree, parallel to but distinct from the Hemileucidae, and stands above the latter, connecting the group
and the Oeratocampida and Saturniidaj with the higher families of the Bombyces, in which there are four branches
of the median vein, all the families mentioned agreeing with the Notodontidae in having but three. In its general
shape, the small retractile head, the mode of coloration, and the caudal horn, the larva of Endromis appears to be
remarkably near the Sphinges. Buckley describes the cocoon as "composed of an open-worked reticulation of coarse

1 Guenee states that after attaining its full size, " Elle se retire a la surface de la terre, entre des mousses et des debris de veggtaux qu'elle attache
avec de la soie, et elle s'y change en une ehrysalide grosse, courte, d'un brun fonciS saupaudre1 de grisatre, et dont l'anus est termini par une faisceau
de pointes recourses."

! Over 20 years ago, in 1863, when first beginning my studies on the Bombyces, my attention was attracted to the singular changes of Aglia tau
and I compared the young larva to the full-grown larva of Citheronia regalis and pointed out that the latter genus was an "embryonic form and
therefore inferior in rank to the Tau moth." (Amer. Naturalist, June, 1S70, and Our Common Insects, 52.)

20 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. in,

black or black-brown silk threads, ■with round or broad oval interstices, as the fabric is extremely strong, tough, and
elastic, covered externally with moss and birch leaves firmly adherent" (III, 65).

It is interesting that in the transformations of Rhesq/ntis erythrinse, aa figured by Burmeister, we have a parallel
to the case of Aglia tau. The fully grown larva is smooth-bodied and without the four long large thoracic spines, and the
caudal horns on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments of the previous stage. The genus appears to belong to the
Ceratocampidae.

Although we are not yet acquainted with the early larval stages of Endromis, we do not see why the Sphingidae
may not have sprung from a form like this as much as from Aglia, as the shape and markings of the full-grown caterpillar
are much nearer a typical Sphinx than those of Aglia. Moreover, taxonomically, Aglia is by no means so "closely"
allied to the Sphingidse as Mr. Poulton in his able papers would lead us to infer. In its venation Endromis is much
nearer, and the latter is a more generalized or synthetic form than Aglia. From the Ceratocampidae the families of
Saturniidae and also of Hemileucidae may have originated, and indeed all the Bombyces, unless we accept the Arctians
and Lithosidae, may have evolved before the Sphingidae appeared. Judging by the characters of the head, the antennae,
throax, and especially the venation, the Sphingidae are far removed from the Ceratocampidae, and their origin from
the latter family was at least remote, and there must be some lost, extinct annectant forms which originally connected
them.

POLYTHYSANA Walker.

Polythysana Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1314, 1855.
Polythysana Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 785, 1892.

Imago. — s and 9 head very small, eyes of moderate size, rather small. Front of the
head moderately wide, and with a shaggy vestiture. o* antennae widely pectinated, almost
plumose; the joints rather long and slender, those near the base longer than thick, those toward
the tips nearly three times as long as thick; the basal pectinations very long and slender,
densely ciliated; the distal ones a little shorter than the basal ones, but similarly ciliated. 9
antennas with short basal pectinations which are rather thick, about twice as long as the joints
in the middle of the antenna; the outer distal pectinations about one-third as long as the basal
ones, those on the inside vestigial, like minute teeth. Palpi small, short, drooping, not reach-
ing the front; they are rough and shaggy; third joint small, not visible. Thorax with vesti-
ture rough and shaggy, and with the abdomen bearing long, scattered, coarse, but not flattened
scales.

Fore wings eminently falcate, especially in 6* , in $ slightly so ; costa moderately arched ;
apex squarish, truncated; behind the square apex the outer edge is considerably excavated.
Hind wings with the apex well rounded, outer edge moderately full and convex, especially
in 9 . The abdomen does not reach to the end of the hind wings in 3 , but it does in the 9 .

Venation: Vein III! arising not far beyond middle of the discal cell; vein III2 wanting;
vein IV2 independent, its origin moved toward middle of discal cell; origin of IV situated mid-
way between those of III! and III4. In hind wings discal cell very long, the discal vein sit-
uated unusually near the outer edge, on outer third of the wing. Veins III, IV, and IV2 aris-
ing at equal distances apart; IV2 and IV3 being very short, only one-third as long as the wing
itself.

Markings : Rather striking, the ground color bright yellow and rose in 3 , with olive-green
hues in 9 • The distal spots forming large compound ocelli in the wings of both pairs; they
are centered with a linear white crescent. The basal line on the fore wings is broad and dis-
tinct. A distinct submarginal deeply sinuous dark line, and an apical roseate spot.

Genitalia: Suranal plate triangular, broad at base (forked at the end; two partially dif-
ferentiated pairs of claspers, those of lower pair sickle shaped; the large convex and ending
in a long sharply incurved acute point; those of the upper small, bearing on the inner edge
two thumb-like processes. The suranal plate is triangular at the end, and the incurved tip is
divided into two blunt black forks. The penis is acute, style-like, slender, and there is a small
rounded triangular plate above it.

This is a very distinct and easily recognized genus, though one difficult to locate, and it
is provisionally left in tins group; the broad plumose S antennas (in 9 with short branches)
and the square apex of the falcate fore wings, together with the very large and perfect ocellus
in each wing, are characteristic marks.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 21

The larva is thus far unknown.

Geographical distribution. — Neogaeic realm. The species thus far known are confined to
Chile. [According to Kirby P. rubrescens also occurs in Peru.]

Wings more rounded, less falcate; ocellus oval P. cinerascens.

Basal line curved; ocellus large, oval, sinus on vein VI deep; hind wings not rosy P. rubrescens.

Basal line sharply bent; ocellus large, round; sinus deeper still; hind wings rosy at base P. andromeda.

POLYTHYSANA CINERASCENS (Philippi).

Attacus cinerascens Philippi, Linnaea Ent., XIV, p. 278, 1860.

Polythysana cinerascens Maass and Weymer, Beitr. Schmett., Ill, fig. 39, 1872.

I'olythysana apollina Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, Taf. 87, fig. 2, 1874.

Imago. — o" . Judging by Felder's figure of a J, this species differs from the two others
(P. rubescens and andromeda) in the fore wings being a little less falcate, and the hind wings
less angular, the outer edge being fuller, more rounded. From P. andromeda it also differs in
the ocelli of the fore wings being oval, i. e., wider than long, the longer axis extending across
the wing; also in having no basal line on the hind wing.

One 9 . Compared with a 9 P. andromeda of nearly the same shape, the fore wings are
broad and but slightly falcate. The hind wings are well rounded ; the apex full, rounded, and
the outer edge full, convex. The thorax and abdomen are not quite so shaggy as in P. andro-
meda. Head in front of moderate width, much as in P. andromeda.

Body and wings reddish brown, especially those of the hinder pair. Fore wings reddish
brown, the surface in the middle and on the costal edge frosted with whitish pink scales. Basal
line broad, heavy, reddish brown, curved, rather than suddenly bent as in P. andromeda, near
the hinder edge of the wing, and passing very near the ocellus, nearer than in P. andromeda.
The outer or submarginal line distinct, sinuous as in the other species, but the two scallops on
vein Cu2 are less deep and marked than in 9 of P. andromeda. The line is deep reddish brown,
edged externally with whitish pearl gray. Ocellus smaller and more oval than in P. andromeda,
its axis transverse to the wing, being longer than the longitudinal axis, or along the length of
the wing; an outer submarginal deep rich madder-brown broad ring; within this ring a much
broader deep snuff-yellow ring, while the oval center is of the same color, but with a few central
whitish scales, the inner side of the central area being bounded by a curved fine whitish hair
line.

Hind wings of a soft delicate uniform roseate brown hue; the wing smoky at the base,
and the extradiscal fine or band is broad, smoky brown, fading out toward the ocellus, and
situated farther from that spot than in 9 P. andromeda; this line is a little less sinuous than
in the latter species.

Underside of fore wings ; no basal line ; submarginal line blackish, diffuse, becoming narrow
and nearly obsolete before reaching the apex of the wing. Discal spot large, not quite round,
somewhat oval, deep rich rose-red surrounded by a broad black ring, hind wings uniformly
of a solid fawn brown; the ocellus faint, only the short curved fine white line distinct, while
the outer line is very indistinct. Abdomen and underside of the body fawn-brown, while the
tibiae and tarsi of all the legs are black brown. It differs entirely from P. andromeda 9 in
the rose-red ocellus (this being black in that species), and in the uniform fawn-brown color
of the wings, the fore wings being a little dusky at base.

Expanse of wings, 9 106 mm. (in <? , judging by Felder's figure, 82 mm.).

Length of one fore wing, 9 52 mm.

Breadth of one fore wing, 9 29 mm.

Length of one hind wing, 9 38 mm.

Breadth of one hind wing, 9 30 mm. '
Geographical distribution. — Quillota, 20 miles northeast from Valparaiso, Chile (Bartlett-
Calvert).

22 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

POLYTHYSANA RUBRESCENS (Blanchard).

Plate C, fig. 3.

Attacus rubrescens Blanchard, in Gay; Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, VII, p. 60, 1852, Lep., pi. 4,

fig. 3, $ .
Polythysana rubrescens Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1315.
Polylhysana rubrescens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 785, 1892.

Imago. — 1 o* . Body light chestnut brown. Fore wings tawny ochreous with fawn or

chestnut shades. Basal line dark fawn brown, touching the discal ocellus and regularly (not

angularly) curved outward before reaching vein VI. On the hinder half of the base of the

wing within is a dull chestnut patch extending from base and nearly touching the basal band.

Ocellus not round, but shorter than broad, suboval, tawny, encircled by a dark brown

(not black) broad ring, a little more dusky within, i. e., the portion inclosing the narrow linear

curved white line. Submarginal line also chestnut brown, the two scallops on vein IV 1 not

so deep as in P. andromeda, and the sinus in front opposite the discal spot short and deep. An

apical roseate spot edged within with white.

Hind wings chestnut or fawn-brown at base ; the middle of the wing tawny ochreous from

the inner edge to the costa, with no roseate tints within the extradiscal line, which is heavy,

black, diffuse and not roseate toward the costa as it is in P. andromeda. Discal ocellus a heavy

black ring centered with deep roseate ochreous; and with a white median linear crescent.

Beyond the extradiscal line the brown margin of the wing is light brick red or roseate, but

the fringe is fawn color.

Under side of the wing, yellow ochreous; the ocelli much reduced, those of the fore wings

a third smaller than above, pale brick-red encircled with black and a white line. On the hind

wings the black ring i9 obsolete, and there is a small pink-red spot with a white line. Basal

line of fore wing wanting, but the extradiscal line is present, and much more distinct than above.

Expanse of the fore wings, o* 78 mm.

Length of fore wing, 45 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 25 mm.

Length of hind wing, 33 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 26 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings 5^ by 7 mm., of hind wings 7 by 7 mm.

This species is recognized by the pink red being confined to the outer edge of the hind

wings beyond the extradiscal fine, and by the inside of the discal spot being olive fawn, not

blackish.

Geographical distribution. — Chile (Museum d'Hist. Nat. Paris), Coquimbo, Valdivia (Walker

in Br. Mus.).

POLYTHYSANA ANDROMEDA (Philippi).

Attacus andromeda Philippi, Linn. Ent., XIV, p. 280, 1860.

Polythysana andromeda Waterhouse, Aid to Identification of Insects, I, p. 119, fig. 1, 1882.

Polythysana andromeda Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 785, 1892.

Imago. — Two o" , one ? . The male is very near P. rubrescens, but a little smaller and
chiefly differing in the hind wings being deep pink red from the costa to the hinder edge of
the discal ocellus. Compared with P. rubrescens the basal broad blackish line makes a sharp
angle between the costa and ocellus, and the curve near the inner edge of the wing is nearly
angular instead of rounded. An apical roseate spot. The ocellus is larger than in P. rubrescens,
round, and is olive-green encircled by black, the center almost black and the white curved
line is less regular in shape. The extradiscal line has a shorter deeper sinus opposite the
ocellus, and the sinus on vein VI is deeper than in P. rubrescens.

Hind wings of a beautiful roseate pink red on the costal half of the wing, the rosy tint
surrounding the large discal ocellus; behind and within the extradiscal line the wing is very
hairy and shaggy, "deep snuff ochreous, as is also the outer margin of the wing beyond the
extradiscal line.

no. i. BOMBYCLNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 23

Under side of the wings red center and a broad almost oval white central spot. On the
hind wings the ocellus is reduced just as in P. rubrescens.

The ? is very different, there is no ochreous or pink hue, but the ground color is olive
green, paler along the edge beyond the extradiscal line of both wings, but the lines and ocelli
are the same. Ocellus of the fore wings large, round, black, only the center white, with a few
pink scales. The' abdomen is banded above and with scattered long light hairs; and beneath
olive ochreous, with a lateral row of dark irregular roundish spots.

Expanse of fore wings, s 70 mm. ; 9 95 mm.

Length of fore wing, <? 39 mm. ; 9 52 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, S 21mm.; 9 30 mm.

Length of hind wing, <$ 30 mm. ; 9 42 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <$ 22 mm.; 9 31 mm.

Ocellus of fore wing, e? 1\ by 7^ mm. ; 9 9 by S \ mm.

Ocellus of hind wing, s %\ by SJ mm.; 9 10 by 10 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Chile (Franck).

Subfamily 3. Urotix^e Packard.

Head of moderate size; front moderately wide, and not narrowing toward the oral region;
its vestiture either not very long and shaggy (Urota), or quite shaggy in Eudelia and the hairs
spreading so as to partially conceal the eyes. Antennas of the male plumose, but a single pair
of pectinations to a joint, in 9 but little less pectinated than in & . Palpi short, porrect or
depressed, feeble. Maxillae not visible.

Fore wings falcate, the apex squarish, not acute or much produced; outer edge with a
shallow (Urota) or deep excavation (Eudelia), inner angle well rounded. Hind wings in <?
with a well marked tail about one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the wing itself; in 9 there is
instead a distinct angle; apex of the whig well rounded. The abdomen in <? does not extend
to the inner angle of the wing.

Venation: There are 11 veins in the fore wings; discal cell rather small, the outer side
formed by the discal veins taken together, is short and straight not oblique; vein III2 either
partly detached (Urota) or wholly so (Eudelia), forming a true independent vein. In Urota
the venation of the fore wings is much as in Aglia tau, though that of the hind wings is quite
different; in these the two discal cells taken together are oblique (Urota) or extremely so
(Eudelia), vein III3 alone entering and supporting the s tail. There are eight veins in the
hind wings.

Legs moderately long; the <? fore tibial epiphysis in Eudelia very large, nearly as long
as the tibia itself.

The two genera forming the types of this group (and Cercophana most probably) can not
apparently be placed in the Agliinse, though very near Aglia. Cercophana is tailed, and seems
to be near Eudelia, and the larva is apparently similar to that of Aglia; on the other hand
they can not be placed in the Bunseinse; at present it seems best to provisionally assign the
three genera to an independent group, until the larva of Eudelia has been discovered.

Also the larval characters, the two separate dorso-median tubercles of Urota, forbid the
assignment of that genus to the Agliinse or Bunseinse ; on the other hand there is a resemblance
between the full fed larva of Aglia and Cercophana.

Larva. — Body cylindrical, generalized in its outlines, head large, round, unarmed; tubercles
very minute, reduced, flattened, giving rise to flattened seta?. On the eighth abdominal seg-
ment not a double (fused) median tubercle, as in Bunandse and most Agliinse, but two separate
minute ones. The discovery of the first larval stage of these genera will throw much light on
the phylogeny of the group; at present it appears as though it may have sprung from some
primitive spined form, resembhng the freshly hatched larva of Arsenura and Aglia.

[A separate memorandum notes :] Larva with multisetose tubercles. [The same (provisional)
memorandum refers Tagoropsis, Urota, Usta, and Ludia to Urotinse, but notes that Ludia and

24 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

TJsta spin cocoons. Mr. J. H. Watson writes that Ludia and Aglia spin cocoons. Ludia, in
the arrangement now given, is excluded from the Ceratocampidae.]

Geographical distribution. — The range of this group embraces Chile and southeast Africa;
two genera being restricted to south temperate America, the Chilian subregion (Wallace) or
province of the Neogaeic realm of von Ihering, and the third to the Aethiopian realm. Thus
far no forms are known from the eastern side of South America or the western coast of Africa.

UROTA Westwood.

Urota Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 60, 1849.
Urota Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1330, 1855.

Imago. — <? and 9 . Head in front [moderately wide, not narrowing below, toward the
labral region ; the hairs are long, uneven, and project straight out, not radiating so as to partially
conceal the eyes, which are moderately large and round. Antenna; of 3 subplumose, well
pectinated to the ends, and the joints numerous, shorter than wide on the basal half and bearing
but a single pair of long slender fine branches, which are well ciliated, but the extreme tip is
filiform ; those of the ? but little less pectinated than in the o* , the pectinations being but
slightly shorter than in the o* .

Palpi short, hairy, directed downward and not easily distinguished from the hairs of the
front of the head; thorax moderately stout, shaggy. Maxilla; not visible.

Fore wings falcate; outer edge slightly concave. The hind wings are tailed in o* , the tail
short and broad; in 9 the wing is wider, with a wide projection corresponding to the tail of
the male.

Venation: Vein IIt [IIIU in revised nomenclature] arises in the outer third of the discal
cell close to the stalk giving origin to veins II3 and II4; no vein II, present; origin of vein III2
a little detached from vein II and III, situated nearly one-third across end of discal cell; the
discal cell rather large and long compared with that of Eudelia, the hinder discal vein not
directed outwards. Hind wings with the two discal veins taken together not so long and
oblique as in Eudelia, otherwise the venation is very similar, though as the 3 tail is shorter the
veins that pass into it are also shorter.

Markings: Body and wings uniform fawn brown; fore wings with a basal and extradiscal
line and a small opaque white oval ( 3 ) or round ( 9 ) discal spot on both wings. Abdomen in
the 3 rather short, not reaching to the inner angle of hind wings; in 9 longer, extending
to this angle. There is a quite close relationship between this genus and the Chilian Eudelia.

Larva. — Body cylindrical; head large, round, smooth. The body segments.are not convex,
the caterpillar being generalized in its outlines. The tubercles are in six rows on each segment
behind the head as usual in Saturniidae, minute, flattened, not easily seen in blown specimens,
and give rise to two to five short flattened setse, each one arising from a minute wart situated
on the tubercle. On the eighth abdominal segment not a double median tubercle, but two
separate minute ones. Suranal plate rounded, convex, with three setiferous but minute
tubercles on each side. Anal legs of moderate size.

In the much reduced tubercles we have a highly specialized feature. In the pair of separate
dorsal tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment we have a feature not characteristic of the
Sphingicampidse, but rather of the subfamily Saturniinse. The bands of highly colored granula-
tions is a not uncommon feature in the group, as we see it in the larva of Nudaurelia dione and

Gynanisa iris.

UROTA SINOPE (Westwood).

Plate XXXI, fig. 12; CX, fig. k.

Urota sinope Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 60.

Urota sinope. Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. anssereur. Schmett., p. 60, fig. 94, 1854.

Urota sinope Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1331, 1855.

Urota sinope, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 764, 1892.

Urota sinope, Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., Ill, fig. 55, 1873.

Imago. — One <? and one 9 . Body and wings light fawn-brown (ochreous brown) . Antennas
slightly paler. Fore wings narrower in 3 than 9 , where they are rather wide and more falcate

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 25

than 9 ; outer edge slightly concave. Hind wings tailed in J , the tail short and broad, two-
thirds as long as the antennae; in 9 the wing is wider, with a wide projection instead of a tail-
like one.

Fore wings with a broad straight basal band composed of two white 'lines with a darker
brown line between. Extradiscal line similar, oblique, nearly parallel with the outer edge of the
wing, expanding where ending on the costa on the outer fourth of its length. The discal spot is
situated rather nearer the extradiscal than the basal line, and is a small opake white spot, larger
in the 9 than c? , the two lines also being wider and more diffuse.

Hind wings with a narrow white indistinct discal spot, and beyond it is a curved extra-
discal whitish band widening on the costal and inner edge of the wing.

Under side of the wings nearly as above, but the lines all less distinct, as also the discal
spots. A broad diffuse basal dusky line on the hind wings. All the lines are more distinct in
9 than <? .

Expanse of the fore wings, a 70 mm. ; 9 80 mm.

Length of fore wing, 3 34 mm.; 9 45 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, cf 19 mm.; 9 25 mm.

Length of hind wings without the tail, <? 25 mm.; with the tail, 31 mm.; breadth,

20 mm.
Length of hind wings without the tail, 9 35 mm.; breadth 27 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Port Natal (Donckier; British Mus.).

Larva. — Length, 45 mm. Head moderately large, nearly two-thirds as wide as prothoracic
segment, the black surface as usual with groups of from two to six fine granulations. Body
cylindrical but the segments convex and rising dorsally into two decided fleshy humps, one on
each side of the median line, and with corresponding lateral humps on which are situated the
low tubercles. Prothoracic plate thickened on the front edge, and on each side of the median line
is a group of seven to eight setiferous minute warts, the group being a vestigial setiferus tubercle;
also a more rounded area of warts corresponding to a vestigial supraspiracular tubercle, and
also low down, a group of warts corresponding to the infraspiracular tubercle.

On the middle of the second thoracic segment is a double-headed hump with no valley or
depression between the two heads; each head crowned by a low vestigial tubercle bearing four
sette. On the third thoracic segment the hump is slightly higher, but with a little valley between
the tubercle, each bearing five setae.

On abdominal segments one to eight the humps are separate, a valley between them, and
the setiferous flattened low tubercles, all wider apart. The humps on the eighth segment are no
higher and larger, but the two separate vestigial low flattened tubercles are quite near together,
though entirely separate; each bearing four or five setae. On the ninth abdominal segment
the humps are separated by a wide valley and the tubercles (each with five setae) are nearly
three times as wide apart as on the eighth segment.

Suranal plate wide, triangular, slightly mucronate at the end; on the edge about a dozen
small setiferous tubercles on each side; two minute setiferous tubercles, one on each side of the
middle of the plate, and other smaller scattered one; the surface is not very rough, rather
smooth. The setae are moderately stiff, rather short, and they are all white.

Anal legs with fine setiferous tubercles around the outer, front, and hinder edges.
Body pale straw-yellow, with transverse velvety brown-black bands extending from the
lateral line around over the back, the broad band extending from the hinder edge of one segment
to the front edge of the one behind; there are 11 such black bands contrasting with the bright
yellow ground color, the first and last of the series narrower and shorter than the others.
Farther down on the side before the pleural ridge is a row of 12 irregular conspicuous black spots,
the first one and last two much smaller than the others of the series. Spiracles yellow, not
easily distinguishable from the yellow surface of the segment on which they are situated.
Thoracic legs blackish; midabdominal legs yellow.

This is a very conspicuously marked larva. It has retained the vestiges of humps and
tubercles and the setae are well developed. It appears to be a normal Sphingicampid some-

26 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

what approacliing Lobohunea in its larval characters, though greatly more spinose; but it differs
very much in the two separate unfused dorsal tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment. For this
and the imaginal characters it may well be regarded as the type of a distinct subfamily, a
somewhat degenerate and highly modified branch given off from the Bunaeinse, unless we should
decide the group to be of family rank.

This may tend to solve the problem of the position of Heniocha (and Vsta?) which though
with two separate tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment are apparently in other respects
larval and imaginal (venation), more nearly allied to the Bunaeinse than to any other group.

Should we. regard the Bunaeinae as a family then Heniocha might be regarded as the type
of a primitive subfamily of it, and the Urotinae as an allied side family.

CERCOPHANA Felder.1

Cercophana Felder, Verhandlung Wien. Zool. Bot. Ges., XII, p. 496, 1862.

Eudelia Phllippi, Stettin Ent. Zeit., XXV, p. 91, 1864.

Lonomia Walker (in part), Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VII, p. 1765, 1856.

[True Lonomia is a quite different genus.]
Eudelia Maassen and Werner, Beitrage Schmett., IV, V, 1881, 1885.
Eudelia Ktrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 764, 1892.
Cercophana Rothschild, Novitates Zool., II, p. 46, 1895.

Imago. — o* . Head and eyes much as in Urota, but the hairs of the front or face are very
long and spread out sideways so as to partially conceal the eyes, and prevent one from seeing
the exact shape of the front. Antennae of male more broadly pectinated than in Urota, with
about 40 joints, the pectinations extending to the tip; the joints shorter than long on the basal
half, and the longest ones towards the tip are but little longer than thick, those of the base
or near the base being half as long as broad. But a single pair of pectinations to a joint, and
they are very long and slender, giving a subplumose appearance to the antennas. Palpi unusu-
ally long, a little longer than in Urota, directed downward, not easily detected as the hairs
clothing them are long, uneven, and somewhat blended with those of the front. Third joint
long, depressed. The maxillae must be very short, vestigial, as they are not visible. Thorax
moderately stout, shaggy, much as in Urota. Fore tibial epiphysis a large flattened sack-like
appendage, as long as the tibia itself.

Fore wings decidedly falcate, more so than in Urota; costa straight on the basal three-
fourths, but towards the apex much arched or curved, much more so than in Urota; outer
edge more deeply excavated behind the apex, and the inner angle more rounded than in Urota.

Hind wings with the costal edge a little more convex than in Urota, the apex more rounded
and full; the wing is produced behind into a long broad tail, which is one-third as long as' the
whole wing, and at base nearly half as wide as the wing itself; compared with the tail of Urota
it is more than twice as long and wide, and the inner angle of the wing is more decided, the
tail being bent outward at a decided angle.

Venation: Vein II, [III2 in revised nomenclature] wanting as in Urota, vein IIt arising
remotely from the anterior discal vein, near the middle of the discal cell; otherwise the vena-
tion is much as in Urota, though the two discal veins taken together form a straight line, not
a slightly curved one as in Urota. In the hind wings the discal cell is much shorter than in
6* Urota, and the discal veins are together much longer and thicker, as well as more oblique
than in Urota; the tail is supported by vein HI3 and IV! ; vein IH2 (independent) is short and
situated or originating nearer the middle of the extradiscal space or cell.

Fore legs rather stout and hairy, the tibial odoriferous sack very large, swollen at the end
and nearly as long as the tibia itself. All the legs larger than in Urota, especially the anterior
pair.

Markings: Ground color yellowish; the tads more reddish brown. A large round distinct
opake white discal spot on the fore wing, reproduced beneath, though less distinct than above.
No traces of a discal spot on the liind wings, either above or beneath. Fore wings crossed by

i [Sonthonnax (as I am informed by Mr. J. H. Watson) has discussed Eudelia and Cercophana. Truo Eudelia (type E. aristotclise Phil.) has no
incipient tails in the female, whereas Cercophana (type Cfrauenfcldi) has the female hind wings with incipient tails.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 27

three lines; a curved basal one, a straight extradiscal one, and just beyond a distinct deeply
scalloped reddish brown line. On the hind wings are two closely parallel extradiscal lines.

The distinguishing marks of this genus are the rather long broad tails of the hind wings;
the falcate fore wings; the plumose antennae, and the unusually long palpi.

Larva. — When full-fed the body is entirely unarmed.

Geographical distribution. — Neogaeic. All the species are reported as inhabiting Chile

only.

[CERCOPHANA VENUSTA (Walker).]

Plate XXXI, figs. 14, 15; CXI, fig. j (frauenfeldi).

EUDELIA RUFESCENS Philippi.

Eudelia rufescens Philippi, Stettin Ent. Zeit., XXV, p. 91, 1864.
Eudelia.ru/escens Maassen and Weymer, Beitriige Schmett., IV, figs. 75, 76, 1881.
Eudelia rufescens Preuss, Abbild. Nacktschniett., p. 8, PL 11, fig. 1, 1881.
Eudelia rufescens Kirbt, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 765, 1892.
Cercophana venusta Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895.
Cercophana rufescens Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895.
Cercophana vulpes Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895.
Cercophana daphnea Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895.
Cercophana frauenfeldi Rothschlld, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895.

Imago. — One S . Boc^ and wings fawn color or yellowish sienna brown; with reddish
ochreous markings; antenna? of nearly the same color. Fore wings uniformly yellow fawn or
sienna brown; a basal curved diffuse line; extradiscal line not curved or scalloped but oblique,
and beyond is a scalloped line of the same hue, situated about half way between the extradiscal
line and the outer edge of the wing. Discal spot large, round, white, opaque, entirely covered
with white scales, and narrowly encircled with dark brown. Fringe reddish brown, yellow
on the inner angle.

Hind wings yellow ochre, becoming reddish brown towards the base of the tail, which is
also reddish brown. Fore wings beneath as above, but a little paler, becoming reddish around
the discal spot which is a little smaller than above, and with a brown haze or cloud around
it, not forming a definite brown ring as above. The under side of the hind wings more yellow
than above, and yellow on the tails.

Expanse of the fore wings, s , 66 mm.

Length of a fore wing, S , 33 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, <? , 18 mm.

Length of hind wing, including tail, 38 mm.; tail alone, 15 mm. long; breadth at

base, 9 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 18 mm.

Walker in his diagnosis of Lonornia does not refer to the tails of the hind wings.

Geographical distribution. — Thus far not known to range beyond the coast of Chile.

RothschUd considers that rufescens (Phil.), vulpes (Butler), daphnea (Maass. and Wern.)>
and frauenfeldi (Felder) are aberrant forms of 0. venusta Walker.

Larva. — Our knowledge of the larva of this genus is derived from a colored drawing in the
British Museum, of which fig. 14, PI. XXXI, is a copy, which I was kindly allowed by Sir
George Hampson to have made. It is labelled " 0. frauenfeldi."

On comparing this with an alcoholic example of Aglia tau, and the excellent figure by
Prof. Poulton, which evidently well represents its characteristic attitude when at rest, the
resemblance between the larvae of the two genera in their final stage is striking.

In Cercophana the body is smooth and unarmed; the segments apparently not convex,
and smooth; the head is small and the two anterior thoracic segments small, while apparently
the tergum of the metathoracic segment (unless it be the first abdominal) is prolonged into a
long median process, which overhangs the retracted head and two anterior thoracic segments.
Also the suranal plate is greatly prolonged into a sharp conspicuous process. Along the sides
is a row of six long black setae which extend downward and backward. The body is brownish

28 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

or bronze along the back, green on the side and beneath, while a conspicuous yellow lateral
line extends from the tip of the anterior to that of the posterior horn or projection. It has
no lateral eye-like red spot on the side of the first abdominal segment.

The larva, however, so far as we can judge from a figure alone, is evidently closely alhed
to Aglia tau, as is the moth.

It will be a matter of the greatest interest to have the larval history of this genus worked
out; we should expect that its freshly hatched larva is armed with spines as in Aglia, which
are discarded at the last molt. It is a matter of the utmost importance that the entomologists
of Chile should secure, the eggs and rear the larva, securing the larva; in all stages and the pupa,
and to ascertain whether the pupa is subterranean or protected in a cocoon.

CERCOPHANA MIRABILIS Rothschild.

Cercophana mirabilis Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 46, PL X, figs. 6, 7, 1895.

Imago. — "The most obvious differences which separate this species at a glance from any
of the varieties of E. venusta (Walk.) are its small size (barely half that of venusta), strongly
dentated margins to all wings, and absolutely tailless hind wings in both sexes.

"Male: Fore wings deep rufous chocolate, a large round white spot situated at apex of
cell, beyond which is a transverse bar of darker chocolate. Hind wings orange yellow, with
the outer third reddish chocolate, and a central narrow transverse band of the same color.

"Underside similar, but all the colors and markings more mixed and indistinct.

"Female: Fore wings reddish gray, with a dull yellow round spot at the apex of cell,
between which and the base of the wing are two indistinct red transverse fines, and beyond
the cell again are two broader and more distinct ones.

"Hind wings reddish gray, more brown toward the margins, and crossed by two very
indistinct transverse fines. Under side identical.

"Expanse, o* 1 i inches = 38 mm.; 9 2 inches = 51 mm.
"Hab. Chile (in coll. Staudinger)." (Rothschild.)

This is probably the type of quite a distinct genus; the fore wings are not falcate, and the
hind wings besides being tailless are quite different in shape.

[It is said to look like an Orgyia.]

[NEOCERCOPHANA Izquierdo, 1896.

Plate CXI, figs. k. 1.

The type of this genus is N. philippii Izquierdo, 1896, from Chile. Izquierdo describes
the metamorphoses.]

Subfamily Bun^in^: Packard.

[Bunaeinx Packard, Psyche, February, 1902, p. 306.]

Head: When denuded the front is somewhat shield-shaped or subtriangular, moderately
wide, a little wider than one eye seen from in front, narrowing a little toward the oral region.
Antennas of S bipectinate, either with rather short pectinations on basal three-fourths, leaving
the tip filiform (Imbrasia) or pectinated to the tip and more or less plumose, the pectinations
being unusually long and slender; those of ? subsimple (or simple).

Palpi three-jointed.

Wings large and broad; fore wings with 11 veins, broad, large, as a rule about one-half
as wide as long; the costal edge more or less curved; the apex either subacute (Lobobunsea) or
acute (Bunaea) ; the outer edge entire ( Vsta) or excavated, and in certain genera (Lobobunsea
and Bunaea) scalloped.

Hind wings either normal, the apex squarish, the outer edge slightly convex (Vsta), or
the apex is rounded, and there is a decided angle in the outer edge (Girina) or a short tail
(Imbrasia), but in the other genera the outer edge is convex, full, though Gynanisa ethra has a
short tail.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 29

Vein III2 is never detached so as to form an independent vein; there is only a tendency to it
in Nudaurelia, the tendency being most marked in [Acanihocampa] belina. The venation is
very uniform. The number of veins is invariably eight.

Fore wings : The discal cell rather narrow; the two discal veins form a line wliich is situated
either in the middle (Usta, Salassa) or a little beyond the middle of the wing (Bunaea), and
the line varies in being curved or bent outward or inward. It is situated farthest outward in
Bunaea.

Vein II, [III, in revised nomenclature] arises before the origin of the stalk of II3 and Uit
in the outer third of the discal cell (in Vsta, Cirina, Imbrasia, Antherina, Nudaurelia, Gynanisa,
Lobobunsea, and Salassa). The same vein in Thyella, [Acanihocampa] belina and Bunaea
arises at the end of the discal cell in front of the anterior discal vein.

Hind wings: Vein III2 semiindependent in Imbrasia and Antherina; in [Acanihocampa]
belina it becomes almost entirely independent, more so than in any other genus of the group.

[The original definition of Bunaeinse, in the place sited, is as follows:

"Antennae bipectinate, tip filiform, or pectinated to tip. Vein III2 is never detached so as
to form an independent vein. Wings usually very large, and in the more specialized genera
closely approaching the Saturnian Anthersea (a case of parallelism or convergence), but the
larvae are entirely different, not spinning a dense cocoon and being armed with stout long spines
(in certain genera spinulated), instead of soft tubercles crowned with several small short spines.
Pupa like that of Eacles in type, ending in a large spine-like cremaster, and subterranean.

There are three groups in this subfamily. The first and most generalized (Imbrasise) is
represented by the three genera of which Vsta is the most generalized; while Cirina, and
especially Imbrasia, with its tailed hind wings, is the most specialized. [Here also Gonimbrasia.]

The second group is a more natural one, the Bunaese, all the three genera being closely
allied, and then- larva? known. They are Thyella, [Acanthocampa] belina and Bunaea.

The third is perhaps more modern, more specialized, some of the forms, as Nudaurelia,
closely mimicking Antheraea of the Satumiidae, in the shape of the antennae, wings, and the
presence of large ocelli similar to those of the silk-spinning family, though the larvae are very
different as well as the transformations.

USTA Wallengren.

[Usta Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon., VII (1863), p. 142.]
[Type Usta wallengrenii (Felder).]

Imago. — s. Head moderately wide in front; fairly prominent, scales long, erect, adding
to the size of the head and prominence of the front. Antennae of the male unipectinate, well
pectinated, nearly to the tip, the last five joints without pectinations; the joints numerous
(50), very short, only one pair of (basal) pectinations present with no vestiges of distal pairs
which are naked, scarcely ciliated. Palpi very stout, thick, and short, only reaching to the
front; consisting of but a single joint, small and short. Thorax moderately stout. No tongue
visible even after the removal of a palpus.

Fore wings rather narrow and small, of nearly the same proportions as in Saturnia; costa
straight at base, much curved toward the apex, wliich is much rounded, unusually so; outer
edge not so long as the inner edge, straight, not incurved. Hind wings moderately wide; apex
weU rounded, outer edge not very convex; abdomen not quite reaching the inner angle of the
hind wings.

Venation: Vein II, arises not far beyond the middle of the discal cell, and close to the
origin of the stalk giving rise to II3 and II4. Vein II2 present. Vein III2, not forming an inde-
pendent and giving rise to the anterior discal vein; the two discal veins directed inward, forming
a common line bent inward. Hind wings with the discal cell very long, the discal veins being
situated far beyond the middle of the wing, the two together being sharply bent inward, the dis-
tance between the origin of veins II and III being the same as between the origin of the latter
and of the posterior discal vein.

30 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Markings : Ground color white, spotted, or marbled with red ; a large round discal ocellus
of nearly the same size in each wing. Hind wings nearly white. Fore legs with two large
stout tibial spines at the end of the fore tibia, the outer spine larger than usual; the tibia is
unusually short, compared with the femur. The odoriferous appendage is about three-fourths
as long as the tibia itself, narrow, subacute, and hairy on the inside.

This genus is SaturniaAike in shape and size of wings, as well as the discal ocelli, but the
venation shows plainly enough family distinctions; it is remarkable for the very short bushy
palpi, which are only one-jointed, and for the antennae which are not bipectinate, the discal
pair of pectinations entirely wanting, there being no vestiges of them.

Geographical distribution. — British East Africa, Tzavo.

USTA ANGULATA Rothschild.

TJsta angulata Rothschild, Novitates Zool., II, p. 50, PI. X, fig. 5, 1895.

Imago. — One 6* . Body and wings a ground color of white scales, spotted and marbled
with scattered bright roseate pink red scales. Head in front and fore legs tawny; breast roseate.
There are on the body two roseate lines, one on each side of the thorax, also a transverse roseate
line across the basal abdominal segment; the abdomen being white marbled with pink red.
The scales arc very fine and close.

Fore wings wliite, with scattered pink scales. An extradiscal very deeply and sharply
zigzag line. Discal ocellus a black ring inclosing a bright ochre-yellow area, with a reddish
center; the same on the hind wings, which are crossed by a wavy extradiscal line. The mark-
ings are the same beneath.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 92 mm.
Length of fore wing, 9 45 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, 9 23 mm.
Length of hind wing, 9 32 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 9 24 mm.
Described from a much rubbed imperfect specimen, received from the British Museum,
with the examples in which my specimen was compared and named.

Geographical distribution. — "British West Africa (Gregory coll.), Tzavo (from British Mu-
seum); Mombasa, East Africa, lat. 4° 5' (Rothschild)."

Rothschild states that this species differs from U. waUengreni: First, "the transverse angu-
lated submarginal band in U. waUengreni (Feld.), is convex, follows the outline of the wings,
and its angulations are the same size throughout, while in angulata the band is quite zigzag
and the lower angulations are quite three times the size of the upper; secondly, the ocelli are
much larger, and the fulvous center is reduced to a narrow ring. " "Expanse 3£ inches = 88 mm." ■

USTA WALLENGRENI (Felder).

Salurnia waUengreni Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., Ill, p. 323, Taf. VI, fig. 2, 1859.

TJsta waUengreni Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon., VII, p. 142, 1863.
Saturnia terpsichorina Westwood, Oatcs, Matabele Land, p. 357, 1881.
Saturnia waUengreni Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1889, p. 391.
Heniocha terpsichorina Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Hot., I, p. 771, 1892.

TJsta waUengreni Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 50, 1895.

[Geographical distribution, Caffraria]. — Fifty miles inland [from] Mombasa (Tring Museum).

USTA (?) TERPSICHORE Maassen.

Plate XXXI, fig. 13.

Saturnia (?) terpsichore Maassen and Weymer, Beitrago Schmett., fig., $ , 113, 9, 114, 1885.
Heniocha terpsichore Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 771, 1892.
Heniocha terpsichore Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 49, 1895.

Imago.— One 9 • Head a little darker, more fulvous than the thorax, which is of a soft
pale leonine hue or fawn color, with no pink scales. Antennae well pectinated. Palpi deep red,
as also the fore legs, except the last tarsal joint which is fawn color.

no. i. BOMBYGTNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 31

Fore wings subacute at tip, apex not rounded; the ground color whitish ash, reddish on
the costal edge, especially beneath; the basal line curved, bent outward on veins III and V.
Extradiscal line sinuous, somewhat parallel with the outer edge and quite regularly scalloped,
the seventh scallop or point acute; all nearly the same size. Beyond are three or four parallel
faint wavy ashen or fawn colored lines on a whitish field; edge of the wing light fawn. Discal
ocellus round, slightly oval, moderately large (7 by 5 mm.) consisting of a black ring inclosing
a pale fawn area, the center of which is darker fawn, with white scales, densest on the inner side.
Hind wings cream-white; base of wing clear white; a faint extradiscal line nearly touching
the ocellus; it is sinuous and fades out toward the costa. Edge of the whig sparingly dusted
with dark scales. Ocellus about a third smaller than that on the fore wing (6 by 5 mm.), not
quite round, the dull ochreous ring is broader than in the ocellus of fore wing, and incloses a
brown center, with white scales on the inner side (no red scales as figured by Maassen).
Beneath as above, but fewer white scales in the ocelli.

Abdomen; with reddish scales along the sides of the abdomen, forming a series of lateral
red spots.

Expanse of fore wing, 9 100 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 9 50 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 9 27 mm.
Length of a hind wing, 9 35 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, 9 28 mm.
The specimen in the Schaus collection of the American Museum of Natural History agrees
well with Maassen and Weymer's figure, but there are no red scales in the ocelli.
Geographical distribution. — Delagoa Bay (Schaus, Maassen).

CIRINA Walker.

Saturnia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 52.
Bunaea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1232, 1855.
Cirina Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1382, 1855.
Sculna Wallengren, OEfv. vet. Akad. Forh., XV, p. 139, 1858.
Cirina Ktrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 763, 1892.

Imago. — <? . Head rather narrow in front, which is triangular, narrowing more in front
as in Imbrasia, but a little more full and hairy; antennas with about 25 joints, broadly pecti-
nated, scarcely plumose, much as in Imbrasia, with two pairs of branches to a joint; the pecti-
nations long and slender, much ciliated .to near the tip, which is filiform, in the last five joints
in 9 subsimple; pectinations of both pairs triangular, tooth like, those of the distal pair about
one-third as large as those of the basal pair. Eyes moderate in size. Palpi small, weak, de-
pressed, almost invisible, not reaching the front. Body woolly, the wings thin-scaled.

Fore wings moderately wide, rather small, subfalcate; costa somewhat curved toward
the apex; outer edge very slightly incurved behind the apex; outer and inner edge of about
the same length; apex moderately pointed. Hind wings in 9 with a pronounced angle (in
one 9 the wing is well rounded), the outer edge in front of the angle slightly excavated, behind
the angle straight.

Venation: Similar to that of Imbrasia, but the origin of vein II [III, in revised nomen-
clature] and of the stalk of II3 and II4 are much farther apart; vein II, is absent; in the hind
wings the discal cell is wider than Imbrasia, vein III2 originates nearer HI,, and the two discal
veins taken together form a straight line, not directed outward as in Imbrasia; vein III3 ends in
the distinct angle.

Markings: A triangular dark ash-brown discal spot, with a minute clear center situated
outside of the discal vein. Hind wings with a much larger dark smoky brown ocellus, round,
with a nearly clear center surrounded by a white diffuse broad ring.

Geographical distribution. — Ethiopian region; Natal.

This genus is allied to Imbrasia, as shown by the venation, the palpi and the antennae;
as well as the distinct angle of the hind wings. In the markings also the two genera closely

32 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

approach each other, as in Cirina the small triangular discal spot of the fore wings and the round
ocellus resemble those of Imbrasia, though Cirina is less specialized in the shape of its wings
and the colors and size of the ocellus of the hinder pair, and shows a slight amount of degen-
eration in the loss of vein II2, and suggests that Imbrasia is the older form.

CIRINA FORDA (Westwood).

Plate XXXII, fig. 1; XXXV, fig. i; CX, figs. a-e.

Saturnia forda Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 52, No. 18.
Bunaea fordo. "Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1232, No. 8, 1855.
Sculna invenusta Wallengren, Wein. cnt. Monatschr., IV, p. 168, No. 37, 1860.
Sculna invenuslus Wallengren, Vet. Akad. Haudl. (2) V, (4), p. 27, 1865.
Cirina cana Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, Taf. 88, fig. 3, 1874.
Cirina forda Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 763, 1892.

Imago. — One o* and two $ . Body and wings of a uniform pale umber or smoke-brown hue.
Head in front and tibiae reddish brown. No basal line on either wing. On the fore wing is a
faint dark extradiscal line beginning on the outer third of the inner edge and ending just before
reaching the costal edge on its outer fifth, the line being situated halfway between the discal
spot and the outer edge of the wing; the line is not sinuous. A much fainter extradiscal line on
the hind wings, passing much nearer the ocellus. Underside with the markings as above, but
less distinct, and on the hind wings more diffusely whitish around the ocellus.

"The female has the ho&j and wings of a pale reddish buff, with the dusky striga beyond
the middle almost obliterated, and the dusky spot in the middle semicircular. On the underside
the hind wings have also a small oval dark spot toward the base." (Westwood.)
Expanse of the fore wings, 100 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 45 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 24 mm.
Length of hind wing, 37 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 23 mm.

Rothschild states that C. cana Felder is "only a small $ much rubbed and faded"; after
comparison with Felder's figure we should agree with this opinion.

Larva. — Last stage: Length 53 mm., width of head 6 mm. Head of the usual shape,
black, more finely granulated than usual, but the granulations are arranged in groups and lines
as usual. Antennas, lateral region and mandibles chestnut brown. Body cylindrical, with
no tubercles or spines, the two dorsal setiferous warts on- the eighth and ninth abdominal segments
separate, or paired as in the preceding segments.

Prothoracic plate smooth, only slightly rugose; the only traces of tubercles are a single
setiferous wart, one on each side of the median line near the front edge; and farther toward the
side is a group of three or four warts, and another group of four or five warts in front of each
spiracle; these give rise to long hair-like setae, which are usually rubbed off on handling; two
long white hairs arise behind the middle of the plate, one on each side of the median line. The
dorsal tubercles on the other segments are represented by groups of scattered warts, giving rise
to long thickened white hairs, the longest about two-thirds as long as the body is thick.

On the eighth abdominal segment are two setiferous warts in place of a definite tubercle,
each wart having two setiferous wartlets and situated quite wide apart; the two dorsal setifer-
ous warts on the ninth segment are also similarly paired, each vestigial tubercle (larger than
those on the eighth segment) being about, five setiferous warts.

Suranal plate short and broad, well rounded behind, rather smooth, a few (three) long setae
on each side or near each side near the base of the plate, and minute setiferous warts scattered
over the surface. Anal legs of moderate size, rounded triangular, with a few fine setae along the
edge.

Surface of the segments very rugose, thrown up into sharp wavy microscopic ridges. The
hinder edge of each segment bearing two or three rows of oval pearly fungoid spots, either yellow
or white on top. On the side of the body above and around the dark spiracles they are much

no i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 33

more abundant; as a rule they have a central pit, but bear no hairs. There are a few such
fungoid warts on the underside of the body. Thoracic legs black, the midabdominal legs brown.

Stage before the last?: Length 30 mm., width of head 4 mm. Exactly as in the last stage,
but the fungoid warts are all white. The setiferous warts are scarcely larger or more pronounced
than in the last stage, but the paired dorsal ones on the ninth abdominal segment are a little
larger than those on the eighth segment and seated on a ridge, and each incipient tubercle bears
about four setiferous warts, while those on the eighth segment each bear only two long setae.

Thus Cirina is seen to be a primitive generalized form, as regards the larva, as in Usta
and Heniocha, and we have in this family a group of generalized forms like Satumia.

[An allied form has recently (1911) been described as Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet.]

IMBRASIA Hiibner.

Imbrasia Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 154, 1822.?

Lomelia Duncan, Naturalists' Libr., exot. moths, p. 125, 1841.

Bunaea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1233, 1855.

Imbrasia, Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., V, 1886.

Imbrasia Kjrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Imbrasia, Sonthonnax, Annates Labr. d'Etudes de le soie, X, p. 46, 1901.

Imago. — <? and 9. Head moderately large; front moderately wide, not triangular, but
with the sides parallel. Male antenna? with 25 joints, bipectinate, moderately wide, the last
joints with vestigial pectinations, tip subfihforni for a distance nearly as wide as the pectinated
portion; joints rather long and slender; distal pectinations as long as the basal ones in the mid-
dle, but toward the filiform tip they become shorter, in 9 filiform, flattened ; distal teeth about
a quarter as large as the basal ones, naked, not scaled on top, oidy a few scales present. Palpi
short, depressed, stout, not reaching the front; third joint distinct, but depressed and not
passing beyond the end of the second joint.

Fore wings falcate, markedly so in s , costa straight on the basal two-thirds; toward the
apex arched, apex itself obtuse; outer edge quite deeply concave in cf , less so in 9 .

Hind wings with the apex square, angulated, and outer edge continued into a marked acute
angle almost forming a "tail"; the inner angle decided; in 9 the apex is rounded ; the outer edge
only slightly bent. The abdomen does not reach the inner angle of the hind wings in either sex;
in the s only as far as the extradiscal line. Legs rather long and stout.

Venation: Vein II2, [III2 in revised nomenclature] present, well developed, arising near,
just within, end of vein IL. ; vein II, and stalk of veins II3 and II., arising near each other and just
beyond the outer third of the discal cell; veins IIIj and III2 arising at the same point as origin
of discal vein, vein III, not detached, and arising at a point toward the middle of the discal cell;
discal veins together forming a slightly curved line, directed a little outward. Hind wings and
vein IIIj supporting the tail; discal veins forming an oblique line directed outward; origin of
vein III2 detached from that of vein IIIj.

Markings: Ground color reddish brown; no ocellus on the fore wings, only a small sub-
triangular clear spot ; on the hind wings a large complete ocellus, which, however, contains only
a small clear spot.

Legs rather slender; fore tibia? slender (when denuded) with no spurs; the odoriferous sack
about two-thirds as long as the tibia itself, narrow lanceolate oval, very sharp at the end, with
a median ridge along the outside.

The genus may be recognized by the narrow antennas, filiform in the female, by the short
stout palpi, the falcate fore wings, and the prominent angle on the hinder pair, forming short tail.
The species are of large size. In venation this genus is near Gynanisa, belonging in that section
of the family.

Geographical distribution. — West coast of Africa, Cameroons, [Nyassa]. /. epimeihea Cramer
is Huebner's type. [Kirby (Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 754) considered this to be distinct from the
original I. epimeihea (Drury), and renamed it crameri. Rothschild considers crameri to be a
form of epimeihea (Drury).]
83570°— 14 3

34 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

IMBRASIA EPIMETHEA (Drury).

Plate XLII, fig. 5; CIX, fig. e-g.

Atlacus epimethea Drury, Illust. Exot. Ent., II, Tab. 13, figs. 1, 1773.
Phalaena-Attacus epimethea Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, II, Taf. 176, A, 1777.
Imbrasia dorcas Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. SeLvmett., p. 154.
Bunaea mopsa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., p. 1233, No. 11, 1855.
Bunaea dorcas Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., p. 1233, No. 12, 1855.
Bunaea epimethea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., p. 1234, No. 13, 1855.
Gonimbrasia obscura Butler, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) II, p. 4G2, 1878.
Gonimbrasia hebe Maassen and Wetmee, Beitrage, V, figs. 84, 85, 1886.
Imbrasia dorcas Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage, V, fig. 112, 1886.
Imbrasia crameri Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 754, 1892.
Imbrasia dorcas Kirby Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.
Imbrasia epimethea Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1895.

Imago. — One 6" , one 9 . Body and wings uniformly reddish brown (mink color). An-
tennae and legs dark brown, wings of both pair pinkish at base, as is the abdomen. Fore wings
with a faint diffuse hoary pink basal line, more distinct in 9 , situated nearer the discal spot
than to the base of the wing, interrupted in the middle of the wing, and widening into a large
hoary pink spot opposite the discal spot and extendeng to and upon the costa. Extradiscal
line oblique, slightly curved, ending on the costa on the outer sixth of its length; hoary pink,
lined externally with brown, and in the costa extending inward along the costal edge. Discal
spot a single subtriangular clear spot, with rounded angles, larger in S than 9 , where it is very
small. Extradiscal Line a little curved outside of the ocellus ; in s lined externally with dark
brown. Ocellus large, oval cylindrical, a large deep yellow-ocher center, circled with black,
pink red and externally with pinkish ocher white ; in 9 a slight clear center.

Under side of the wings with no discal spot on the hinder pair, and in the fore wings only
a minute clear suboval spot in 9 ; the spot is as large as on the upper side; the 9 wings of both
pairs are more hoary than in the S .

Expanse of fore wings, 3 102 mm.; 9 128 mm.
Length of fore wing, 6" 58 mm.; 9 63 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, <? 32 mm.; 9 33 mm.
Length of hind wing, <? 50 mm. ; tail, 5 mm. ; 9 43 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 3 31 mm.; 9 33 mm.
Ocellus in hind wings, <? 10 by 1\ mm.
Ocellus in hind wings, 9 11 by 8£ mm.
Geographical distribution. — Cameroons, Africa (Staudinger and Bang-Haas) .
Rothscluld has determined that /. obscura, hebe, dorcas, crameri and mopsa are all synonyms *
of I. epimethea. It is evident that 0. obscura Butler presents no differences from the epi-
methea of Drury. Rothschild states that he has 18 specimens of I. epimethea, and "they show
every gradation between the five named aberrations."

[I. deyrollei (Thorns.) is however considered a distinct species. Other species and sub-
species have been described as anthina Karsch (1893), cleoris Jordan (1910), nyassana Roth-
schild (1907), and lucida Rothschild (1907). C. Oberthiir (Etud. Lep. Comp., 1910) gives a
good figure of I. erili Rebel, remarking that the larva is very different from that of Nudaurelia
(i.e., Acanthocampa) belina. In the same work he figures and fully discusses deyrollii Thomson
(this is the original spelling), which he refers to Bunaea.]

GONIMBRASIA Butler.

Saturnia Westwood, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 55; 1881, p. 143.
Antheraea Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, I, p. 343, 344, 1869.
Gonimbrasia Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) II, p. 462, 1878.
Bunaea Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1886, p. 409.
Bunaea Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Schmett., 1886.

!• [Rothschild considered obscura the normal female of epimethea, and listed the other four names as aberrations.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 35

Gonimbrasia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Gonimbrasia Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1895.

Gonimbrasia Karsch, Ent. Nachrichten, XXII Jahrg., p. 247, 1896.

[Type of genus, 0. nictitans (Fabr.), according to Kirby.]

Imago. — One 9 , one o* . Head in front moderately broad, the sides nearly parallel; the
vestiture on the front a little shaggy. Antennas of <? consisting of 27-28 joints, those in the
middle being rather long, nearly twice as much so as thick; bipectinate, the two sets of pectina-
tions rather far apart ; the tip filiform; the last five joints with vestigial pectinations; 9 about
25 joints, well pectinated, the branches of the basal pair nearly twice as long as the joints them-
selves and the tip (5-6 joints) simple. Palpi extending to the front; the third joint distinct,
quite long.

Thorax moderately thick, its vestiture rather dense and shaggy.

Fore wings moderately wide, in <? falcate, costa well arched (more so than in 9 ) to the
subacute apex; the outer edge slightly excavated below the apex; outer and inner edges of
about the same length.

Hind wings squarish, costa full and convex at base; apex subrectangular; outer edge
subangulated in the middle, decidedly more so in S than $ ; inner angle well rounded; the
abdomen only reaching about one-half way to the hindermost edge of whig.

Venation: That of the fore wings is nearer to Imbrasia than to Nudaurelia, and differing
in this respect from Nudaurelia, i. e., the anterior discal vein originates inside of the origins
of veins III2 and III3 while in Nudaurelia it originates outside; in Imbrasia, the discal and
two other veins (III2 and III3) originate at the same point. Also veins II,, II2, and II3 are
well developed, and are as in Imbrasia.

The discocellulars are directed a little inward instead of outward, as they are in Imbrasia.
In the hind wings the venation is nearly as in Imbrasia.

Markings: There is no ocellus in the fore wings, only a small D-shaped clear area, while
on the hind wings there is a large compound ocellus, as in Imbrasia.

This genus in its venation and markings is more closely allied to Imbrasia than any other,
though the hind wings of the male are rounded much as in the female of Imbrasia. The 9 hind
wings are much more convex and more rounded than in 9 Imbrasia. It is apparently a more
primitive type than Imbrasia, as the larva, when discovered, may possibly show. [Antennae
of female not compared, owing to their absence from Dr. Packard's 9 Imbrasia,.]

The genus entirely differs in venation from Bunaea as here restricted, or from Thyella.
G. hyperbius (Westwood) appears to belong to this genus, as the 9 hind wings are full and
rounded, and the markings are much as in G. alopia. [G. hyperbius is the type of Cinabra
Sonthonnax, 1903.]

Geographical distribution. — West Africa (Sierra Leone), genus extending across to Matabele
Land, southeast Africa (G. hyperbius), or from lat. 10° to 20° S.

GONIMBRASIA ALOPIA (Westwood).

Plate XLIV, fig. 4.

Saturnia alopia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 55.

Bunaea alopia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mua., V, p. 1231, 1855.

Gonimbrasia alopia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Nudaurelia alopia Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la soie, X, p. 26, PI. X, fig. 2, 1901.

Sonthonnax regards G. intermiscens (Walker) as a synonym.

Imago. — Two 6* , one 9 . Body and wings scotch-snuff yellow, with an olivaceous tinge,
and dusted over with fine dense brownish scales. A narrow wliite prothoracic collar. Antennae
of o" with 27-28 joints. Westwood states that there are "34 rays on each side," making 17
joints with double pectinations.

Fore wings with a distinct basal line which is smoky brown within and whitish pink-gray
without, widening on the costa, especially just behind the costa (not so zigzag as in the 9 ).
Extradiscal lines nearer the discal spot than to the outer edge, pink whitish gray, inclosing a

36 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

narrow dark brown line in the inner edge. Discal spot triangular, clear, becoming suboval,
more in <? than 9 , where it is distinctly D-shaped; it is small (about 2 by 1 mm.).

Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings, with a whitish discoloration at the base; the
base and costal region suffused with deep reddish pink, extending to the discal spot and flooding
the basal line, which is broad, diffuse. Extradiscal line broad, smoky, dark, pale within, and
bordering the discal ocellus, which is very large, round, very slightly oval (10 by 8 J mm.) ; the
center triangular, not so wide, distinct or clear as in the fore wings, this clear space situated in
a deep snuff-yellow area inclosed by a black ring which is encircled by a much broader pale
olivaceous pink-gray ring. Under side of the wings washed with hoary pink, especially toward
the apex on each side of the extradiscal line; basal line obsolete on each side. Discal spot
distinct on the fore wings, obsolete on the hind wings, the clear central spot more distinct than
the rest of the ocellus.

Expanse of the fore wings, S 100 mm.; 9 82 mm.

Length of one fore wing, <$ 45 mm. ; 9 40 mm.

Breadth of one fore wing, s 24 mm. ; 9 20 mm.

Length of a hind wing, <? 32 mm.; 9 27 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, e 27 mm.; 9 20 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Sierra Leone; the $ pupated in July, 1895, emerged January,

1896, in England. No. 19190, Schaus collection. American Museum of Natural History,

New York.

GONIMBRASIA ACETES (Westwood).

Saturnia acetes Westwood [Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 53].

Bunaea acetes Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., figs. 108-111, 1885.

Bunaea acetes Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 752, 1892.

Gonimbrasia acetes Rothschild. Nov. Zool., II, p. 38, 1895.

GONIMBRASIA ERYTHROTES (Karsch).

Bunaea erythrotes Karsch.

Gonimbrasia erythrotes Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 38., 1895.

THYELLA Felder.
[Antheraea Walker, in part, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V (1855), p. 1244.]

[It is impossible to use Thyella in the sense here employed. The name was first used by
Wallengren (Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh. vol. 15, p. 141; 1858) for a genus to include T. nyctalops
Wallengr., which was designated as the "species typica," and was said to be allied to Bunaea
alcinoe (Cram.), as I am informed by Dr. G. M. Allen. There is also a Thyella Desv., 1863
(Diptera) and a Thyella Adams, 1865 (Mollusca) ; both prior to Felder's use of the name.]

Imago. — cT and 9 . Head broad in front, much as in Gynanisa, and Acanthocampa belina.
Male antennae broad, plumose, subfiliform at tip, the pectinations thicker than in Gynanisa,
those of both pairs of the same length, the joints a little longer than thick. Palpi very broad,
with long hairs below, third joint minute, scarcely visible, porrect or depressed, reaching a
little beyond the front. No maxillae. Thorax stout, a well-defined prothoracic coUar, as in
Gynanisa. Fore wings as in Gynanisa, but a little more curved on the costa toward the apex,
but the wing is not falcate, and is a little shorter and broader than in Gynanisa; the outer edge
not excavated, and the edges of neither wings are scalloped. Hind wings with the apex not
so round as in A. belina, not produced toward the apex, and the outer edge is full and convex;
they reach well beyond the end of the S abdomen, but in 9 only to the end. The hairs on
the thorax and on the inner edge of the hind wings are very long and shaggy.

Venation: Vein IL. arising opposite or within the anterior discal vein, and very near the
common stalk of veins II2 and II3; vein III2 either nearly in the middle of the discal cell, or
arising at a common point of origin of veins III1( III2 and the anterior discal vein; the discal
cell narrow. Hind wing with discal cell rather narrow. Discal veins situated exactly midway
between the base and outer edge of the wing; and vein III detached and nearly independent.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 37

Markings: Olive or ashen fawn color, with similar large ocelli on each pair of wings (tyr-
rhaea), inclined to be oval, those of the hind wings nearly round. On the underside they are
much smaller, especially those of the hind wings. The basal line on the fore wings is very
deeply zigzag, the extradiscal line is composed of large, coarse scallops on both wings, and
the ground color tends to be blackish brown. Fore tibial odoriferous sack concealed by the
tibial hairs, but when denuded found to be large and five-sixths as large as the tibia itself and
nearly as thick. The two fore tibial spines much shorter than in belina. This genus has been
confused with Antheraea, but structurally is near Acanthocampa, Gynanisa, and Nudaurelia.
The genus differs from Nudaurelia in the plumose antennae, the pectinations being slender,
long and densely ciliated, in venation as vein IIt arises close to the stalk of II2 and II3, while
in Nudaurelia dione IL arises much nearer the base of the wing, far inside of the ocellus. Also,
Nudaurelia has subfalcate fore wings, the ocelli are more advanced or specialized, and the
head is broader in front.

Geographical distribution. — An Ethiopian genus (Natal).

Genitalia: Suranal plate triangular, moderately wide; as in Gynanisa and Acanthocampa
belina, no lower claspers are present. The upper pair well developed, much as in the type of
Acanthocampa belina and Gynanisa isis, being seen sideways broad, triangular, ending in a
mucronate process; seen from above and beneath, a clasper is about one-third as wide as long.

THYELLA TYRRHiEA (Cramer).

Plate XXXII, fig. 2; XXXV, fig. 3; CVIII, figs. e-h.

[AUacus tyrrhaea Cramer, Pap. Exot., I (1775), pi. 46 A.]

Imago. — One <? . Ground color of the body and wings olive fawn-brown. Fore wings
with a distinct white basal line with two sharp angles, a small one with the apex in the discal
cell, the other a large acute angle ending in the middle of the wing between the ocellus and
the inner edge. From the costal ending of the line a narrow white line passes to the ocellus
and becomes confluent with it. An outer very regularly scalloped heavy dark brown line
consisting of seven scallops, all of the same shape, the largest being toward the inner edge
of the wing; the scallops are edged within with white, and very broadly so with white on the
outside, the outer edge of the white line being even. Outer edge of the wing colored like the
rest of the wing, ocellus centered with a roundish clear spot in a central pale sable-brown area,
inclosed by a black ring; then a pale sable-brown ring, outside of which is a white line, which
behind widens out and sends a line to the basal line and in front of the ocellus.

Hind wings pink at the base, otherwise colored as in the fore wings; outer line with shallower
scallops, and less white outside than on the fore wings. Ocellus as in the fore wings, but larger
and rounder.

Under side of the wings with pink along the hinder part of the base of the wings, extending
to the extradiscal line and to near the costal edge. Ocellus nearly as large as above. Hind
wings with more gray scales than above; the ocellus one-half as large as above, and only the
snuff yellow center left, and an outer black ring.

Expanse of the fore wings, s 114 mm.

Length of a fore wing, <? 57 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, S 32 mm.

Length of hind wing, & 44 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, S 32 mm.

Ocellus of fore wing, \\\ by S mm.

Ocellus of hind wing, 13 by 10 mm.
[Geographical distribution. — South Africa.]

ACANTHOCAMPA Packard.

[Acanthocampa Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, X (1902), p. 100.]

38 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

ACANTHOCAMPA BELINA (Westwood).

Plate XXXII, figs. 6, 7; CVI, figs. d-g.

Saturnia belina Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 41, PI. VIII, fig. 2.

Anthcraea belina Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1241, 1855.

Antheraea belina Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 758, 1892.

Nudaurelia belina Rothschild, Novitates [Zoologicse].

Nudaurelia belina Sonthonnax, Annalea Lab. d'Etudes Soie, X, p. 24, PI. IX, fig. 2, $ , 3, J 1901.

Antheraea huebneri Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 20.

[A. belina is the type of the genus.]

Imago. — -One $ , one 9 . Body and wings uniformly rather light grayish fawn. Head
and thorax concolorous, but the basal half of the abdomen is of a pinkish tinge. Collar broadly
edged with white.

Fore wings of the same outline as in tyrrhaea, but with quite different markings; basal
line broad, white, on the inside lined with brown, and situated a little nearer the discal spot
than the base of the wing; it is somewhat curved, with two faint scallops, one in the discal
space, the other on vein IV, the scallops more marked in S than 9 . Extradiscal line white,
like the basal, brown externally, slightly sinuous, but not scalloped, and ending on the outer
fourth of the costa. Ocellus of fore wing an elongated half circle, like a solid D, the inner side
of the mark straight, the outside well rounded, less than half as large as the ocellus of tyrrhaea,
more elongated in 9 than c? , a central clear half round space, edged with reddish brown and
black brown, with an outer circle of whitish gray.

Hind wings with a broad diffuse whitish basal line, and a large ocellus, the center of
which is small, clear, surrounded by a broad soft brown fawn (almost brown pink) ring, a
narrower dark brown ring, and a wide pale grayish-white ring. Extradiscal line broad, whitish
and brown, curved outward opposite the ocellus which it nearly touches. Base of wing and
costal edge pink, the pink shade extending to the extradiscal line.

Under side of the wings; the ocellus of the fore wing is as above, small, but without the
outer white line in the S , though it is present ( ?) in the 9 ■ Hind wings with no ocellus except
the clear space, of the same size as above. No basal line, but the extradiscal line is common
to both wings.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 108 mm.; 9 100 mm.

Length of fore wing, S 54 mm.; 9 52 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, c? 30 mm.; 9 28 mm.

Length of hind wings, 3 39 mm.; 9 35 mm.

Breadth of hind wings, 3 30 mm.; 9 29 mm.

Ocellus of c? fore wings, 5 by 5 mm.; hind wings, 15 by 13 \ mm.

Ocellus of 9 fore wings, 5 by 4 mm.; hind wings, 11 by 10 mm.

Genitalia: Suranal plate spine-like, long acute, compressed, subcultiform, reaching nearly
to the end of the claspers; these are stout, seen sidewise, triangular; seen from above or beneath,
rather narrow and moderately curved. Penis forms a cylindrical subacute style-like process.

Geographical distribution. — "Port Natal and Zoom" (Westwood); not rare at Pretoria
during October and November (Distant), Natal (Doll). Durban, October 29, 1901, bred
(Queckett) .

Rothschild has stated that A. huebneri Kirby is a synonym of this species, and comparison
with his description enables me to verify his statement.

Larva. — Length 82 mm., width of head 7 mm., the head being about half as wide as the
pro thoracic segment; it is rounded, of the same shape and with the same kind of fine micro-
scopic granulations as in Nudaurelia. Prothoracic plate with the surface rugose, with scattered
long fine hairs, but none on the front edge, and no vestigial median tubercles; on each side of the
segment on the front edge and in front of the spiracle is a moderately large tubercle with five
or six scattered setiferous warts; over the base of each thoracic leg is a conical tubercle. Below,
above, and in front of the tubercles are numerous pearly fungoid warts, three or four of these
directly beneath the spiracle being bright red, as is a similar group on the two other thoracic
segments.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 39

The spines are short and stout, acute, and directed backward, but not curved; all the dorsal
spines on both thoracic and abdominal appendages of uniform size and shape, and all black.
The median spine on eighth abdominal segment is no longer and but httle larger than the others,
and either deeply or slightly forked. Infraspiracular spines conical, short; those on the second
and third thoracic segments over the base of the legs conical and as high as broad at the base.
The spines are about half as large as in Nudaurelia.

The segments almost entirely covered with bluish green or pearly warts, usually densely
crowded above and on the sides, and covering the under side of abdominal segments 1, 2, 7,
and 8.

Suranal plate with some warts at base, and anal legs with three on each side at base. The
plate is of nearly the same shape as in Nudaurelia (N. waMbergii and dione), but a little more
rounded behind than in N. waMbergii and with more distinct though minute setiferous tubercles
or warts.

Body black; a median row of irregular black spots and a similar row on each side, a spot
to each segment. It varies in the crowded condition of the pearly fungoid warts; in one of the
three examples they are scattered and much fewer in number. This is 60 mm. long, but last
stage, as head is same width. Natal; Lieut. Col. J. M. Fawcett. [C. Oberthiir (Etud. Lep.
Comp., IV bis, 1910) discusses this species, as Nudaurelia belina, with good photographic figures.
He distinguishes a new variety junodi.]

ACANTHOCAMPA ZAMBESINA (Walker).

Plate CVIII, figs. a-d.

Bunaea zambesina Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XXXII, p. 523, 1865.
Thyella zambesia Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, Tab. LXXXV, fig. 5.
Anthcraea zambesia Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Sclimett., V, fig. 96, 1886.
Antheraea zambesia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 75S, 1892.
Nudaurelia zambesina Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 43, 1895.
Acanthocampa zambesina Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, June, 1902.

Imago. — One 9 . Head, 9 antenna? and palpi as in A. belina, though the 9 antenna?
have longer vestigial branches. The fore wings a Httle more acute; outer edge a little more
excavated, the wings being subfalcate; hind wings of the same shape as in A. belina. It differs
from A. belina in the lines and ocelli, the ground color being uniformly of a peculiar elk gray.
Fore wings: Basal line very different from that of A. belina in being nearer the insertion
of the wing, and being much curved outward; brown, edged externally with whitish. Extra-
discal line as in A. belina, but more scalloped, especially toward the costal edge; ocellus less
D-shaped (7 by 5 mm.) and more completely circular; formed of a round circular black ring,
and an elk-gray broad ring between this and the central clear spot, which is D-shaped, just as
in A. belina; outside of the black circle is a broad gray ring, and still farther outside a narrow
white ring, interrupted in front and behind.

Hind wings elk gray, with a much larger discal spot and rounder than in A. belina (20
by 19 mm.), and the black ring is nearly square (19 by 19 mm.) inside, not being regularly oval,
cylindrical, as in A. belina, while the center is not so yellow, being more of a fawn color, but the
central clear space is narrower. Extradiscal line not so heavy as in A. belina, and situated farther
from the ocellus. The pale pinkish middle of the whig inclosing the ocellus is deeper in tone
than in A. belina.

Underside of the wings much as in A. belina, but the common extradiscal line is much more
scalloped than in A. belina.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 120 mm.

Length of one fore wing, 9 62 mm.

Breadth of one fore wing, 9 35 mm.

Length af hind wing, 9 42 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 9 35 mm.
Geographical distribution. — "Zanzibar" (Staudinger), Schaus collection, American Museum
of Natural History, New York.

40 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

Larva. — It is figured by Maassen and Weymer, figs. 96, 97, and 98. It agrees in general
with that of Nudaurelia dione, the body being cylindrical, armed with numerous straight stiff
unbranched sharp spines.

Pupa. — The pupa is figured in the same plate. It is elongated, and the abdomen ends in

a point. [C. Oberthur (Etud. Lep. Comp., IV bis, 1910) discusses this species, as ThyeUa

zambesia, giving good photographic figures. He separates two new races as rectilinea and

zanguebarica.]

ACANTHOCAMPA FELDERI (Rothschild).

Nudaurelia felderi Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 42, 1895.

Imago. — "Wings Tery similar to red varieties of N. belina (Westw.), but without the ocellus
on the fore wings, there being only a small square vitreous spot. Another difference is the very
broad white border to the ocelli of the hind wings.

"Expanse 5h inches=140 mm. Habitat, Bogos, Abyssinia."

[Mr. J. H. Watson has kindly sent an abstract of the treatment of Acanthocampa and allied
genera by Aurivillius in Arch. f. Zool., 1904, p. 18. Aurivillius here recognized two genera as
follows:

(1) Gonimbrasia Butler. Type nictitans (Fabr.). With the anterior tibiae short, shorter
than the tarsi, and armed at the end with two spines; joints of antennas almost simple. This
includes Acanthocampa Pack, and Angelica Distant. The following species are referred to it:
belina Westw., osiris Druce, said Oberth., zambesina Walk., tyrrhea Cram.

(2) Bunaea Hubner. Type alcinoe (Cram.). Anterior tibia? scarcely shorter than the tarsi,
and not armed at end; joints of antenna? with four teeth. Includes ThyeUa Wallengr. Here
are placed the species caffraria Stoll, aslauga Kirby, goodii Holland, hersilia Westw., and
oubie Guer.

Angelica Distant, 1903, was based on zambesina, which is placed above in Acanthocampa.
Oberthur (1910) refersitto ThyeUa, but it is not the original genus of Wallengren, which Aurivillius
correctly associates with Bunaea. Judging from the markings (compare Plates CVT and CVTH)
belina stands apart from zambesina and tyrrhea, these latter seeming to be congeneric. On this
basis Angelica might possibly be separated from Acanthocampa, but Oberthiir's zambesina,
subsp. rectilinea, approaches belina in its markings.]

BUNAEA Hubner.

Bunaea Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 154.
[Bunaea] Rothschild, in part, Nov. Zool., II, p. 38, 1895.

Imago. — s and 9 . Head not so prominent as in Salassa, the front not wide, and it narrows
toward the labral region; the scales are not erect, but laid flat on the surface. Antennas of
male plumose, wide, the joints rather long, flattened, and scaled above, with long pectinations
provided with long dense cilia, ending a little before the subfiliform tip; the basal and distal
pectinations long and slender, and of equal length; there are 33 joints, the last three with ves-
tigial branches; female antennas with short pectinations extending almost to the end, which
bears long setas; the distal ones tooth-like, one- third as large and long as the basal ones.

Palpi unusually small and short, depressed, not reaching to the front, blunt at the end,
and the third joint not distinct; when denuded, a button-like short round third joint is present.
Thorax stout.

Legs rather stout, all the tibias without spines. For tibia when denuded rather thick,
not bearing any terminal spines; the odoriferous sack or nartheca lanceolate-oval, swollen in
the middle, the end slender and prolonged; about two-thirds as long as the tibia itself; at the
base overlapping it is a broad flat ovate secondary sack, which is as wide as the tibia. A
similar scale-like process or sack is observable in Nudaurelia cytherea.

Fore wings falcate in c? , scarcely so in 9 ; costa straight to near the. apex, where it is well
curved; apex acute; the outer edge incurved. Hind wings triangular, with the apex almost
pointed, the outer edge curved in d1 , nearly straight hi 9 ; inner edge somewhat rounded,

no. i. BOMB YCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 41

with no lobe, such as is present in Lobobunaea. Abdomen not reaching to the end of the hind
wings.

Venation: Vein IL_ [IIIX in revised nomenclature] arising opposite the end of the discal cell,
i. e., opposite the root of the anterior discal vein and midway between the root of the stalk of
II2 and II3 and that of veins IIIj and III,. Hind wings with discal veins situated slightly
beyond the middle of the wing, while vein III2 arises close to inside of root of anterior discal
vein.

Markings: Basal and extradiscal lines on each wing. A discal spot on the fore wings,
large, squarish, clear, with the outer edge oblique, with sometimes a small supplementary one
in the next cell toward the costa. Hind wings with a large ocellus, with a large clear central
area.

Lama. — Body cylindrical, very near Nudaurelia; spines large, long, straight, sharp, with
no setse; the median one on eighth abdominal segment scarcely thicker than the others, but
forked, the split not very deep; otherwise the larva is much as hi Nudaurelia wahlbergi.

This genus differs from Lobobunaea in wanting the lobe on the inner end of the hind wings,
and in the venation, vein I arising opposite the end of the discal cell, while in Lobobunaea the
same vein arises at the middle of the cell. By Hubner caffraria is made the type, the only
other species mentioned being B. alcinoe Cramer, which is the same species.

To the genus Bunaea Rothschild refers 16 species; but from it I have eliminated B. alinda,
B. tyrrbena, B. irius (epithyrena), B. jamesoni, B. pbaedusa, and B. eblis. As to the generic
position of B. melinde, senegalensis, cervina, natalensis, and cleopatra, this can oidy be deter-
mined by an examination of the venation.

Geographical distribution. — Ethiopian realm. Southwest Africa.

BUNAEA CAFFRARIA (Stoll).

Plate XXXII, fig. 8; XXXV, fig. 4.

Bunaea caffraria Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 154.

[Altacus caffraria Stoll, Suppl. Cram. (1791), pi. 31. fig. 2.]

[Thyella nyctalops Wallengken, Wien. Ent. Mon., IV (1860), p. 167.]

Imago. — Two tf , one 9 . Head, thorax, and base of both pairs of wings brick-red, includ-
ing base of abdomen, the rest of the whig and abdomen pale fawn color. A broad diffuse white
line is common to both pairs of wings. Extradiscal line in both wings interrupted by the
discal spots and accompanied within by a white line, greatly expanding on the costa of the fore
wings. Beyond this line the wing is hoary, but the outer edge is clear fawn color. Discal
spot an irregular oblong transparent spot, the outer edge of which is oblique. (In one speci-
men there is a small supplementary clear spot in the cell hi front; hi the two others, one 3 ,
one $ , it is wanting.)

Hind wings with the basal line in 3 confluent with the hoary fawn around the discal spot,
but in 9 it is free, and does not pass very near it. Discal spot deep orange yellow with a
round center, the orange encircled with dark brown and that by whitish.

Under side fawn color frosted over with hoary scales; the discal spot on the fore wings as
above, but that of the hind wings is only represented by a half-round transparent spot.
Expanse of fore wings, J1 112 mm.; 9 125 mm.
Length of a fore wing, S 58 mm. ; 9 64 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 6* 30 mm. ; 9 33 mm.
Length of hind wing, s 40 mm. ; 9 38 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, s 29 mm. ; 9 33 mm.
Geographical distribution. — [South Africa.]

[Rothschild lists ab. punctigera (Wallengr.) and ab. angasana (Westwood). Jordan (1910)
has described a subspecies nubi^a from the Blue Nile.]

[C. Aurivillius, in litt. to Dr. Packard, December, 1901, states that B. alcinoe is very nearly
allied to B. caffraria, and may be only a local race of that species. However, Charles Oberthiir

42 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

(fitude Lep. Comp., 1910) has discussed this question at length, reproducing the original figures,
which certainly appear to represent distinct species.1]

[The larva of B. caffraria has been described and figured by Fawcett, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Lond., XV (1900 j, p. 303, PL XLVIL]

Larva. — Length 85 mm. Head of the usual shape, black; surface rugose all over, and the
groups of fine granulations arranged in irregular lines; the head is about two-thirds as wide
as the prothoracic collar. Body of the usual cylindrical shape and proportions. Prothoracic
collar or plate as wide as the outside measurement between the spines of the supraspiracular
rows of the second thoracic segment. There is a little more of an inequality in the length of
the dorsal spines than in Nudaurelia or Acanthocampa, those of the second thoracic segment
being fully as long as those of the first abdominal segment, while those of the last three seg-
ments of the abdominal region are slightly shorter and a little more curved; the thoracic
spines are black, while those of the abdominal segments are white; all the thoracic spines are
black, except the two infraspiraeular ones (lower or surpedal) on the third thoracic segment.
All of the abdominal spines are ivory white, and the skin around the base is white, especially
on the two rows below the spiracles, the white fold or ridge extending from the base of the
spine up to and almost in front of the spiracle.

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is rather slender and no thicker than
the two dorsal spines of the ninth abdominal segment; it is divided for about one-fifth of its
whole length, and the two tines or branches are slender and sharp ; the horn is no longer than
the spines next to it.

The dorsal spines are smooth, with no setae, but those on the two lowest rows on the side
below the spiracles bear six to seven fine black setae, one or two near the tip arising from sharp
tubercles and being dark-tipped spinules like the tip end of the spine. All the legs, thoracic and
abdominal, black.

Suranal plate unarmed, the surface rather coarsely rugose and with scattered warts giving
rise to short black hairs. Anal legs also rugose and sparsely setose. Spiracles bright orange
and encircled with bright orange. This is a very showy and powerfully armed caterpillar, more
so than any other Bunaean larva, or indeed any other Lepidopterous larva known to me. It is
so well protected from the attacks of lizards or birds that its colors are undoubtedly warning.

BUNAEA TRICOLOR Rothschild.
Bunaea tricolor Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 38, PI. X, fig. 4, 1895.

Imago. — One o* . "Fore wings deep blackish gray, crossed about an inch from the outer
margin by a white transverse band, and at the apex of the cell there is a small vitreous spot;
costa white.

"Hind wings deep blackish gray. In the center of the wing is an ocellus with a tiny vitre-
ous center; round this is a broad ring of bright orange red, followed by a black and then by an
outside white ring. Beyond the ocellus is a broad white transverse band, through the center
of which runs a narrow black line. Head, thorax, and abdomen chocolate rufous. Underside
brownish-gray.

"Expanse 5i inches = 140 mm."

This appears to be generically allied to B. caffraria.

Geographical distribution. — Bogos, Abyssinia (Rothschild).

1 [Oberthiir, in the work cited, also discusses what he calls B. caffra Boisduval, with several varieties or races (barbertonia, debeeri, zanguebarica,
and durbania). However, the name caffra was simply a new name for caffraria (first used by Hiibner), and Oberthur's "caffra" must stand as
Bunaea barbatonia (C Oberthiir).]

no. i. BOMBYCLNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 43

BUNAEA ALCINOE (Stoll).

Plate XXXII, fig. 9; CVII, fig. a.

BUNAEA AURICOLOR (Mabille).

Saturnia (Bunaea) auricolor Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7) III, p. 139, 1879.

Saturnia (Bunaea) fuscicolor Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7) III, 1879.

Bunaea aslauga Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 18.

Saturnia diospyri Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) IX, p. 316, 1880.

Bunaea plumicornis Butler, Cistula Ent., Ill, p. 18, 1882.

Bunaea aslauga Waterhouse, Aid Ident. Jis, II, tab. 142, fig. 1, 1889.

Bunaea aslauga Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 751, 1892.

Bunaea auricolor Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 3S, 1895.

[Bunaea aslauga Oberthur, Etud. Lep. Comp., IV bis (1910), p. 38, f. V.]

[Saturnia diospyri Oberthur, Etud. Lep. Comp., IV bis (1910), p. 38, i. X.]

[Geographical distribution. — Madagascar.]

Rothschild has reduced these four nominal species as above to synonyms of B. auricolor.
[C. Oberthur (1910) regards B. aslauga and B. diospyri as distinct species.]

BUNAEA ARENOSA Staudinger.

<? . Not a Bunaea. Antennae plumose, extreme tip filiform; body and wings uniformly
yellow ocher. Fore wings falcate (70 mm. long), costa much curved, outer edge excavated.
Hind wing rather long. Palpi small, not reaching the front. Four lines, two intradiscal obscure
ones, an oblique brown extradiscal to apex, and a submarginal broken brown line forming a
series of about six to seven spots. Ocellus of fore wing an elliptical broad brown ring inclosing
a small oval clear spot; on hind wing nearly twice as large, the brown ring wider, a broad straight
brown band inside but touching ocellus; a zigzag extradiscal line curving in on inner edge
and a submarginal series of six to seven spots as on fore wing. Beneath the same but suffused
with brown, and ocelli smaller; clear space the same size, but ring narrower on both wings.
[Geographical distribution. — Cameroons].

[BUNAEA MELOUI Riel.

C. Oberthur (Etud Lep. Comp., 1910) has figured several forms of this species raised from
pupae obtained at Kaolack, Senegal, by M. Gaston Melou. The variation not only in markings,
but in wing form, is astonishing; and as the insects, although raised from larvae, were not appar-
ently bred from known parents, we may suspect a mixture of species, or possibly a case of
hybridization. Supposing all these meloui to be truly conspecific, Oberthur suggests that
these, with B. epithyrena, melinde, pollens and inornata, may all be variations or races of one
species. Rothschild considered epithyrena a synonym of irius (Fabr.), which Packard excludes

from Bunaea.]

[BUNAEA VINOSA Riel.

Plate CVII, fig. b.]

ANTHERLNA Sonthonnax.

Saturnia Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madagascar Lep., p. 89, 1833.

Antheraea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, 1855.

Antheraea Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., Ill, fig. 54, 1873.

Antheraea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Het., I, p. 758, 1892.

Antherina Sonthonnax, Annales des Laboratoire d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 56, 1901.

Imago. — One 9 . Front of head a little narrower, and the hairs longer, more shaggy, not so
closely cropped as in Nudaurelia (cytherea), not narrowing quite so much toward the labial
region. Antennae "broadly bipectinated nearly to tip," those of the <? also bipectinate, and
with pectinations nearly as long as in S . Palpi much as in Nudaurelia, but still longer, especially
the third joint, which is unusually long and well developed, when denuded seen to be long and
slender. Maxillae minute, slender, white, each appendage separate, short, not so long as the

44 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

palpi, reaching only to near the end of the second joint. Thorax and abdomen with the squa-
mation not so long and shaggy as in Nudaurelia; collar not so distinct as in that genus.

Fore wings subfalcate, a little shorter and wider than in Nudaurelia; costa a little more
arched at apex, which is more obtuse than in Nudaurelia. Hind wings much more rounded,
apex more obtuse, and the outer edge less oblique than in Nudaurelia; the wings extend some-
what beyond the end of the abdomen.

Venation: Vein II [III in revised nomenclature] and its branches as in Nudaurelia, II2
wanting as in that genus; the vein arises at a point situated (costally) in front of the middle of
the discal cell, and close to the very short common stalk of veins II3 and IL. Vein III2 not
detached to form an indejiendent vein, not so much detached as in Nudaurelia; the two discal
veins forming a fine straight line; the discal cell broader and shorter than in Nudaurelia. In
the hind wings the veins beyond the broad discal cell are shorter, and the veins and ocellus
situated nearer the outer edge of the wing than in Nudaurelia.

Markings : They differ from those of Nudaurelia (cytherea) in the ocellus of the fore wings
being solid, with no clear space, and only a fine dark outer ring, and a fine white semicircular
line on the inside. The ocellus of the hind wing is large, round, not oval, with a minute clear
oval space, a wider dark outer ring and a pale steel blue inner semicircular line. The basal and
extradiscal lines white, not scalloped. Costal edge of fore wings and the prothorax whitish
gray.

Fore tibia stout, not spined at the end; with dense bushy hairs, c? odoriferous sack usually
narrow, cultriform, acute, about two-thirds as long as the tibia itself.

Cocoon. — Cocoon forming a thin silken network, through the meshes of which the pupa can
be seen. The genus is placed by Sonthonnax between Thyella and Melanocera, but it seems to
approach near to Nudaurelia. It is readily distinguished from Nudaurelia by the widely
pectinated ? antennae, the longer palpi, and also by difference in the venation, including the
absence of vein II2 (second subcostal vein), and the shorter more rounded wings. The characters
given by Sonthonnax are with the exception of the well-pectinated ? antennae, those of the
markings and coloration; but such distinctions are not as a rule very safe to found a genus on,
as the species vary in these respects, and they should only be considered in connection with
more fundamental structural characters. It will be interesting to learn whether the larva
enters the earth to pupate or spins a slight cocoon above ground, and whether the abdomen of
the pupa ends in a well-developed cremaster. The pupa of Nudaurelia dione, the only species
whose transformations are known, is subterranean, according to Sonthonnax, the larva spinning
no cocoon.

Geographical distribution. — Malagasy region. The single known species of the genus is
confined to Madagascar.

[A. consanguinea Distant, from the Transvaal, was described in 1903.]

ANTHERINA SURAKA (Boisduval).
Plate XXXVII, fig. 5.
[Saturnia suraka Boisduval, Faune Madag. Lep., (1833), p. 89, pi. 12, fig. 4.]

Imago. — One ? . Head deep orange-yellow; thorax paler, collar all white-gray, extending
along the costa. Fore wings uniformly pale yellowish buff-brown; basal line broad, white,
enlarging on the costa, about midway between the base of the wing and the ocellus. Extradiscal
line broad, white, not scalloped, running near the discal spot and much curved around to the costa,
ending in the outer third, where it expends and meets a pink hoary costal patch, ending on the
costa just before the apex. Ocellus solid ochcr brown, of a deeper hue than the rest of the wing,
and surrounded on the outside by a narrow thread-like dark semicircle, and within by a pink-
white one.

Hind wings paler, more yellow ocher than above, pink on the inner and costal side of the
ocellus; the extradiscal line broad, consisting of three shades of pink, the middle shade whitish
pink; the line curves around to unite with the basal one, and forms a large loop inclosing the
ocellus. The latter is centered by a minute clear spot, situated in a solid deep ocher-yellow

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 45

field, encircled by a dark ring, which is thickened on the inner side and incloses on the inner

side a pale blue semicircular line edged on the inner side with dark brown scales.

Under side of the wings of both pairs more gray than above, especially on the hind wings.

The discal spots beneath exactly the size and colors of those of the hind wings of the upper side;

that on the hind wing is obsolete, represented by a little white spot.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 , 109 mm.

Length of fore wing, 9 , 58 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 9 , 34 mm.

Length of hind wing, 9 , 41 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, $ 37 mm.

Ocellus of fore wing, 9 , 6 by 6 mm. ; beneath, 7 by 7 mm.

Ocellus of hind wing, 9 , 9.5 by 9.5 mm.

This species which might be mistaken for a Nudaurelia, may be recognized by its rounded,

broad wings, by the white lines, by the solid, opaque ocellus of the fore wings, while that of each

hind wing is wanting, as well as the broadly pectinated 9 antenna?.

Cocoon. — An oval network formed of thin silky tissue; yellowish gray, slightly lustrous;

measuring 6-7 [67 ?] mm. in length (Sonthonnax).

Geographical distribution. — Madagascar and Comores (Sonthonnax), collected at Lurakak.

Madagascar (J. Doll).

NUDAURELIA Rothschild.

Antheraea [Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V (1855), p. 1239 (in part)].
[Nudaurelia Rothschild, Nov. Zoo\., February, 1895, p. 41.]

Imago. — o* and 9 • Head with the front rather full and wide, inclined to be wider in front
than usual, and the front is rather closely cropped; when denuded broad and flat, with a slight
ridge toward the vertex. Antennae of <? broadly bipectinated, 45 joints in male, the last 10
subfiliform, subplumose, the joints in the middle as long as they are thick, the distal pectinations
as long and of the same size as the basal ones, with rather short and thick cilia; tip subfiliform;
distal pectinations reduced to short teeth. Antennas of 9 with 40 joints, filiform, the vestigial
basal pectinations reduced to very short minute teeth; those representing the distal pectina-
tions very minute and short. Palpi rather large, reaching to the front; third joint distinct,
longer than usual, not very thick, not so long as the second is broad. (Maxillae not found after
the removal of a palpus; no signs of maxilla? in specimens not denvided.) Thorax and body
stout; the prothoracic collar well defined.

Fore wings slightly falcate; costal edge somewhat concave toward the apex; the latter
obtuse; the outer edge slightly concave below the apex. Hind wings extending well beyond the
tip of the abdomen. Legs stout, especially in the male, the fore tibia short and broad, being
densely scaled; no tibial spurs. Fore tibia rather long, as long as in Thyella, densely hairy,
concealing the sack, but with no spurs. The tibial odoriferous sack is large, about three-fourths
as long as the tibia itself, broad, oval lanceolate, and ending in a sharp point ; under it is a minute
secondary sack, not so long as the outer one is wide. The legs with 5-jointed tibia, normal.
Mr. Rothschild makes the strange statement that in Nudaurelia the fore tarsi [he says legs] are in
the female "minute and entirely atrophied." He must have had imperfect specimens, as in
my 9 the tarsi are normal.

Venation: Vein II2 wanting; vein IL_ arises as in Lobobunaea at the middle of the discal cell;
in fact the venation of Lobobunaea phaedusa and N. cytherea are nearly identical, as may be seen
in the figures, but Nudaurelia is more modified or specialized, as it has lost vein II2, and the
ocellus is a complete one. Hind wings [with] root or origin of veins II and IIIl7 much nearer
together in Lobobunaea or Bunaea. III2 more detached at base than in the other genera named.

Markings: Basal and extradiscal lines on wings of both pairs, and large completely formed
ocelli on wings of each pair. The species have a superficial resemblance to those of Antheraea,
a genus of Saturniida? not occurring in Africa.

Geographical distribution. — Confined to the Ethiopian region or to Africa south of the Sahara
and Egypt, ranging [southward] to Cape Town.

46 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The genus so far as my scanty material indicates is recognizable by the broadly, stiffly
bipectinate o* antennas, those of the 9 simple; by the broad acuminute tibial odoriferous sack,
the long distinct third palpal joint, and the venation as above described.

Larva. — Head rounded, much as in Gynanisa; second thoracic segment with two large
dorsal spines, twice as large as those (supraspicular ones) below, and bearing one or two spinules;
those of the third segment of the same size as the dorsal abdominal ones; they are curved back-
ward, and the dorsal ones are directed a little inwards. The median spine on eighth abdominal
segment is wide, deeply cleft. On each abdominal segment is a group of from three to six irregu-
lar, flattened, ruffle-like bright yellow warts, while the body is velvety black. No prothoracic
spines. Anal legs sphingiform. Suranal plate large, rounded triangular.

Confounded with those of Aniheraea untd the Hon. W. Rothschild separated a number of
species from Antheraea under the present generic name. The species differ from those of
Aniheraea not only in venation, but in the subplumose antennae of <? and the simple 9 antennas.

Under Nudaurelia Rothschild, page 43, enumerates 23 species, but of these we have referred

the following to other genera: N. arata, N. belina, N. menippe, N. zambesina, N. tyrrhea, and

N. suraka.

NUDAURELIA DIONE (Fabricius).

Plate XXXII, fig. 5; XXXVII, fig. 1; XLVII, fig. 3 {antigone).

Bombyx dione Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Ill, p. 410, No. 9, 1793.

"Bombyx petiveri Guerin, Bull. Soc. sericicole, p. 270, 1845."

Saturnia wahlbergii Boisduval, Delegorgue, Voyage Afrique Austr., II, p. 600, 1847.

Telea wahlbergii Hbrrich-Schaefper, Sammlung Aussereur. Schmet1,., p. 10, I, fig. 95, 1854.

Aniheraea dione Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1244, 1855.

Aniheraea gueinzii Staudinger, Stettin Ent. Zeitung, XXXIII, p. 120, 1872.

Antheraea simplicia Maassen and Wetmer, Beitrage z. Schmett., 1st. Leif., fig. 20, 1872.

Antheraea wahlbergii Wallengren, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXXII, (1) p. 97, 1876.

Antheraea dione Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Schmett., 3e Leif., fig. 52, 1873.

Aniheraea preussii Staudinger.

Anthereaea persephone Staudinger.

Antheraea antigone Staudinger.

Antheraea anthina Karsch, Berlin. Ent. Z*eit., PI. XIX, figs. 1, 2, 1892.

Nudaurelia wahlbergi Rothschild, Nov. Z"ool., II, p. 43, 1895.

Nudaurelia wahlbergi subsp. anthina Rothschild, Nov. Z"ool., p. 43, 1895.

Nudaurelia wahlbergi Rothschild subspecies flavescens Rothschild, Nov. Z*ool., p. 43, 1895.

Nudaurelia dione Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 17, PI. VI, figs. 2, 3, 1900-1901.

Nudaurelia dione wahlbergi Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 19, PI. VI, figs. 4, 5, 1900-1901.

Nudaurelia dione 6u(Zm Sonthonn ax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 19, PI. VII, fig. 1, 1901.

Nudaurelia dione emini Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etudes de la Soie, X, p. 19, PI. VII, fig. 2, 1900-1901.

Nudaurelia dione gueinzii Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 20, PI. VII, fig. 3, 1900-1901.

Imago. — Two S , one 9 . Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish brown, in 3 the thorax
bright yellow ocher, but the head and collar reddish brown. Fore wings brown yellow or yellow
bathed with pink; a diffuse scalloped basal line situated nearer the ocellus than the base of the
wing. Extradiscal line straight, slightly scalloped, broad, diffuse and ending in the outer third
of the costa, not much incurved. Ocellus oval cylindrical, longer than wide, inclosing a D-
shaped space surrounded by yellow ocher, this by a sable-brown ring and the last by a broad
grayish white ring.

Hind wings with the basal line faint or obsolete, the extradiscal sable brown shade lined on
the inside with dull grayish, and either touching or situated a little way from the ocellus. The
latter as in the fore wings, but circular and the central clear area is round, one-half as large as
that on the fore wings.

Under side of the wings with an extradiscal line common to both wings. Ocellus of fore
wings not so large as above, but the clear area is fully as large. On the hind wings the ocellus
is nearly one-half smaller than above, the brown ring so much narrower, but the clear space is of
the same size.

Expanse of fore wings <? 136 mm.; 9 124 mm.
Length of fore wing, <? 67 mm. ; 9 58 mm.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 47

Breadth of fore wing, <? 35 mm. ; 9 32 mm.
Length of hind wing, c? 49 mm. ; 9 43 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, c? 37 mm. ; 9 35 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings, <? 12 by 8 mm.; beneath, 9 by 7 mm. ; 9 12 by 7 mm.
Ocellus of hind wings, <? 17 by 13 mm. ; beneath, 9 by 9 mm. ; 9 1 4 by 1 1 mm.
This species varies in being sable-brown, the <? with a pinkish hue, or in being yellow, with
a reddish brick-brown head and collar.

[The species being extremely variable, Dr. Packard made other descriptions which are given
below.]

Geographical distribution. — Cape Town, South Africa. (Paris Museum.)
Imago. — Two s , one 9 • Front of head not so wide as in N. cytherea. Antennae of <?
subplumose, not quite so wide as in N. cytherea; ochraceous; the middle joints rather long;
branches slender, well ciliated; tip subfiliform, consisting of five to six joints with vestigial
branches, either shorter or no longer than the joints (in N. cytherea there are eight to nine
joints and the branches are longer), 9 antennas simple, the vestigial pectinations unusually
short and minute, like teeth. Palpi well developed, stout, wide, pointed, extending well beyond
the front; the third joint not very distinct from the second.

Thorax rather stout, but not so much so as in N. cytherea, vestiture thick, shaggy, the
clothing of the base of the wings denuded, shaggy, and that of the rest of the wings thick.
Ground color of the wings and body ochreous yellow, varying from lemon-yellow (normal dione)
to deep ochreous snuff-yellow (preussi) to dark reddish brown (persephone) .

Fore wings decidedly falcate, considerably more so, and more pointed and produced at the
apex than in N. cytherea, the outer edge being rather deeply excavated, much as in N. rhodo-
phila. Half way between the base of the wings and the basal line is a distinct rather large
diffuse whitish pink spot (gray in var. persephone) . Basal line a broad diffuse lilac-brown shade
externally whitish and expanding on the costa ; it is 4-scalloped, the scallops uneven, the
largest one on the discal cell; the line is situated about half way between the ocellus and the
insertion of the wing. Extradiscal line straight (not slightly sinuous as hi N. cytherea), brown
edged within with whitish and on the costa with a large whitish or hoary pink triangular costal
patch. A submargmal broad lilac shade, divided into 7 points dusted over with reddish scales.
Ocellus small (about one-fourth as large as in N. cytherea), oval (in a transverse sense) and
inclosing an oval or subtriangular clear space outside of the discocellulars, and with a narrow
ochreous, and an outer still narrower reddish brown ring ; it is situated about half way between
the extradiscal and basal lines.

Hind wings concolorous with those of the anterior pair, except the deep pink or roseate
area along the costal edge, extending from the base to the extradiscal line and as far as the
ocellus (not present in N. cytherea).

Basal line distinct (not so in N. cytherea), brown, edged externally with pink white and
making a sharp angle on the fold (or obsolete vein V). Ocellus large and just touching the
extradiscal line; middle ochreous yellow centered with a small round clear space; the yellow
encircled with a rather narrow brown ring (about half as wide as in N. cytherea) and this by an
outer broad white ring.

Under side of the wings as above but densely dusted over or bathed with gray lilac scales ;
ocellus smaller than above, and on the hind wings it is reduced to a small roundish, sometimes
angular clear spot, the discal veins being distinct, beyond which is a small clear space. The
submarginal 7-scalloped shade is distinct. (In N. cytherea there are no hoary lilac scales above
or beneath.)

Expanse of fore wings, <? (preusii and persephone) 108-114 mm.

Length of one fore whig, s 60-65 mm.

Breadth of one fore wing, c? 30-34 mm.

Length of hind wing, s 42-48 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, c? 30-37 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings in preusii, 3i by 4+ mm.

48 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Ocellus of fore wings in persephone, 3 by 4 mm.

Ocellus of hind wings in preusii, 12 by 10 mm.

Ocellus of hind wings persephone, 14 by 11 mm.

Ocellus of under side of hind wings, 4 by 4 mm., in both varieties.
Normal N. dione 9 , from Sierra Leone (Schaus collection). One 9 . Head not so broad
as in N. cytherea, body and wings lemon-yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown; thorax in front deeper
ochreous. Antennas nearly simple, the distal vestiges about one-half as large and long as the
basal, the latter not so large and long as in N. cytherea and the antennae rather more simple and
slenderer than in that species.

Fore wings a little more produced toward the apex; the hind wings with the outer edge
not so full and rounded; the apex and inner angle more rectangular than in N. cytherea. The
wings are lemon-yellow; a basal reddish discoloration; basal lino purplish brown, deeply
zigzag, with three large scallops Extradiscal line not scalloped, brown, not edged with white
on the inside. An obscure submarginal reddish shade. Ocellus round (7 by 7 mm.) with a
subtriangular clear center encircled by a much narrower ochreous ring than in N. cytherea, suc-
ceeded by a brown circle, than a pale lilac, and an outermost brick red circle.

Hind wings lemon-yellow; a basal dusky lilac zigzag shade, and extradiscal line brown,
excurved and touching the outer limit of the round ocellus, which is larger (10 by 9£ mm.) than
on the fore wings, but with a smaller central clear spot, and a wider outer circle than on the
fore wings. The ocelli differ from those of N. cytherea hi being roundish instead of oval, and in
the narrower ochreous circle and in the outer circle being lilac red.

Under side of the wings: Those of the anterior pair with no basal line; ocelli nearly as
above, but those of the hind wings smaller and less distinct. The wings are thickly dusted
with lilac, and on the hind wings is a submarginal broad zigzag lilac shade.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 113 mm.

Length of a fore wing, 9 62 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, 9 34 mm.

Length of a hind wing, 9 40 mm.

Breadth of a hind whig, 9 29 mm.
My 9 agrees with Sonthonnax's figure of N. dione, except that the basal lines on both
wings are more distinct, and the ocelli are all rounder than hi his figures.

As stated by Sonthonnax, who has materially reduced the number of nominal species to
synonyms of N. dione, this species is "extremely polymorphous and polychromatic." We do
not yet know enough about the local variations to state what are such. My <? JV. preussii is
certainly the same as N. wahlbergii in the Schaus collection, and as figured by Herrich-Schaeffer.
N. persephone is only a dark reddish variety of wahlbergii. N. butleri is a bright yellow form
without brown scales. The ocellus of the hind whigs "is quite large, yellow in the center,
bordered with black, red and rose" (Sonthonnax). N. emini has the middle zone of the fore
wings reddish brown, the rose color disappears on the basal line, the ocellus of the fore wings
is rounded lunate, while that of the hind whigs is very large, oval, yellow in the middle and
inclosing a small lunate clear spot, beyond are black, red, and an outer rose circle. N. gueinzi is
plainly only a variation, yellowish rust-red brown, without the submarginal scalloped shade
in either pah of wings; the ocellus of the fore wings is small; that of the hind wings large; the
yellow center encircled by only two rings, a blackish one and another roseate one, with no
trace of the red ring present in N. emini.

Geographical distribution. — The species ranges over equatorial and southern Africa, from the
western to the eastern coast, while N. cytherea is confined to Cape Colony; it is most com-
monly met with from Sierra Leone to the Congo region; it is quoted from Madagascar, Ashanti,
Congo, and Port Natal (Walker in Brit. Mus.) ; the Madagascar example is pale fawn color.
N. var. wahlbergii is from Lake Tanganika (Oberthiir) ; var. emini from [Central Africa] ; var.
gueinzii from Port Natal (Walker) ; var. persephone from Camerons (Neumoegen coll. hi Brook-
lyn Museum) .

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 49

Larva. — An alcoholic specimen, well preserved, from Sierra Leone, West Africa, presented
to the American Museum of Natural History, New York, by Mr. William Schaus. Length,
45 mm. (This is evidently in the stage, before the last, as the two wahlbergi are nearly twice
as large.)

Head rather large, rounded, black, with irregularly but densely scattered fine papillae, in
groups of about 3 to 10; none on the clypeus or about the mouth parts, jaws, etc. Body black-
brown armed with large, stout sharp spines. Prothoracic collar large, unarmed, shining black.
Below it, directly in front of the spiracle, is a low flattened tubercle, the surface polished and
bearing four to five setiferous papillae. Farther down over the base of the prothoracic legs is a
higher tubercle, but still not so high as broad, and bearing four to five slender setae.

The spines are as usual in eight rows, the dorsal ones of the basal and middle abdominal
segments as large as the thoracic ones. They are all large, deep honey-yellow in color, very
sharp, curved backwards, and bear from four to six long slender pale setae, arising from promi-
nent papillae.

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment with a distinct impressed line behind,
and distinctly double at base, deeply forked for one-third of its entire length, i. e., on its distal
third.

The spines of the lowest row are deep honey-yellow like the others, and are low, conical,
with the surface polished, except two on the ninth abdominal segment, situated directly in front
of the anal legs, which are more acute and longer.

Suranal plate large, shining black, the edge somewhat thickened, regularly rounded behind;
the surface not armed with tubercles or vestiges of them. Anal legs large, triangular, black.
Thoracic legs and middle abdominal legs black.

This has the generic characters of the larval Cyrtogone, whose imago is so much more
specialized. It differs in having no white flattened minute tubercles. The median eighth
abdominal spine is forked in the same way and fully as deeply divided, in fact a little more so.

NUDAURELIA WAHLBERGII (Boisduval).

Plate XXXII, fig. 4; XLVII, fig. 2 (N. anthina); CVI, figs. a-c.

[See synonymy under N. dione. Rothschild (1895) treated N. waMbergii as a distinct
species, with anthina (Karsch) and jlavescens Rothschild (from Accra) as subspecies. Dr.
Packard's latest opinion was that wahlbergii should be placed under dione, but the account
given below is left as originally written.]
Saturnia wahlbergii Westwood.
Antherea dione, var. wahlbergii Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur, Schmett., p. 61, fig. 95, 1854.

Judging from Herrich-Schaeffer's figure this species differs from A. cyiherea by the wings
being more ochreous, the discal ocelli being round, not encircled with white, while the extradiscal
line is more decidedly scalloped, otherwise it may prove to be a climatic variety of N. cyiherea.
It is certainly a ATery nearly allied species.

Larva. — Length 80 mm. Head and body black, like N. dione in all important respects,
i. e., in the shape of the body and length of the spines. Prothoracic collar and its armature
as in N. dione. Dorsal spines of the same shape and length from the second thoracic to the
eighth abdominal segment ; those of the second thoracic segment darker than the others, which
are bright reddish copal or honey-yellow; the spines of the infraspiracular and lower row of
the second and third thoracic segments are black, while those of the infraspiracular series on
abdominal segments 1 to 8 are reddish, and the area around the base is reddish.

Compared with N. dione from Sierra Leone the surface of the head is a little more densely
granulated, and the suranal plate is rougher on the surface and is submucronate at the end,
instead of being well rounded. Anal legs the same in the two forms. Around the base of the
spines the skin is reddish, or with a yellowish red tinge. The median spine on the sixth abdomi-
nal segment rises from a transverse low reddish ridge, at each end of which is situated the
supraspiracular spine. The spines each bear from four to six long white sharp spines, the
points of which are sometimes slightly dark.
83570°— 14 4

50 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The distinctive mark of N. wahlbergii is the two dorsal groups of bright yellow fungoid
warts, four or five to eight or nine hi a group, and of irregular oval or polygonal shape; between
the dorsal and supraspiracular spines on abdominal segments 1 to 7 the spots are largest
on segments 4 to 6; on the eighth segment there are only one or two on one side.

The median "horn" or tubercle is just as in N. dione, being split down or forked in the same
manner. Two examples from Durban, March, 1901. J. M. Fawcett.

NUDAURELIA RHODOPHTLA (Walker).

Antherea rhodophila Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, I, p. 343, 1869.

Antherea intermiscens Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, I, p. 344, 1869.

Gonimbrasia rhodophila Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Gonimbrasia intermiscens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Gonimbrasia rhodophila Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1895.

Gonimbrasia intermiscens Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1895.

Bunaea intermiscens Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 28, PI. XV, fig. 1, 1901.

Imago. — One <? . Head as usual in Nudaurelia; front broad, square toward the labial
region; surface full, convex. No trace of tongue. Antennae of $ dark, almost black, sub-
plumose, bepectinate, 16 double sets of branches, tip suhfiliform, the nine terminal joints with
seven to eight pairs of rather long vestigial branches. Palpi stout, reaching the front, but not
passing beyond it; third joint small, distinct, not so long as the. second joint is broad. Thorax
with the vestiture moderately shaggy; greenish yellow with whitish roseate hairs.

Fore wings falcate, of the same shape, but a little less acute at the apex than in N. anthina:
wings of both pairs yellowish olive green with hoary lilac shades. Basal line narrow, dark,
differing from that of N. anthina in being straight instead of zigzag, with a slight bend or dis-
location on the median vein; beyond this a broad lilac hoary shade, expanding along the third
median vein (IV2), and again toward the discal spot. Extradiscal line as in N. anthina, a
double narrow dark line mixed with yellow, whitish between the two lines; costal end of lin6
toothed [?] on both sides and to the apex with hoary lilac. Beyond is a pale lilac broad shade
extending externally (as in N. anthina, but more distinctly) ; seven sharp triangular points or
scallops. Discal clear spot small triangular, with no ring or aureole around it-
Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings; the basal white band bent toward the inner
edge of the wing as in N. anthina, and shaded in the middle with brown both inside of the white
line, and outside between it and the discal ocellus. Extradiscal line white, curved outward as in N.
anthina, shaded externally toward the costal edge with brown and also inside toward the ocellus;
beyond is a zigzag line of five or six pale lilac scallops. Discal ocellus large, almost perfectly
round (13 x 12 mm.); a clear central round space inclosed by a deep ochreous ring, then a dark
brown ring not so wide as in N. anthina, and outside is a pale tawiy ring edged toward the costal
side with white. Costal region as far as the discal spot, deep reddish salmon.

Wings beneath hoary gray, especially those of the hinder pah; the discal clear spot on the
fore wings as above, but no ocellus or any spot on the hind wings. Extradiscal line common to
both wings, but fainter than above. A submarginal series of about eight hoary lilac points as
above. Edge of both wings greenish yellow.

Expanse of fore wings, S 110 mm.

Length of fore Aving, s 59 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, s 30 mm.

Length of hind wing, <? 37 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <? 29 mm.
Differs from N. anthina in its olive-yellow green hue, in the basal line being straight, not
zigzag, in the reduced discal spot, having no yellow ring around it, and in having no discal spot
on the under side of the hind wings, when in N. anthina one is present on each wing.

It agrees with Sonthonnax's figure (from a photograph) of "B. intermiscens." The original
type of intermiscens is in the Strecker collection, as I was told by Mr. Strecker himself .

Mr. Rothschild states that Walker's B. intermiscens is a synonym of his B. rhodo2)hila. My
specimen is in the Schaus collection hi the American Museum of Natural History.

Geographical distribution. — Congo, Cameroons, West Africa (Sonthonnax), Calabar.

no. i. BOMB YCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKAED. 51

NUDAURELIA. JAMESONI (Druce).

Plate XXXVII, fig. 2.

Bunaea jamesoni Druce, Jameson's Story of the Rear Column, p. 448, 1890.

Gonimbrasia rubricostalis Kirby, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., X, p. 174, PI. XI, fig. 2.

Bunaea staudingeri Aurivillixjs.

Bunaea jamesoni Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1S95.

Bunaea jamesoni Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etudes de la Soie, p. 30, PI. XIII, fig. 2, 1900-1901.

Imago. — One <? , one 9 . Antennae of J well pectinated, only slightly subplumose, with
27 to 28 joints, and the branches well ciliated; the tip subfiliform, consisting of 10 joints, the
external vestigial branches of the tip longer than the inner, and well developed, and about as
long as the joints themselves. Antennas wanting in my 9 . Head fairly prominent; the
front not very convex, only moderately wide; the vestiture close. Palpi large, stout, porrect,
well developed, and extending a little beyond the front; third joint fairly well developed,
unusually distinct from the second.

Body and wings Vandyke brown; collar and tegulas faintly edged with whitish scales.
Fore wings distinctly falcate ; the costa much arched and the apex unusually sharp in <? ,
more so than in N. dione; outer edge deeply and regularly excavated ; inner angle well rounded.
Hind wings with the costa very convex, apex squarish ; outer edge moderately convex. Abdomen
not reaching to the inner angle or very near it. Wings of both pairs uniformly pale rich Vandyke
brown. Fore wings with the basal line faint, obsolete. Extradiscal line straight, not sinuous
or scalloped, arising from the outer third of the inner edge and ending on the costa before the
apex in a hoary cloud; the line is blackish, edged within with whitish. Discal spot small,
subtriangular or D shaped, the outer side rounded, surrounded by a faint dark line, not forming
a distinct circle. Hind wings like the fore wings, but with a roseate shade on the costal region,
winch does not reach the apex; extradiscal line dark, diffuse, whitish within, curved outward
and nearly touching the discal spot, which is large, black-brown, with a small round clear area
in the center, encircled with snuff brown; while the outer circle is very pale Vandyke brown,
paler than the rest of the wing; the basal line in 9 white, distinct, more so than in the <? .

Fore wings beneath as above, but more hoary along the extradiscal line; along the inner
edge roseate. Hind wings with the ocellus only a clear spot, smaller than on the fore wings.
Extradiscal shade faint, slightly marked, not curved, not roseate beneath. The 9 only differs
in having a diffuse broad hoary shade beyond the extradiscal line above and beneath.

Expanse of fore wings, S 95 mm.; $ 122 mm.

Length of a fore wing, <? 50 mm.; 9 70 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, S 25 mm. ; 9 38 mm.

Length of a hind wing, S 32 mm. ; 9 48 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, s 25 mm. ; 9 33 mm.
That this species is not a Bunaea, to which it has been referred by Druce, Aurivillius,
Rothschild, and Southonnax, but a true Nudaurelia, is shown by the venation, which is almost
exactly as in N. dione and rhodophila, as may be seen on reference to Plate XXXVII, Figures
1 and 2. Veins IIj and II2 and II3 are well developed and the origin of the median branches
are almost identical. The unusually falcate S wings, the pointed apex, the small triangular
clear discal spot, without an aureole around it, give it an appearance, not so much like Bunaea,
as we have restricted that genus, as of a species of Lobobunaea or Gonimbrasia.

Geographical distribution. — West Africa, Sierra Leone (Schaus collection, Amer. Mus.
Natural History, New York) .

NUDAURELIA AURANTIACA Rothschild.

Nudaurelia aurantiaca Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 42, 1895.

Imago. — "Fore wings deep ruddy orange; about one-third from the base they are crossed
transversely by a double zigzag line from the costa to the inner margin; on the inner side this
double band is black, and in the outer white. At the apex of the cell there is an ocellus sur-
rounded by a black outer ring, center vitreous with a broad fuscous inner ring. A little beyond

52 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

the ocellus the wings are crossed by a second double transverse band from the costa to the inner
margin, but this band is white on the inner side and black on the outer.

"Hind wings similar to the fore wings, but without the transverse band at the base. Ocellus
very large, and outside the black ring are three more ; first a crimson one, then a pink ring, and
lastly an outside crimson one. Thorax and abdomen deep rufous chestnut. Underside similar
to the upper side, but the basal transverse band is absent in both fore and hind wings.

"Expanse 5 inches=127 mm.

"Habitat. — Longive Valley, Lake Nyassa."

NUDAURELIA CYTHEREA (Fabricius).

Plates XXXII, fig. 3; XXXVII, fig. 3.

Makes no cocoon. Pupa naked, the abdomen ending in a large [bind] spine, like Fades

CREMASTOCHRYSALLIS Karsch.

Plate CXIII, fig. 1.

Saturnia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881.

Cremastochrysallis Karsh [Berlin Ent. Zeitzchr., XXXVII (1893), p. 499].
Cremastochrysallis Rothschild, Novita,tea Zoologies, II, p. 38, 1895.
Pseudoantheraea Staudinger.

Imago. — -°. Head fairly prominent; front a little narrower than usual; the vestiture
closely cropped, coming to a point in front, and not concealing the palpi.

Antennae of s with pectinations of moderate width, tip filiform. Those of the 9 with
short joints, not quite so long as wide; one pair of pectinations to a joint; no traces of a distal
pair; the pectinations about four times as long as the joint itself. Palpi short, small, weak,
depressed, not reaching near the front; composed of but a single joint, which when denuded
is seen to be only about three times as long as thick; the terminal scale scraggly, unequal.
(Besides these there is a distinct tuft of scales on each side of the mouth, and below the orbito-
lateral foramina, which are open and distinct, being situated near the site of the atrophied
maxillae of which there are no traces.)

Thorax and body moderately stout; vestiture moderately abundant and long. Fore
wings large, triangular; costa moderately arched; apex somewhat rectangular; the wings not
falcate in either sex; outer edge moderately full, not excavated, about equal in length to the
inner edge. Hind wings with the apex moderately rounded; outer edge moderately full, only
slightly convex; inner angle almost rectangular; inner edge very long and straight, and reaching
far beyond the end of the abdomen.

Venation: Approaching that of Nudaurelia and Lobobunaea; the origin of the first sub-
costal vein (vein UJ situated in front of the middle of the discal cell, and just before the origin
of the common stalk of vein II, and II4 ; vein II2 minute, vestigial, forming a slight tooth-like
projection, not reaching near the costa; vein III3 detached and partly independent, more
detached than in Nudaurelia or Lobobunaea. Discocellular veins collectively forming a straight
line, much as in Nudaurelia and Lobobunaea, but not even slightly curved.

Hind wings much as in the genera mentioned.1

Markings: Ground color of body and wings dull snuff-yellow, with dull brick-red lines and
shades, clear moderately large discal somewhat lunate spots on each pair of wings, but they are
not encircled by bright shiny lines, only a single dark reddish ring.

Larva. — Not known.

Pupa. — Dr. Holland has figured the pupa, and has stated "the fact that the chrysalis is
suspended, and while the caterpillar weaves a few stout silken threads about the spot where it
undergoes its transformations, the chrysalis hangs pendulous from its support like the chrysalis
of the Nymphalidae."

1 An interesting peculiarity in my single specimen is that the basal portion of the vestigo of vein in, in the discal cell, is thick and like the bases
of the other veins; this seems to be a case of survival of a portion of this vein, which in the Paleolepidoptera ( Micropteryx) and the generalized Neole-
pidoptera (Hepialidfc) forms a true well-developed vein, dividing the discal cell into two divisions.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 53

The notable features, judging by Holland's figure, are the spinous cremaster by which the
pupa is suspended head down, the hooks of the cremaster grappling in a loose pad of silk; the
large spines on the abdominal segments ; and those on the head and back of the thorax.

Geographical distribution. — -Western Ethiopian realm, Old Calabar, and the French Congo,
about the mouth of OgovS River, a little south of Cape Lopez.

CREMASTOCHRYSALLIS ARNOBIA (Westwood).

Plate XXXVI, fig. 1.

Saturnia arnobia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, January, 1881, p. 142, PI. XII, fig. 2.

Cremaslochrysallis arnobia Karsch.

Pseudoantheraea arnobia Staudinger.

Saturnia arnobia Holland, Psyche, VI, No. 190, p. 213; Pupa, PI. 5, fig. 1, February, 1892.

Copaxa (?) arnobia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 755, 934, 1892.

Imago. — -One 9 , in poor condition (torn but not rubbed). Head, body and •wings snuff-
yellow ochre, with dull brick-reddish markings and shades, the wings thickly dusted with dull
reddish scales.

Fore wings uniformly dull ochreous yellow, thickly dusted with reddish brown, and crossed
by four broad shades or diffuse bands. The basal line is a little nearer the discal spot than to the
insertion of the wing; it is broad, diffuse, broken on the vein and between that and the inner
edge is incurved. Between this and the discal spot is a broad dark red shade slightly incurved,
and on the inner edge uniting with the extradiscal shade, which is nearly straight, and ends on
the costa before the apex; no marginal shade or blotches. Discal spot large, clear, surrounded
by a dark ring, as figured by Westwood.

Hind wings more yellow, especially toward the base than the fore wings. A basal shade
just within the discal spot; just beyond it a broad scalloped line of 7£ scallops, red brown in hue,
then a yellowish shade; the margin densely powdered with rust-brown scales. Discal spot a
large clear rounded lunate space, a little excavated on the inside, and encircled with a broad
dark reddish-brown roundish oval ring.

Under side of the wings more yellowish than above, especially those of the hinder pair,
but the shades are as above, though broader, more diffuse, and less distinct. Discal spot with
the clear portion larger than above, more distinctly lunate, and showing a part of the discal
vein. On the fore wings the discal spot is as above.
Expanse of the fore wings, 9 140 mm
Length of a fore wing, 9 76 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 9 40 mm.
Length of a hind wing, 9 51 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, 9 42 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings, 9 by 6 mm.; of hind wings, 9 by 8 mm.
[Rothschild recognizes an ab. discrepans (Butler).]

Pupa. — Mr. Good described the chrysalis as " dark green in color, beginning to change before
disclosing the moth, to a pale green, and later to the yellow of the empty shell."
The rainy and dry season broods have been thus described by Dr. Holland:
"Mr. Good sent me of this brood six perfect specimens, male and female, and several chrysa-
lids which had failed to disclose the imago, and from one of which the figure on Plate 5 is drawn.
Later he sent me three of the second brood, and a chrysalid, which in form is identical with the
chrysalids of the first brood, but smaller. This last sending was accompanied by the following
note:

" 'No. 43: I designate these specimens by the same mark, No. 43, as those which I sent you
in the summer. The chrysalid appears to be identical in form and color, but the moths are very
different in color. If this is the same species, then the larvae bred in the dry season do not pro-
duce as fine moths as those that feed in the latter part of the rainy season. These specimens
emerged October 15, 1888, the rainy season, which is late this year, having just commenced.'

54 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

"Rainy season brood: o* . Not differing materially from the figure and description of Prof.
Westwood. The ground color is a bright yellow, with the darker markings ochraceous rufous.
Expanse 6£ inches.

" 9 . Wings very broad, and not nearly as pointed at apex as in the male. General color
tawny ochraceous, with darker markings deep burnt sienna. Expanse of wings 7-7} inches.

"Dry season brood: The general color of the two sexes is the same, and may be described
as mars brown, with the darker markings of a livid purplish cast.

"Expanse of wings: <? 4f inches; 9 5-5£ inches."

Geographical distribution. — Old Calabar, West Africa, near mouth of the Niger River, and
most of Cameroom; lat. 11° 50'N. (Westwood); Elove, a town 15 miles down the Ogove River
from Kangwe, French Congo, a little south of Cape Lopez (Holland).

GYNANISA Walker.

Gynanisa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1267, 1855.
Gynanisa Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 763].

[The type of the genus is G. maia.]

Imago. — <? and 9 . Head when denuded seen to be broadly triangular, nearly twice as
wide on the vertex as in the labial region; rather broad and square in front. Male antennae
broadly pectinated, plumose, tip (broken off in specimen examined), joints shorter than thick;
pectinations of both pairs equally long, slender and clothed with long dense cilia; those of 9
simple, denticulate, flattened; distal pectinations minute, forming very short teeth. Palpi
stout, broad, and long, extending well beyond the front; third joint fairly distinct, slender, not
so long as second is broad. Thorax and abdomen stout; the pro thoracic collar fairly distinct.

Fore wings of <? rather broad, not falcate, costa somewhat curved toward the apex, the
outer edge neither excurved, nor convex; apex not acute. Hind wings somewhat produced
toward the apex; outer edge of the wings slightly scalloped. Hind wings extending a little
beyond the end of the abdomen.

Venation : Vein II 1 [III t is revised nomenclature] arising a little beyond the middle of
the discal cell, II 3 is present. The common stalk of vein II 2 and II 3 and II 4 also arises at
the outer fourth of the discal cell far within the discal veins; the two latter in fore and hind wings
form a sinuous fine, neither curving outwards, as in Thyella or Salassa, but more as in Nudaurelia
cytherea, and these veins are nearer the base of the wing than in Nudaurelia; vein III 2 is less
detached from III , than in Nudaurelia. Hind wings much as in Nudaurelia, but discal cell is
shorter.

Markings: Ground color dark fawn brown; fore wings crossed by five fines, the two outer
indistinct; an incomplete small triangular black ocellus on the fore wings, containing a large
oblong or subtriangular clear spot. Hind wings with a very large ocellus as in Bunaea. Legs
very thick and densely hairy; fore tibia (when denuded) short, moderately stout, and ending
in two unequal spines; odoriferous sack very large, nearly as long as the tibia itself, lanceolate,
oval, acuminate, the tip sharp, polished, and from it on the outside extends a polished ridge to
the base. Two long unequal spines on third pair of legs.

Genitalia: The suranal plate narrow, forked at the end, or rather with a deep sinus; a
simple pair of claspers, from side view broadly triangular, and from above and beneath long,
narrow, and acute; penis acutely triangular. Genitalia are of the same general type as in Thyella
and Acanthocampa.

Larva. — [Packard,. Psyche, IX (1901), p. 281.] Body thick, armed with singular smooth
sharp spines, which are appressed, grown to the skin, only the rounded or sharp ends rising
up and directed inwards and backwards. The head is unarmed, but on the clypeus anteriorly
is a low conical tubercle (a feature we have never observed in any American or European larva).
Spines smooth, not bearing any setae. Near the spiracles are situated groups of crateriform
warts. The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is forked. The suranal plate is sub-
triangular, with the apex much rounded; and the surface tuberculated; anal legs large, triangular.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 55

The larva is a very remarkable one from the nature of the stout spines, and the forked median
spine on the eighth abdominal segment is a noteworthy feature.

A genus differing from Bunaea in the longer, larger palpi, the nonfalcate, scalloped fore
wings, and the stouter body. The S antenna? are narrower, with shorter teeth. In its vena-
tion and shape of the discal cell it is closely similar to that of Nudaurelia (N. cytherea), and is also
intermediate between that genus and the Asiatic Salassa. In the small clear hemispherical
discal spot of the fore wings it approaches Salassa.

Geographical distribution. — South Africa; Port Natal, Maritzburg, Natal, October 25, 1900.

(Quekett.)

GYNANISA MAIA (Klugi.

Plate XXXVI, fig. 4; CIX, fig. a-c (tivi).

Saturnia maia Klug, Neue Schmett., t. 5, fig. 1, 1S36.

Saturnia isis Westwood, in Duncan's Naturalists' Library, Exotic Moths, XXXII, p. 138, pi. 13, 1841.

Gynanisa isis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1267, 1855.

[Gynanisa maia] Kikby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 763].

[Gynanisa] isis Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 45, 1895.

[Gynanisa] maia Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 45, 1S95.

Imago. — One <$ , two 9 . Head and thorax Vandyke or chestnut brown; two white bands
behind the head, the second one, forming the hinder edge of the collar, the widest one of the
two. Fore wings grizzly chestnut brown, darker on the outer edge, crossed by four distinct
dark-brown hnes, and a fifth less distinct. Basal hne formed of two long scallops, being blackish
edged externally with grayish white, the black widening on the costa, the white toward the dis-
cal spot. The second line is scalloped and either (a small 9 from Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) inter-
rupted by the discal spot, or (in the 6" ) is situated just beyond it, sending a loop or scallop into it,
or in the large Durban 9 (like the one figured in Naturalists' Library) the line is farther out from
the spot. A second parallel similar hne is incurved near the inner edge on vein VII; both lines
widen on the costal and inner edges; beyond are two faint diffuse shades. The discal spot on
the fore wings is small, forming an incomplete ring, heavily black on the inside, then pink; the
outer side black where the extradiscal hne touches the spot, otherwise it (the Durban 9 ) is not
dark, the outer side of the subtriangular clear spot having no border. In the small 9 , however,
the irregular oblong clear spot is almost entirely surrounded by a pinkish oval circle. Outer
edge of both wings slightly scalloped, the interspaces grayish.

Hind wings more scalloped in 9 than in c? , base and outer edge as in the fore wings, but a
large part of the wing is occupied by the very large ocellus, in which, however, the extradiscal
line does not enter. The spot is mostly bright pink, and the basal hne is pink. The center of
the spot is black, inclosing a half-round 0 or lunate partly clear spot, a portion obscured by
dark-brown scales, so that the outline is more or less distinct. This black center is encircled by a
snuff-brown ring, this by a black ring, which is encircled by a very broad raw sienna ring, which
is surrounded by a broad pink (small 9 ) or a brick-red ( c? ), or dark blood-red ring (Durban 9 ),
beyond which is the dark-brown much-curved extradiscal line.

Under side of both wings hoary gray, checkered with brown on the costa and brown on
the outer margin. The middle and extradiscal lines distinct. The discal spot interrupts the
extradiscal line, the clear space as above, but the inner brown side is wider and more distinct.
On the hind wings the discal spot is represented by the brown center and the umber-brown
and the outer narrow dark brown hne alone. No pink scales (small 9 ) ; in the Durban 9 the
umber hne is yellowish, so also in $ .

Expanse of fore wings, S 140 mm.; 9 100-140 mm.

Length of fore wings, S 65 mm.; 9 54-66 mm.

Breadth of fore wings, <S 33 mm.; 9 28-37 mm.

Length of hind wings, <? 48 mm.; 9 35-47 mm.

Breadth of hind wings, 6* 35 mm.; 9 30-35 mm.

Ocellus of fore wing, d 4x4; beneath ( ?), 6 x 4.

Ocellus of hind wing, 3 26 x 26; 9 18-25 x 15-23 mm.

56 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

It seems probable that 6. maia and isis are synonyms, as both species occur in the same
region. Rothschild states that G. isis is only a color aberration of G. maia. My large 9 agrees
well with Westwood's figure in the Naturalists' Library. It is from among the duplicates
received from the British Museum, and agrees with the specimen labeled G. westwoodi Rothschild.

The type of G. isis is in the Dublin Museum, and that species does not occur in the British
Museum. [A later penciled note states that the type of G. isis is in the Oxford Museum, and
from it the following notes were made.] The same as I have; four heavy black lines cross fore
wing; no true ocellus [on fore wing], but a small oval discal spot, edged within with black;
large ocellus on hind wing, black center, brown ring, then a black ring, inclosed by a brown,
end outermost pink broad ring over half an inch across.

Geographical distribution. — Port Natal, Cape, South Africa (Walker in British Museum).

Larva. — (Gynanisa isis). Body cylindrical, thick, a large thick spiny caterpillar. Head
about one-half as thick as the body; surface unarmed, with short minute wrinkles or corruga-
tions; pale olive green; a short black line on each side of the clypeus, the anterior division of
which bears a low conical tubercle, situated each side of a median smooth ridge.

Prothoracic shield distinct, of the usual lunate shape, unarmed, the surface nearly smooth,
only slightly corrugated, and the front edge shining jet black; on the side of the segment
directly in front of the spiracle is a low thick tubercle, and lower down a few simple flattened
pale warts.

Second and third thoracic segments each with two dorsal tubercles, not erect but flattened
and adhering to the skin on the basal two-thirds, they are pointed inward toward each other,
with the ends erect, but rounded, not ending in a spine; those of the third are a little larger
than those on the second segment. A supraspiracular and an infraspiracular smaller minute
tubercle, a continuation of the three rows of similar tubercles on the sides of the abdominal
segments. These two segments are crossed by three irregular rows of irregular flattened pale
tubercles.

On abdominal segments 1 to 7 are six rows of large tubercles (three on each side of the
body) inclined inward and backward toward the median line of the body, and larger than
those on the thoracic segments, each ending in a stout sharp point. The two dorsal spines of
each segment are tipped with black, the small lateral ones not thus tipped. These spines are
all smooth and bear no setae. In the neighborhood of and behind each spiracle is an irregular
group of five to six elongated oval crateriform warts, and two between the dorsal spines on the
first three abdominal segments.

On the eighth abdominal segment is a single median stout short spine, not so long as those
in front, but deeply cleft or forked at the end, each fork acute and diverging from its mate.
Around the base of the spine are about 16 pale flattened circular smooth warts.

Suranal plate subtriangular, apex much rounded, with about a dozen solid thick black
tubercles, each giving rise to a short minute seta; they are mostly collected around the end of
the plate. A lateral reddish line. Thoracic legs stout, pale, black at the sutures between the
joints. Abdominal legs reddish below, dark on the planta. Under side of the body speckled
with fine oval setiferoiis pale warts. Anal legs large, their sides triangular in shape, bright
yellow, the lower edge or plantar region sliming jet black. Spiracles pale sienna brown.

Length 77 mm., thickness 15 mm.

Described from a blown specimen from Natal received from Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

GYNANISA WESTWOODI Rothschild.

Plate CIX, fig. d.
Gynanisa westivoodi RothscMld, Nov. Zool., II, p. 45, 1895.

Imago. — Differs from G. maia (Klug) by its extremely falcated fore wings and dingy color.

"Fore wings much narrowed toward the apex and strongly curved or sickle-shaped,
brownish buff powdered with black and gray scales on the basal half; the transverse line nearest
the base is elbowed, but not zigzag as in maia (Klug). Ocellus diamond-shaped, thus with a

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 57

small vitreous dot near the apex, while in maia (Klug) the ocellus is ovate and with a large
vitreous center. The second transverse black band crossing the fore wings is contiguous to
the ocellus and quite straight, while in maia (Klug) it is zigzag and well away and separate from
the ocellus. The third transverse band is reduced to an almost obliterated hair-like black line,
while in maia (Klug) it is a well-developed double black and white band. Beyond this third
transverse band in wcstwoodi there is a very broad pale buff band three-quarters of an inch
wide, while in maia (Klug) it is barely half so wide and orange buff powdered with black and
having a broad chocolate bar running down the center. Outer margin drab-gray instead of
black brown as in G. maia (Klug).

"Hind wings; these show the same differences from those of 6. maia (Klug) as do the fore
wings, while the pupil of the ocellus is black and twice as large as in G. maia Klug."

"Expanse 6 inches=153 mm."

Geographical distribution. — "Taveta, East Africa."

GYNANISA ETHRA (Westwood).

The male has a short tail, and must represent another genus.

Rothschild reports G. ethra from Maube, W. Africa.

[Sonthonnax (1903) has described other species as G. albescens, G. semialba, and G. gigas.]

LOBOBUNAEA Packard.

Bunaea Hubneb [(in part.)]

Bunaea Rothschild. Novitates Zoologicae, II, 1886.

Bunaea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 751, 1S92.

Lobobunaea Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IX, p. 191, Dec. 1901.

Imago. — Head wider than in Bunaea. Antennae not so wide as in Bunaea, and the end is
subfiliform, with very short pectinations for a distance nearly equal to width of the entire
antenna; joints short and thick, two pairs of pectinations to a joint, and those of the distal
pair are as long as the basal ones. Palpi larger and longer than in Bunaea and the third joint
reaches to the front, passing slightly beyond it. Thorax with a definite collar, the prothoracic
squamation being more distinct than usual. Forelegs long and stout, tibia of <? with a naked,
probably odoriferous, sack, like that present in certain Deltoid moths, on the under side two-
thirds as long as the tibia itself, and the scales separate from it, leaving it naked and easily
seen from beneath. Fore wings large and broad, costa straight on the basal half, but beyond
much curved, so that the wing is falcate; outer edge more deeply excavated than in Bunaea.
Hind wings much more rounded at the apex and inner edge distinctly produced into a rounded
lobe, which projects slightly inward. The hind wings do not reach the end of the abdomen,
having nearly the same relative length as in Bunaea.

Venation : The present genus differs remarkably from Bunaea in vein II 1 (first subcostal)
arising opposite the middle of the discal cell, and within the origin of the common stalk of veins
Mi, III2 (or subcostal branches 5 and 6). In the hind wings the discal cell is shorter and wider
than in Bunaea, and the hind edge of the wing is much more elongated, as also vein VII. There
Are minor differences in the venation, which can only be shown by figures.

Markings: A very small half round transparent discal spot on the fore wings; on those of
the hinder pair a very large ocellus, which is nearly opaque, and larger than in Bunaea. The
discal spots of both wings are representee! beneath by a sort of rosette.

Larva. — Body very thick, segments unusually convex, somewhat as in Telea, Tropaea, and
Aniheraea; the tubercles very much reduced; the median dorsal tubercle low, minute, either
very slightly double (L. phaedusa) or with no trace of its double origin (L. tyrrhena); a pair of
silvery white spots on second abdominal segment (in L. tyrrhena) apparently wanting in L.
phaedusa. Suranal plate short, broad, triangular, with minute granulations.

Penultimate stage. — The median tubercle on eighth abdominal segment slightly divided at
end; a pair of silvery spots on second and third thoracic and also on second and sixth and
seventh abdominal segments. The tubercles and setae more developed than in the last stage.

58 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xu,

This genus is proposed for Bunaea phaedusa (Drury) and may be named Lobobunaea in
allusion to the slight lobe on the inner angle of the hind wings. This well known species inhabits
western and central Africa. Unfortunately I have only a male for examination, but the female
is represented as very similar in form and markings. I regard Bunaea alcinoe (Stoll) (B- caffra
Huebner) as the type of Bunaea.

[Other species have since been added to Lobobunaea, as L. callista Jordan, L. morlandi
Roths., L. phaeax Jordan, and L. weymeri Aurivillius.]

Geographical distribution. — [Africa].

LOBOBUNAEA PHAEDUSA (Drury).

Plate XXXIII, figs. 1-5; XLIV, fig. 3; LXXII, fig. 1.

[Attacus] phaedusa Drury, Illustrations of Natural Hist., 1780, Westwood's Edit., PI. XXIV.

Bunaea phaedusa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1229, No. 3, 1885.

Bunaea thompsoni Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 19.

Antheraea laestrygon Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) VII, p. CLXXX, 1877.

Bunaea laestrygon Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 753, 1892.

Imago. — One <? . Body and wings fawn-colored. Fore wings with an oblique not wavy
extradiscal dark line, situated about halfway between the discal spot and the outer edge of
the whig, and ending on the costa before the apex. A middle diffuse line inclosing the discal
spot, and a dislocated basal line, the three lines nearly equidistant. A faint bluish oval apical
spot. Hind wings with a very large ocellus comprising a large central black field with a whitish
minute suboval center, the black encircled by a broad light orange-red circle, this by a pink
ring of the same width, and this by an outer irregular diffuse Indian red circle; on the under side
of fore wing the discal spot is represented by a round fawn-colored spot, and that of the hind
wings by a 4-lobed dark fawn spot.

Expanse of fore wings, S ISO mm.
Length of fore wing, S 98 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, $ 50 mm.
Ocellus of hind wing, 26 by 22 mm.

Geographical distribution. — [West Africa.]

Egg. — Finely and regularly reticulated, measuring 3 mm. in length and 2.25 mm. in width.
The color is dirty white, banded longitudinally with brown. Laid early in May, in clusters on
the under surface of a leaf. [Beutenmiiller, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IX (1901), p. 193.]

Larva. — Length, 92 mm. ; thickness 23 mm.

The general shape of the larva is almost exactly as described in L. tyrrhena, only differing
in slight details. Head and prothoracic plate the same. (In the formalin specimen before me
the head and body is darker than in L. tyrrhena, but this may be due to state of preservation
or the time the larva was killed.) The front edge of the prothoracic plate is a little thicker, and
the surface of the plate has scattered minute setiferous tubercles, the setae minute and very
short. The thickness of the body and the swollen convex body-segments are the same in both
species, entirely justifying the foundation of the genus.

It differs from L. tyrrhena in the tubercles being more prominent, and it has retained minute
tubercles, with vestiges of the warts or tuberculets on the second and third thoracic and the
abdominal segments; these being absent in L. tyrrhena of the last stage, but present in that next
to the last.

The dorsal tubercles are minute, flattened, smooth, and show traces of a central and five
peripheral warts, though the setae themselves are wanting. Those of the abdomen are conical
and vary a little in shape, some showing vestiges of one or two warts; those of the supraspiracular
and infraspiracular series are minute, conical. The median tubercles on the eighth abdominal
segment are small, but double, ending in two separate darker minute eminences, whereas in L.
tyrrhena the original two are entirely fused, the single tubercle showing no traces of its double
origin, and it is half way between this and the penultimate stage of L. tyrrhena, in which they
are distinctlv seen to be double.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA -PACKARD. 59

Suranal plate a little narrower triangular than in L. tyrrhena and similarly granulated, but
the granulations are a little coarser, more numerous and crowded; so with those on the outer
edge of the anal legs. L. phaedusa has also lost the conspicuous metallic silver spot on the
second abdominal segment of L. tyrrhena, and the supraspiracular conical tubercle is present,
though absent in L. tyrrhena. Thoracic legs a little larger and longer, no white on the pro-
thoracic plate in front. There are scattered dark dots over the body above and on the sides.
The lateral line is distinct but not yellow. It thus appears that the present species is phylo-
genetically the older, more primitive form of the genus. Loaned by American Museum of
Natural History, Schaus collection.

[The larva is figured by Beutenmuller in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IX (1901), p. 194.]
Pupa. — Large and robust, with a curved ridge on the anterior part of the thorax. The
anal process is long, compressed at the base above and below. The anal segment has two
oblong apertures above. [Beutenmuller Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IX (1901), p. 194, and figure

on p. 193.]

LOBOBUNAEA TYRRHENA (Westwood).

Plate XXXIII, figs. 6, 7.

Saturnia tyrrhena Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 51, PI. VIII, fig. 1.

Bunaea tyrrhena Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1229, 1855.

Bunaea tyrrhena Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 752, 1892.

Bunaea tyrrhena Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 39, 1895.

Bunaea tyrrhena Sonthonnax, Annales Labr. d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 36, PI. XVIII, fig. 2.

Bunaea catochra Karsch. [This is considered a subspecies by Rothschild.]

Imago. — One S , one ?. Antennas of <f widely pectinated; 16 joints with long normal
branches and the filiform tip consists of 12 joints, with 9 pairs of vestigial pectinations developed
on one side only, and the terminal ones a little longer than the first ones, none of them ciliated,
while the normal ones are densely so.

Wings of nearly the same shape as in L. phaedusa. The <? is soft reddish salmon-brown,
especially on the hind wings; fore wings crossed by three lines; the basal one very zigzag, with
four sharp points directed inward; those on the subcostal (II) and median (III-IV) veins the
largest; the line inside dull salmon to the base, but grizzly towards the costa. Extradiscal line
dusky, situated just beyond the small triangular clear discal spot, and consisting of about 8
scallops, the largest and most distinct of which lies in the submedian cell. About halfway
between this and the outer edge is a deeply scalloped line of about nine scallops, these and the
sinuses between these rounded. Middle of the wing dusky salmon-brown, beyond salmon
color; beyond the third line dull salmon; the edge of the wing clear and somewhat hoary.

Hind wings somewhat hoary near and at the margin; within reddish dull salmon, beginning
on the inner edge of the basal line and on the second line which fades out before reaching the
discal spot. Extradiscal line divided into six or seven scallops, not reaching the costal region.
Discal spot large, round, black, paler around the triangular clear center (8 by 8 mm.). On the
under side of each wing is a very large group of four to five unequal irregular brown discal spots;
general hue of the wings very light salmon fawn color; the two outer lines imperfectly reproduced.
Apex brown, and the fringe brown interrupted by the veins. Head, breast, and legs brown.

The 9 differs much in coloration, being uniformly reddish brown on both wings; the three
lines distinct, the middle one touching the discal spot, which is nearly as large as in Bunaea
alcinoe, but not so wide, not produced inwards or outwards, not so long as wide. Discal spot
of the hind wings with the triangular center larger and equilaterally triangular. Underside
darker than in 9 and hoary salmon, and a rather large triangular clear spot in the center of the
brown patch in the wings of both pairs.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 126 mm.; 9 128 mm.

Length of one fore wing, cf 55 mm. ; 9 58 mm.

Breadth of one fore wing, <? 31 mm.; 9 30 mm.

Length of one hind wing, <j 40 mm.; 9 40 mm.

Breadth of one hind wing, <$ 30 mm.; 9 31 mm.

60 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Larva. — Stage before the last: Length 60 mm.; thickness of body 15 mm., width of head
6 mm. Body thick, beneath broad and flat; the segments unusually convex and the sutures
wide and deep, with conical tubercles on top of the swollen segments and the transverse ridges
surmounting them. Head not quite half as wide as the body in the middle, not very large,
though much as in G. maia; it is nearly as wide as the prothoracic plate, which is not quite
half as wide as the third thoracic segment, the surface finely granulated, pale green. Pro-
thoracic plate small, the surface smooth, subrugose, except on the front edge where there are
four rounded conical yellowish tubercles, the two on each side of the median line close together.

The shape, color, and arrangement of the tubercles are much as in Gynanisa maia, but
they are very much shorter, conical, not much higher than they are broad at the base; the
dorsal tubercles of the same size on all the segments, thoracic (first excepted) and abdominal;
they are white and conspicuous; only the tubercles of the two dorsal rows are developed and
these crown the large fleshy prominences, which give the larva a Telea or Antheraea appearance;
on the crown of the tubercles are two warts (rarely three) which however do not bear setae.

The second thoracic segment with two long conspicuous pearly silvery transverse slashes of
equal size on each side, the upper one ending on the dorsal tubercle, the lower one ending on
the minute supraspiracular tubercle; third thoracic segment without the pearly silvery spots,
only the minute tubercle remaining. The second, sixth, and seventh abdominal segments are
marked with conspicuous silvery pearly spots like the thoracic ones, there being four of them
on the upper surface of each segment named; on abdominal segments 1,3, and 5 the pearly
areas are wanting; these spots are directed obliquely backwards.

The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is formed of two twin rounded low
conical tubercles, the valley between them being shallow; the tubercles are old ivory color, not
being half as high as in Gynanisa. On this segment there are no silvery spots, and the supra-
spiracular tubercles are much reduced, minute. On the ninth segment the two dorsal tuber-
cles are close together, but either one of them is considerably larger than the median dorsal one
on the segment preceding, and the base is silvery pearl color.

Suranal plate small, short, not half as long as wide, the tip conical and slightly forked; it is
old ivory or yellowish white; the surface with four large conical tubercles, two near the middle
and one (the larger) on each side, and among them are about 15 much smaller copal-red tuber-
cles or warts. Spiracles yellowish.

The tubercles of the infraspiracular row are minute, conical, whitish; below this row and
on the under side are thickly scattered minute white warts, with a pit in the center, but no seta.
Body unusually free from small hairs, all being atrophied.

Anal legs green, a whitish triangular area on the side, the edge along the planta reddish
copal yellow. Thoracic feet small, short, yellowish green; abdominal legs (of middle pairs)
dark green, short, with a semicircle of greenish setae.

The larva in this stage is evidently related to Gynanisa, but the tubercles are much more
reduced, especially those of the supraspiracular row; it thus appears that Gynanisa is the
more primitive or stem form, and Lobobunaea probably evolved from a common ancestor of
the two genera.

Last stage: Length 80 mm.; greatest thickness of body about 19 mm.; width of head
7£ mm.

Of the same shape and nearly as large as the larva of L. phaedusa. Body unusually thick
but not so Telea-like as in the previous stage, since the segments are a little less convex, and
the convexity on the dorsal side is not added to by the conical tubercles. Head not half so
wide as the second segment, and scarcely more than half as wide as the entire prothoracic
segment; color green. Prothoracic plate smooth with slight transverse rugose lines; the front
edge a little thickened, white on the side, but with no traces of the four tubercles of the -previous
stage, unless one mark or indication of one on one side.

The two dorsal tubercles on the second and third thoracic segments now reduced to two
darlc-brown spots, the skin under them scarsely raised, and no signs of a seta can be detected,
while there are no traces of the silvery marks of the previous stage. No traces of tubercles on the

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 61

abdominal segments, except the slight median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment, but
on the second abdominal segment in place of the dorsal tubercles is a large conspicuous oblique
silvery pearly spot 3 \ mm. in length and between \ and $ as wide as long, the only mark the larva
in this stage hears.

The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is a low dark reddish spot, not a
tubercle, and with no signs of its double origin, and situated on a low flattened rounded eminence.
It is there seen to be more extremely modified than that of L. phaedusa, which in the last stage
still retains indications of its double origin.

No traces of supraspiracular tubercles over the whole body. No fine or coarse setae or
hairs; no white fungoid warts anywhere on the segments above or beneath.

Suranal plate distinctly triangular, larger than in the previous stage, the end subacute,
but not submucronate ; the surface rough and the edge thickened, with somewhat crowded
granulations — i. e., fine conical warts or tuberculets — which are not, however, setiferous; com-
pared with L. phaedusa the tubercles on the suranal plate are much smaller.

Under side of the edge ivory white. Anal legs entirely green, the middle abdominal legs
dark green, thoracic legs very short, rather small and yellowish green. Spiracles brownish.
Lateral or plural line full, swollen, the edge whitish and connected with the white line on the
prothoracic segment.

This larva, hi its final stage, in the armature shows some resemblance to Gynanisa, but has
undergone great reduction in the tubercles, seta?, and the silvery white marks. It is more
extremely modified or specialized than the larva of L. phaedusa, in which the setae are still
present, though stout and minute. It has retained a single pair of the conspicuous silvery
white spots, which appears to be wanting in the single preserved (alcoholic) larva of L. phaedusa,
while all trace of the double origin of the median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is
lost.

The larva is evidently, like those of Telea, Tropaea, and Anthcraea, which are sluggish,
green, and have very convex segments, protected from observation, so much so that the arma-
ture is of no advantage and is consequently discarded through disuse.

Although the genus Lobohunaea was proposed for but a single species, what we now know
of the early stages of the present species amply justifies the separation of this group of forms
from Bunaea; the larva being so entirely different and so greatly modified compared with
those of Bunaea caffraria and alcinoe.

Described from an individual in each stage kindly loaned by Lieut. Col. J. M. Fawcett.

Food plants. — Celtis Icraussiana Bernh., and Albizzia fastigiata Oliver, flat crown (Fawcett).

SALASSA Moore.

Saturnia Westwood, Cabinet Oriental Entomology, p. 25, pi. 12, fig. 3.
Antheraea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1252, 1855.
Salassa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 246.
Salassa Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 762].

Imago. — Head prominent between the eyes, which are moderately large; the front narrow,
and the dense scales on it project out far beyond the eyes, the squamation being more erect
and stiffer than in Bunaea. Male antennae long, bipectinated to the extreme tip (those of
Bunaea being filiform), not so wide and plumose as in Gynanisa and Bunaea; joints long and
slender; basal pectinations not so long as in Gynanisa and Bunaea or so finely and densely
ciliated; bearing two long stiff fine setae at the end; distal pectinations very short, about
one-third as long as the basal ones, and the outer ones very slightly if any longer than the
inner ones, and also armed with two or three long stiff slender setae. No signs of maxillae.
Palpi large, and stout, extending beyond the front; third joint distinct, quite free from the
second, rounded, button-like, as long as thick; the palpi are much longer, and the third joint
is larger, more distinct, than in Gynanisa or Bunaea caffraria.

Fore wings not so falcate as in Bunaea, much more acute at apex than in Gynanisa,
costa straight, becoming curved toward the apex, which is sharp; outer edge oblique, but not
excavated, the edge being straight, not sinuous.

62 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Hind wings much as in Bunaea caffraria, the inner angle a little rounded, but not produced
into a slight lobe as it is in that genus; the outer edge is regularly curved. The abdomen
extends to the outer third of the inner edge of the hind wings, i. e., to the extradiscal line. Legs
rather short and stout.

Venation: Vein I\ originates nearer the base of the wing than usual, in the middle of
the discal cell, and much farther inward from the origin of the stalk of II3 and II4 than in Gy-
nanisa; the discal cell is shorter than in Gynanisa and the line formed by the two discal veins
is much incurved and makes two decided angles both in the fore and hind wings. Vein II2
is obsolete, only a minute spur left, which does not reach the costa. The venation in other
respects is much as in Gynanisa. The veins of both wings are unusually slender and small.

Markings : Ground color reddish fawn, with not very distinct lines ; discal spots of remark-
able shape, in the more specialized species S. megastica, that of the fore wings is semioval, the
outer side deeply excavated, leaving a large comma-like transparent spot, the tail of the comma
directed toward the costa, or a simple quadrangular transparent spot; no deep orange circle
around that of the fore wing, but that of the hind wing is more specialized, with different-colored
rings, white, red, and black around it. Legs long and slender, fore legs unusually long and
slender, hairs short, with no tibial spurs; odoriferous sack about half as long as the tibia,
rather blunt at the end, swollen in the middle, or cultriform.

Geographical distribution. — [Asiatic] .

[Larva not described. The cocoon consists of leaves and bits of wood spun together. —
K. Jordan].

In its venation this genus is as nearly allied to Gynanisa as to any other African genus of
the family, though the shape of the discal cell is different owing to the curved and angulated
line formed by the discal veins. The discal spots of both wings are very remarkable in shape.
That it is a highly specialized genus is also seen by the obsolescence of vein II2. Of the two
species S. megastica is more specialized and extreme than S. tola, which has a normal ocellus
on the hind wings.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Discal spot of the fore wings very small, 4-angled ; no ring S. lola.

Discal spot of fore wings a much larger, transparent, comma-like mark; a larger species', an orange red ring.

S. megastica.
[Fore wings in both sexes with a large round or oval vitreous spot 5. royi.]

[Rothschild (Nov. Zool., II, 1893) lists the species of Salassa as follows:]

1. S. lola (Westw.) [Silhet].

2. S. thespis (Leech) [Ichang], ab. megastica (Swinh).

3. S. olivacea (Obcrth.) [Manchuria].

4. S. royi (Elwes) [Sikkim].

[The last three appear in Kirby's Catalogue under Rhodia. In 1910 Jordan added S.
mesosa from Assam and S. iris from Sikkim. Jordan has recently (Seitz, Macrolep. of the
World) recorded S. olivacea from Ta-tsien-lu, West China; it has the thorax and ground color
of wings brownish yellow with a greenish tinge.]

SALASSA LOLA iWestwood).

Saturnia lola Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entomology, p. 25, tab. 12, fig. 3, 1848.

Salassa lola Mooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 246.

Salassa lola Preiss, Abbild. Nachtschmett. p. 4, tab. 3, fig. 2, 1888.

Salassa lola Kibby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 762, 1892.

Imago. — One 3 . Structure and shape of the body and wings as in S. megastica. It is a
smaller species, the outline of the wings exactly as in the other species. The abdomen is dusky.
Fore wings with the same hue as in S. megastica, but the lines and markings are quite different.
Basal line dusky and not so much curved as in S. megastica and situated nearer the discal spot.
The latter is small, a simple small quadrangular opake spot, though with no scales on it, it is
curved on the inside and at each end provided with a projection, with a third projection on
the outside; it is not surrounded by any ring or scales of any color except a few dark incon-

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 63

spicuous ones on the edge. Extradiscal line not scalloped, but composed of a series of light
fawn-colored linear spots almost crescentiform in shape. Beyond is a broad diffuse dusky
shade, with the edges indistinct and irregularly scalloped.

Hind wings much as in S. megastica, but the discal spot is a true ocellus, the naked though
not transparent irregularly oval center situated in a black field encircled by a rather broad
white line, and this by a deep Venetian red ring, outside of which is a clear fawn area, becoming
widest toward the costa, the whole enveloped in a heavy wide black ring forming a contin-
uation of the extradiscal line, which is composed of sublimate linear fawn spots. Two outer
dusky indistinct lines.

Under side of both wings deep fawn brown inside of the common extradiscal line composed
of elongated white lunules; beyond paler, more reddish brown, and the edge of the wing darker,
the boundary line between these two shades being zigzag. Discal spot of fore wing as above ;
that of the fore wings a simple small naked spot, irregularly oval, and not quite so large as that
on the fore wing.

Expanse of fore wings, <s 105 mm.

Length of fore wing, tf 53 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, s 27 mm.

Length of hind wing, a 35 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <? 30 mm.

Discal spot of fore wing, 3 by 2 mm.

Discal spot of hind whig, outside measurement including the black ring, 16 by 12 mm.
Geographical distribution. — [Silhet].

SALASSA (?) THESPIS Leech.

Plate XXXV, fig. 2.

[Antherxa] thespis Leech [Entom., XXIII (1890), p. 112].
Salassa megastica Swinhoe.

Imago. — d1 (?). Head, femora, thorax, abdomen, and wings deep orange red, thorax a
little redder than the abdomen ; antennae black brown.

Fore wings deep reddish orange, with darker scales and darker toward the outer edge ; a
basal regularly curved broad diffuse frosty gray line nearer the base of the wing than the discal
spot. Extradiscal line parallel with the outer edge of the wing, scalloped; it is situated much
nearer the discal spot than the edge of the whig. Discal spot comma-like, with a pale fine
whitish blue line around it, which is interrupted on the outer side, and which is filled in with
dark-brown. A triangular frosty white apical spot. A broad dusky brown submarginal
shade, with the edges scalloped.

Hind wings with a discal spot similar to that on the fore wings but larger, rounder, and
the pale bluish white line is more complete. This ring is edged with black, and the spot is
encircled by a broad deep orange red ring, beyond which is a broad blackish circle, obsolete
on the hinder side, very wide and heavy on the costal side, where it is lined externally with
white; this outer ring is a continuation of the extradiscal line. Between this and the outer
edge of the wing are two dark reddish shades, the outer a narrower zigzag line, losing its zigzag
character toward -the costa.

The under side of the wings of both pahs is more uniformly chestnut in color and frosted
over with white scales. The discal spots have a singular pale greenish glazed tint, with no rings
around them. The extradiscal line is common to both wings, that of the fore wings straight,
that of the hind wings much curved, ending at the middle of the costal edge, but not reaching
the costa.

Expanse of the fore wings, 145 mm.

Length of fore wing, 72 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 37 mm.

Length of hind wing, 47 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 42 mm.

Discal ocellus of fore wing, outside, 6.5 by 5 mm. ; of hind wings, 13 by 10 mm.

64 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

A remarkable species, as its discal spots are so highly specialized and so different from
those of its ally, S. lola.

Rothschild states S. megastica is only a variety of S. thespis.

[A penciled note is added by Dr. Packard at the top of the sheet, stating that this species
is not a Salassa.]

Geographical distribution. — Cherra pungi, Assam, (Ernest Swinhoe) .

MELANOCERA Sonthonnax.

Plate XXXVII (M. menippe); CVII, figs, c-e,

Saturnia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 43.

Antheraea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V, p. 1243, 1855.

Antheraea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 758, 1892.

Nudaurelia Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicse, II, p. 43, 1895.

Melanocera Sonthonnax, Annales Laboratorie d'Etude de la Soie, X, p. 58, 1901.

Imago. — One o" , one 9 . Head moderately prominent; front moderately wide and square,
the sides parallel, the labial region broad, and the surface full and convex ; the vestiture rather
closely cropped. Eyes moderately large. Antennae widely pectinated to the tip, not sub-
plumose; the branches being stiff, curved, but not ciliated as in Nudaurelia; in 9 pectinated,
the branches longer than usual; joints over 40 in number (Sonthonnax). Palpi rather broad,
reaching to but not passing beyond the front; the hairs long and irregular in length, those of
the third joint not distinct from the second. Maxillae not visible. Thorax and body stout,
the vestiture of the former rather long and shaggy, but of the abdomen short and close.

Fore wings, broad, not falcate as in Bunaea, but more as in Nudaurelia, though less sub-
falcate and subacute; costa slightly arched toward the apex, which is somewhat rectangular;
outer edge slightly convex. Hind wings full and rounded on the outer edge; apex and inner
edge full and rounded.

Venation: Differing from that of Nudaurelia (N. cyiherea) in the first subcostal vein (ILJ
being short and arising far beyond that of III! ; the discal cell is much shorter than in Nudaurelia
cyiherea, the discocellulars being within the middle of the wing; thai of the hind wing much
as in Nudaurelia.

Markings: Ground color reddish crimson, with white basal and extradiscal lines; ocelli
in wings of both pairs large, a large black center encircled with white, the center with no clear
spot. A white band on the collar.

This genus may be recognized by the widely and stiffly pectinated black antennae; the
branches extending to the tip, and not ciliated as they are in Nudaurelia, and those of the ?
well pectinated to the tip. The third palpal joint is not distinct, but nearly concealed by the
hairs of the end of the second joint. The fore wings are not even subfalcate; the apex is
squarish, the outer edge a little convex; the hind wings are full and rounded; both the apex
and inner angle rounded. It differs from Nudaurelia hi the 6" antennae not being subplumose;
those of the 9 being well pectinated, while the wings differ in shape as already stated. The
genus is evidently an offshoot of and nearly related to Nudaurelia.

The characters given by Sonthonnax are simply (except the antennal ones) based on the
markings, the ocelli and liues, and are necessarily superficial; the differences in the venation
of the fore wings being very marked, though only one 9 was examined. Sonthonnax enumer-
ates three species, of none of which the larva is known.

The antennae of the 9 I have examined are broken off, leading, however, two or three basal
joints, with rather long branches. Sonthonnax's figure of M. sufferti 9 is figured with branches
but a little shorter than in the male, and extending to the tip.

Geographical distribution. — Southern and central Africa, including the upper Congo region.
The commonest species (menippe) occurs in Natal and the Transvaal; M. sufferti at Lake
Victoria Nyanza and Lake Tanganika, while M. nereis inhabits the upper Congo region.

[The type of the genus is M. menippe (Westwood). Rothschild has described a subsp.
umosa of menippe from East Africa. At. parva Rothschild, 1907 (Nov. Zool. 1908, PI. IX,
fig. 8), is from Angola. Wichgraf in 1911 published M. menippe ab. habenichti and ab. transiens.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD, 65

AURIVILLIUS Packard.

[Aurivillius Packard, Journ N. Y. Ent. Society, X (1902), p. 104.]
[Euaurivillius Packard, t. c, p. 105.]

AURIVILLIUS ARATUS (Westwood).

Saturnia arala Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc London, March 27, 1849, p. 41, PI. VII, fig. 2.

Antheraea arata Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1240, No. 1, 1855.

Antheraea arata Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage zu Schmett., IV, fig. 59, 1881.

Antheraea arata Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 757, 1892.

Nudaurelia arata Rothschild, Novitatea Zoologicae, II, p. 43, 1895 and ab. tormfusca.

Nudaurelia arata Sonthonnax, Annales des Laboratoire d'Etudes de la Soie, X, p. 23, 1901.

Imago. — One s . Ground color of the body and wings ocher- yellow ; collar, breast, and
all the legs sable brown. Head at base of the antennae white; tegulse white, thorax and
abdomen yellow.

Fore wings with six cross lines; yellow with a broad diffuse pink shade, beyond which is
a narrow four-scalloped brown line most distinct hi the discal space; a doubly scalloped narrow
dark line just beyond the discal spot, each scallop divided into sharp secondary ones. About
half way between the discal spot and edge of the wing is a fine dark brown line, not scalloped,
and paradel with the outer edge. The outer margin of the wing is broadly lined with dull
lilac and incloses a yellow seven-scalloped line, the points of the scallops thicker, and the apex
of the wing yellow.

The discal spot about one-third as large as that on the hind wings, roundish oval, the
center clear, crescentiform, minute, edged externally with black scales; the outer portion of
the spot pale reddish, encircled with deeper red.

Hind wings yellow, the yellow and dark lines nearly repeating those of the fore wings.
Discal spot large, reddish, the center black, not clear, D-shaped; a lilac circle between the
inner paler red and the outer deep venetian-red circle.

The extradiscal line is narrow and nine-scalloped; the scallops largest and most marked
toward the inner edge. Between the discal spot and the inner edge are two unequally zigzag
brown lines.

Beneath, the wings are as above, though of a faded hue, and the lines fainter. Discal
spot of fore wings about half as large as above and nearly as large as the discal spot of the
wings of the hinder pair, the latter being centered by a short black line.
Expanse of the fore wings, <? 130 mm.
Length of a fore whig, s 60 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, s 34 mm.
Length of a hind wing, s 40 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, J 32 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Nearly the entire Ethiopian realm. Westwood gives the
following localities: Ashantee, Sierra Leone, and Port Natal. The specimen from which my
description was drawn up was sent me by Mr. J. T. Queckett from Durban, Natal, the moth
having appeared in November, 1901.

Mr. Rothschild gives the name fusca to an aberrant specimen from Natal which has the
ground color reddish chestnut instead of yellow. He adds: "Sierra Leone specimens of the
female are much brighter, and the patterns are more distinct than Natal specimens, while
Sierra Leone males are paler in color and the markings more restricted."

Subfamily 4. Cyetogonin^; Packard. [Micragonin-e.]
[Cyrtogoniinse Packard, Psyche, February, 1902, p. 306.]

[The original diagnosis is as follows:]

Antennae of <? with a single pair of pectinations to a joint, in venation differing from that
of the other groups, in veins IIU H2, and II4 [HI., etc., in revised nomenclature] of the fore
wings all originating at nearly the same point, quite far beyond the outer end of the discal
83570°— 14 5

66 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

cell. This is an entirely provisional group (perhaps an offshoot from the Bunaeinas), as my
material is imperfect, and we know nothing of the transformations of the single genus Cyrtogone.
[The larva is now known.]

[The following fuller account was left in manuscript:]

Body stout; head of moderate size, fairly prominent; front rather wide, narrowing a
little toward the labral or oral region; eyes rather large; antennae of male bipectinated, in
form like those of SpJiingicampa, with about 20 joints with 2 pairs of densely ciliated branches;
in female a single pair of stout pectinations; the terminal fourth of the antennas filiform; palpi
thick, stout, obtuse at the end; maxillae, fairly well developed, very slender, separate, but if
unrolled they would be nearly as long as the palpi, i. e., would reach nearly to their tip. Fore
wings broad, falcate; the costa suddenly bent back near the apex, which is broad and squarish;
outer edge rather deeply excavated; inner angle rounded. Hind wings broad and short, apex
short, rounded; outer edge irregularly scalloped; in the female the inner angle reaches to the
end of the abdomen. The sexes much alike, varying hi distinctness, the shape of the male
wings differing from those of the female in being deeply excavated on outer edge. There are
11 veins in the fore wings and 8 in the posterior ones; the venation differs from that of other
groups in that veins II,, II2, and IL, [=111,, etc.] of the fore wings all originate at or near the
same point, quite far beyond the outer end of the discal cell; vein III2 not independent, i. e.,
not detached. (For further details see the characters of the genus.)

While the markings are irregular mottlings, there being no discal ocelli or spots, there is a
broken, more or less distinct basal and extradiscal line, the latter tending to become obsolete.

This moth was originally referred to Saturnia by Westwood, and though afterwards assigned
a position in the Pinaridae by Kirby, it does not seem to have any true affinity with that family.
The group is apparently an offshoot from the Bunaeinae, judging by the venation, the shape of
the head, and the development of the palpi and maxillae, and the present position assigned to this
most interesting genus must be regarded as purely tentative and provisional. It is a very
specialized group, apparently preserved by its mimicry of dead leaves. Eggs taken from the
abdomen are large, round, spherical, like those of Saturnians.

Geographical distribution. — Restricted to the Ethiopian realm, one species confined to
Sierra Leone, and the other inhabiting southern Africa.

[Cyrtogone being a synonym of Micragone, the subfamily must take the name Micragoninae.
The species are actually rather numerous. Sir G. F. Hampson writes (litt. May 13, 1912):
" Cyrtogone herilla is certainly the same genus as Micragone agathylla. We have seven species
under Cyrtogone, several undescribed."]

MICRAGONE Walker.

Saturnia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 57.
Micragone Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1342, 1855.
Cyrtogone Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1343, 1855.

Imago. — ? . Head of moderate size, indeed rather small, f airly prominent ; eyes moderate
in size. The front of the head is rather wide, full, and convex, the vestiture rather close.
Antennae of s bipectinated much as in SpJiingicampa; rather broadly branched, about 20 sets
of branches which are even in length on each joint. Antennae of ? with long, well developed
thick pectinations on the basal two-thirds, densely ciliated; tip filiform, composed of about 12
joints, with fine short slender pectinations, the distal third thick, with a pair of short minute
setae representing the pectinations. Only a single pair of pectinations to a joint; the joints
themselves are a little longer than wide in the middle. Palpi thick and short, blunt, not
extending to the front of the head; third joint minute, not distinguishable, conical, very small
(Walker) . ' ' Proboscis extremely short and feeble ' ' (Walker) . In M. cana the maxillae separate,
minute, not reaching beyond the middle of the palpi. Thorax in shape much as in SpJiingi-
campa, being high and full, overhanging the head.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 67

Fore wings of the 6* narrow and falcate; those of the. $ wider; in ? the costa is straight
on the basal two-thirds, bent backward in a peculiar way on the outer third; the apex much
arched, broad and squarish, and the outer edge below is rather deeply excavated, and in C.
JieriUa scalloped or denticulated, giving it a frayed or ragged appearance, but in C. nenia they are
entire. .

Hind wings short and broad ; the apex rounded ; the outer edge full and convex; the inner
angle slightly produced, reaching to the end of the 9 abdomen.

Venation: Remarkable from the fact that veins II1? II2, and II4 all originate at {M.
heriUa) the, or near the same point, quite far beyond the discal cell, and also beyond the middle
of the wing; veins 11^ and III2 arise from a common stalk quite far beyond the discal veins;
each discal vein situated at about the middle of the wing, points inward, the upper one partly
obsolete; hind wings approaching type of Urota; origin of vein II within the middle of the
discal vein and near the base of the wing, and quite remote from origin of vein IIIj ; discal veins
together forming an obbque line directed outward and a little incurved.

Genital armature : Suranal plate triangular, ending in a very long slender spine bent down
at right angles (M. nenia) or short and incurved (M. heritta), claspers oval, large and spreading,
sternite produced and spiny ( M. nenia) ; penis long, cylindrical.

Legs moderately long and thick, with vestiture long; fore tibial scent appendages (nar-
theca) minute, much smaller than usual, about one-fourth as long as the tibia, thick, triquetal,
oval, lanceolate, tip not very sharp.

Markings: The ground color is a singular fawn-brown, mimetic of the hue of a dead leaf.
No definite lines except obscure one in fore wings of M. nenia o* or traces of discal spots ; the
base of the hind wings to the middle pale yellowish.

This is an extremely specialized form with moderately long but very slender maxillas. It
will probably be found to be remarkably mimetic of a dead leaf. By Walker the genus was
placed near Molippa sabina and by Kirby in the Pinaridas. The venation of the fore wings is
unique, but that of the hind wings is of the type of Urota.

Geographical distribution. — The genus is confined to the African continent, M. JieriUa occur-
ring at Sierra Leone and M. nenia at Cape Palmos and Sierra Leone, M. agathyUa to Congo,
M. lichenoides to Ogove, while M. cana inhabits the Delagoa Bay region.

Larva. — Body heavily armed with long stout sharp smooth spines; the dorsal thoracic and
median spines on eighth urite a little longer and larger than the others on urites 1 to 7; the
median spine on the eighth urite twice as thick as the others and deeply divided a quarter of its
length; prothoracic collar unarmed; suranal plate unarmed; skin black, with two rows of
flattened white rosette like warts; others collected about the spiracles.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Fore wings in female not excavated [ Micragone]:

Chestnut and red; male pink on costal edge of hind wings; male and female with two black-brown lines on fore

wings, and bind wings with a large whitish patch M. nenia.

Pale ochreous; lines wanting; costal region beneath pinkish; size small M. cana.

Fore wings olive gray, striated with green-gray; black basal line; outer angle and apical third Vandyke brown,

with intricate black zigzag submarginal lines M. lichenoides.

Fore wings subfalcate; hind wings denticulated; reddish buff; hind wings on costal edge pink above; traces of

an outer black line on fore wings M. agathylla [type of Micragone].

Fore wings in female excavated [Cyrtogone]:

Wings mottled with chestnut; no definite lines; female with a large central cream patch on hind wings; size

large ' M. herilla.

[M. lichenoides (Holland), from West Africa, was described in Psyche VI (1893), p. 533.
M. ansorgei {Cyrtogone ansorgei Rothschdd), from Angola, was described in Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 1907, and figured in Nov. Zool. 1908, PL IX, f. 7.]

68 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

MICRAGONE HERHXA (Westwood).

Plates XXXIII, fig. 8; CXI, figs, h, i.

[Satvnia herilla Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1849, p. 57, pi. 11, fig. 3.]
Cyrtogone herilla Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1344, 1855.
[Cyrtogone herilla Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 856.]

Imago. — One e? , one $. Palpi stout, reaching to front. Antennae with 16 joints, each
bearing two sets of pectinations, which are thick, densely ciliated, the distal ones nearly as long
as those of the basal pair; the tip long filiform, consisting of about 15 joints, and slightly
ciliated, with no vestigial pectinations.

Fore wings somewhat like those of Smerinthus, long and narrow, the costa straight on the
basal two-thirds, then suddenly bent backwards to the square, scalloped apex; outer edge
deeply excavated, and with about seven scallops; the inner edge long, remarkably straight.
Hind wings with the costa convex, the apex rounded and scalloped behind; outer edge moder-
ately convex, with about eight scallops, the two in the middle largest, and the inner angle
produced into the longest point of all. The hind wings reach nearly to the tip of the abdomen.

Body and wings of a rich velvety lilac-brown, or color of a dead dry leaf, with no definite
lines or spots, but many (about 12) irregular subparallel rich brown lines, which are more or
less broken, and are most marked on the costal and inner edges of the wing. No discal spot.
Around the sinus of the outer edge of fore wing is dark brown like a dark withered leaf. Hind
wings pink at base, with many very irregular faint lines; the outer edge dark, as in the fore
wings. The marks on the inner edge are distinct.

Under side of the fore wings of a deep rich pink along the inner margin of the wing, other-
wise both wings are much as above, though the lines and their broken fragments are more
marked and heavier. There is no large conspicuous pale yellowish spot on the fore wings as
in the 9 .

One 9 . Head and body uniformly reddish fawn or chestnut brown, or brown pink of
artists, and the wings are of the same color, often becoming Vandyke brown mottled with
sienna brown and pale ochre yellow. They are crossed by irregular strigae and variously
dotted and spotted. Fore wings with a dark diffuse basal line, which is irregular, curved out-
ward on the costa; beyond it the wing is lighter. The outer hah of the wing is uniformly fawn-
brown, and between veins III and III3 is an oval dark brown spot ; the edge of the wing from
the apex to just before the inner edge dark chestnut or Vandyke brown. Edge of wings of
both pairs ragged, irregularly scalloped or toothed. Hind wings with a large pale yellowish
patch at the base, where there is a little pink, extending to the middle of the wing, but not
toward the costa beyond, the inner edge is strigated.

Under side of the wings as above, but with more ochreous scales, and the base of the fore
wings except the costa is pinkish. There are traces of a much curved extradiscal dark line
toward the apical region.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 95 mm.; 9 110 mm.
Length of a fore wing, <? 43 mm.; 9 55 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, o* 20 mm. ; 9 30 mm.
Length of hind wing, o" 25 mm. ; 9 38 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, c? 18 mm.; 9 30 mm.

This is a most remarkable moth, its sere and brown colors, and ragged edges would make
it when at rest be mistaken for a dead, frayed, worn and tattered leaf.

As the venation somewhat alhes it with that of the Bunaeidae, we may at present regard
it as an offshoot from that group or from its ancestors, which has undergone a remarkable
degree of specialization. The presence of a feebly developed tongue is of some significance.

Larva. — Fully grown, length 50 mm. Head large, full, rounded, nearly as wide as the
pro thoracic collar; with scattered groups on surface of fine raised granulations, 3 to 5 in a
group, dark chestnut-brown. Prothoracic collar large, but little wider than the head, entirely
unarmed; the surface somewhat rugose. Directly in front of the prothoracic spiracle is a low

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 69

but rather large oval swelling, the vestige of a tubercle, which bears five to six setae. Further
down at the base of the first pair of legs is a low broad chestnut-colored tubercle, not so high
as broad, and bearing six setoe.

On the second and third thoracic and all the abdominal segments are eight rows of long
stout very sharp smooth spines, curved backward, those of the two dorsal rows a little longer
than those of the supraspiracular rows. The dorsal thoracic and median spine of 8th abdominal
segment a little longer and larger than the other abdominal ones. Each spine bears five or six
long pale setas, radiating from the main stem. All of the spines are of the same pale chestnut
or deep reddish yellow hue, tipped with dark. The dorso-median spine on the eighth abdominal
segment is twice as thick as the others and deeply forked to a quarter of the length, and there seems
to be faint indications of a median impressed line, as if the fusion of the two spines had occurred
late in larval life.

The. spines of the lowest series near the base of the legs are stout, but shorter and black.
On the ninth abdominal segment are six rows, the four dorsal ones large, nearly as long as
those of the eighth segment and curved backward.

The suranal plate is large, round, smooth, but the surface is rugose and with scattered
small piliferous warts; the edge thicker, but not spiniferous. Anal legs large, thick, triangular.

The body is black, the thoracic and abdominal legs black, except those of the anal pair
and the suranal plate, which are bright chestnut red.

Like the larva of Urota, the upper surface of the second and third thoracic segments are
showily and brightly ornamented with a transverse row on the front and hind edge of each segment
of white rosettelike flattened soft warts, which are round where not crowded; but when crowded
tending to become polygonal and to bear in the center a papilla, or sometimes there are two
excentric ones; the lines formed by these warts are more or less wavy. The spiracles are
encircled by them, being sometimes two or three deep. On the dorsal side of the segments
they tend to be arranged in the foim of a W.

This larva, which is very well preserved, was kindly loaned me by the American Museum
of Natural History, through Mr. W. Beutenmuller. It is No. 335, and is from the collection
presented by Mr. William Schaus. It was received by him from Sierra Leone.

In general appearance it resembles the larva of Bunaea caffraria, but more especially

Acanthocampa belina.

MICRAGONE CANA Aurivillius.

Cyrtogone [cana] Aurivillius, Ent. Tidekrift, p. 202, 1893.
Cyrtogone cana Rothschild, Novitatea Zoologicas, II, p. 51, 1895.

Imago. — One <S , one $ . A very much smaller species than M. heriUa, the $ differing
from the $ of that large species in the outer edge being more oblique and entire, while the
bind wings are not ragged along the edge. Head and body reddish tawny. [The venation
also differs.]

Fore wings long and narrow, costa slightly incurved on the basal two-thirds, beyond much
arched; apex broad and square, outer edge deeply excavated and the edge with the fringe is
very slightly uneven, almost scalloped; inner edge very long. No lines, discal spots, or other
distinctive markings. The wing is tawny dull ochreous or buff yellow, washed with pink and
reddish, and dusted with reddish-brown scales; costa spotted with brown, as is the outer edge
and fringe, also the inner edge; as signs of a discal spot.

Hind wings clearer buff yellow, with violaceous and reddish short wrinkled lines at the inner
angle and along the inner edge, but no lines crossing the wing and no discal spots. Under side
of the fore wings paler, with a large distinct deep pink patch between the costal and inner
edges of the wing, and the brown costal spots are larger and more distinct than above.

$ . Considerably larger than c? , fore wings with the apex rounded, not square, broader
than in the <S , but slightly falcate; buff yellow, costal and inner edge marked with short
transverse reddish-brown stripes ; outer edge entire and fringe concolorous with the rest of the
wing, but with a few pink red scales behind the apex and at the inner angle. A faint oblique

70 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

slightly curved broad diffuse brownish extradiscal line, fading out before reaching the apex;
patches of whitish gray along the inner edge.

Hind wings with two slight excavations, one in the middle of the edge, and the other at
the inner edge ; the wings clear buff, of the same hue as the fore wings ; colored with pink along
the base of the subcostal vein. No discal spot; no lines, except the beginning on the hind edge
of a brownish line; inner edge white and with some reddish scales. Beneath as above.
Expanse of the fore wings, 3 48 mm.; 9 58 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 3 21 mm.; 9 28 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, 3 10 mm.; $ 1S^ mm.
Length of a hind wing, 3 15 mm.; 9 20 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, 3 10 mm.; 9 14 mm.

This species differs from M. herilla in its much smaller size, the entire fore wings, which
are longer in proportion, with the outer edge more oblique; the hind wings are not ragged as
those of M. herilla.

Like the other species M. cana is without lines or discal ocelli, and the buff yellow wings
are clear of the crowded reddish brown strigae and fine marks of the larger species. Like that
also, and the other small species of the genus from West Africa, the colors are those of dead
leaves, and appear to be with little doubt protectively mimetic, the moths living concealed
when at rest among dead and dry leaves.

It may almost be taken for granted that moths colored like those without prominent brightly
colored lines and bars and without conspicuous and gaily painted ocelli, owe a certain degree
of immunity from the attacks of lizards and birds to their resemblance in color as well as perhaps
shape when at rest to the dead dry leaves among which they nestle.

Geographical distribution. — So far as known confined to the southeast coast of Africa, one
specimen being reported from Delagoa Bay, Portuguese Possessions, south latitude 26°.

MICRAGONE NENIA (Westwood).

Saturnia nenia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 57, PI. IX, fig. 3.
Cyrtogone (?) nxnia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1344, 1855.
Cyrtogone nenia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 856, 1892.
Micragone nenia Karsch, Ent. Nachrichten, XXII, p. 254, 1896.

Imago. — One 3, one 9- Antennae of 3 with 19 to 20 sets of pectinations, the basal
and distal branches of the same length and very densely ciliated; tip filiform, consisting of 12
joints, with minute short tooth-like vestigial branches each ending in a cilium; 9 with longer
pectinations than in M. herilla. Palpi short, blunt, third joint not distinct, not reaching the
front.

Fore wings very falcate; costa straight on the basal two-thirds and then suddenly bent
backwards, while the apex is square and broad; outer edge deeply excavated and scalloped,
the scallops not so ragged and irregular as in the 9 , in which the fore wings are wider and not
so falcate and concave; indeed in this species the outer edge in 9 is full, not concave at all,
though the edge is irregularly scalloped and ragged.

Hind wings short and broad, much rounded at the apex; outer edge in 3 with three
scallops, deepening toward the middle of the outer edge; the inner angle somewhat squarish;
in 9 not quite reaching the end of the abdomen.

Body and wings of 3 the color of a dead leaf, being light reddish brown with chestnut or
Vandyke brown patches and dusted with lilac scales, being nearly of the same general hue
as 9 of M. herilla. Fore wings with a fine narrow basal zigzag line bent outward in the discal
cell; no distinct extradiscal line. A large vandyke-brown patch on the outer half of the wing,
not reaching the costal region or the inner angle; between it and the costa on the outer third
are three slashes, the two larger ones dark brown, edged with red ocher.

Westwood describes and figures "an ill-defined fulvous-buff patch in the middle of the
wing," but this is obsolete in the specimen before us.

no. i. BOMBYGTNE MOTHS OF NOKTH AMERICA— PACKARD 71

Hind wings pink on the costal region, with no definite lines; outer edge and posterior half
colored as in the middle of the hinder part of the fore wings.

Under side of fore wings half pink toward the inner edge; costa with brown spots and a
sinuous row of five isolated irregular distinct lunate dark reddish-brown spots on the outer
fourth of the wing; the wing along the scalloped outer edge is deep vandyke brown. Hind
wings coarsely mottled with reddish brown and lilac; an irregular extradiscal line of lunate
brown spots.

The female is very different in its shape, size, color, and markings. It differs from the
cf in its much larger size, in its antennae having but a single pair of pectinations to a joint,
and in its much less falcate wings and uniform dark-brown hue, which is a peculiar dark ash-
brown, the color of a very dark dead leaf; the fore wings are not so falcate and the outer edge
not so deeply hollowed out as in M. herilla 9 .

Fore wings with no reddish scales except toward the apical region. A black-brown zigzag
basal line situated rather far from the base of the wing, the most distinct angle lying in the
discal cell. Extradiscal line parallel to, but far from the outer edge and bent back at a right
angle on the costa.

Hind wings concolorous with those of the .anterior pair; no lines, but a very large roundish
cream-white spot on the inner half, not reaching the costal or the inner edge. No discal spots
on either wing.

Under side of fore wings as dark as above; extradiscal line distinct and interrupted by an
irregular large elongated cream-white spot; along the inner edge is a wide deep pink area.
Hind wings as above but more reddish-ash, the white spot as above. As this species has retained
the two lines on the fore wings, it seems to be a more primitive species than M. herilla, in which
they are obsolete.

Expanse of fore wings, d 70 mm.; 9 86 mm.
Length of one fore wing, d 35 mm.; 9 42 mm:
Breadth of one fore wing, c? 11 mm.; 9 21 mm.
Length of a hind wing, <? 22 mm.; 9 30 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, <? IS mm.; 9 21 mm.

This, like M. herilla, is very obviously protective in the form, colors, and outline of the
wings, and shows a remarkable resemblance to a dead, torn leaf.

Subfamily 5. Etjd^emoniusle Packard.
[Endsemoniinx, Packard, Psyche, February, 1902, p. 306.]

An aberrant group not improbably of full family rank, perhaps belonging after Cyrto-
goninse, or near Urotinse. The single genus is remarkable for the excessively long tails of the
hind wings, the long slender palpi, the end of the second joint extending just beyond the front,
and the third joint very long; and the venation. Head in front squarish; when denuded of
scales flat, scarcely narrowing in front. Antennas of <? with but a single pair of pectinations
to each joint. Maxillae very slender, not united, but nearly half as long as the palpi. Fore
wings short and broad. Hind wings small, triangular, the tail being from three ( 9 ) to five
times ( 6") longer than the main portion of the wing. Venation approaching that of TJrota; 10
veins in the fore wings, only 7 in the hind ones. The venation of the wings of the hinder pair
is evidently affected by the great development of the "tail," which is strengthened by the three
veins (III3, TV,, IV2), no vein V (internal) detected. The discal veins ("discocellulars") very
unlike that of TJrota or any other genus, and together forming a very oblique, bent, or angulated
line. The body is slender; the legs long and slender; the fore-tibial epiphysis rather long and
about two-thirds as long as the tibia itself; the abdomen slender, that of the 9 clothed at the
end with a large singular mop-like mass of dense, short battledoor-like scales, with a lateral
tuft on each side.

The o* genitalia show some remarkable features which we have not met with in this or
allied families. While the claspers are in the main like those of Sphingicampa, etc., the suranal

72 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

plate differs in shape and armature, being small and short, with a basal pair of small spines, and
a second much longer pair directed backward.

[A later memorandum by Dr. Packard is as follows:]

Eudaemoniidge; perhaps family. [Larva] with many setae on tubercles, but on trunk as
well as at top. Evidently derived from Bunsea group. (Bunaeinae have no pro thoracic spines,
none on suranal plate, and all spines simple, unisetose.)1

EUDAEMONIA Hiibner.

Bombyx Fabricius, Species Ins., II, p. 170, 1781; syst. Ent., p. 414.

Eudaemonia HCbner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 151, 1822?

Saturnia (Eudaemonia) Westwood, Edit. Drury, I, 111. Exot. Insects, III, p. 39, 1836.

Eustera Duncan, Naturalists' Libr., Exot. Moths, p. 125, 1841.

Eudaemonia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1265, 1855.

Eudaemonia Kirbt, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 767, 1892.

Imago. — s and 9 . Head moderately large, front squarish, the sides parallel, not converg-
ing in front. Eyes rather large. Antennae plumose, pectinated to the tip, slender, joints in
the middle long, about twice as long as broad and slender; the pairs of pectinations are remote
from each other, and there is only a single (the basal) pair to a joint; the branches are long
and slender, considerably longer on the outside than on the inside, with very fine cilia. The
palpi are very slender and of remarkable length; the end of the second joint extending just
beyond the front; the third joint is very slender, long and pointed, nearly as long as the second
joint, and slightly thickened at the end. The maxillae are present but very slender, separate,
nearly hah as long as the palpi. The body is slender, weak, and the thorax is not very thick.

Fore wings short and broad, costa straight on the basal three-fourths, convex toward the
apex, which is obtusely pointed; outer edge full and convex, a third longer than the inner edge
(which is straight) and bent in the middle, while the edge is slightly scalloped. Hind wings
small, narrow, and (except the tails) triangular; costal edge slightly curved ; apex much rounded ;
outer edge straight, slightly scalloped; inner angle produced into a phenomenally long narrow
"tail," flaring or widening toward the end which is paddle shaped and twisted and sublobate,
the tail being from about three (?) to five ( S ) times as long as the main portion of the wing,
which latter extends a little beyond the end of the abdomen.

Legs long and slender; on the first pair of tibiae (of both sexes) is a rather long, large
epiphysis, about two-thirds as long as the tibia itself.

Abdomen slender, the tip rather obtuse in <? , concolorous with the body, but that of
9 broad, rounded, and clothed with very short dense scales, with two lateral tufts on each
side (scent sacks?).

Venation: In fore wings somewhat as in Urota; but vein \lx arises as in Ludia, half way
between the origin of vein II3 and of the common stalk of veins 11^ and III2; no vein II2; form
and size of the discal cell as in Urota; vein III3 a little nearer the middle of the extradiscal space
than in Urota; discal veins forming a single short straight line situated half way between the
base and the end of vein III3; origin of branches of the median veins (III3 and IV2) as in Urota.
Hind wings not greatly departing from the type of Urota and Ludia, though much affected by
the shape of the wing, and the enormously long tail; vein III2 about one-half as long as IIIj,
the space between these and veins II and IIL. very wide and short; vein III3 ending on the inside
of tip of the tail; IV^ on the outer side of the tip, and IV2, on the basal third of the tail; they
arise at nearly equal distances apart, and the discal veins together form an oblique bent line.

1 [The very distinct genus Copiopteryx Duncan, the species of which have been confused with Eudaemonia on account of the form of the the wings,
was not studied by Dr. Packard. The moths have very long tails on the hind wings, and occur in South America. The species in the U. S.
National Museum may be tabulated thus:

Primaries with no fenestra on outer side of postmedian band; discal fenestra greatly elongated, more or less L-shaped; outer margin of primaries
not dentate or crenulate ... derceto (Maass. & Weym.)
Primaries with a fenestra on outer side of, touching, postmedian band.

Primaries with a large, dark, discal blotch, but no median dark band, the fenestra very small ...Jehovah (Strecker); French Guiana.

Primaries with a transverse, suffused, variable dark median band; outer margin of primaries very strongly and coarsely crenulate-dentate ...
sonthonnaxi Andre-; Rio Janeiro.

Primaries with no median zigzag band; tails of hind wings excessively long and slender ... semiramis (Cramer); Rio Janeiro and British Guiana.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 73

Markings: Body and wings of a beautiful delicate uniform pink or brown, with several
transparent eye-like spots in the middle of the wings and some outside of the discal cell.

This remarkable moth is at once distinguished by its extraordinarily long tails. That
they at least do not aid flight is indicated by the statement in Drury: "Its flight is exceedingly
slow, and its tails seem rather to impede it." (Illustrations.) The remarkable length of the
palpi is noteworthy, as well as the presence of maxillae.

The genus appears to be an offshoot from some Urota like genus, and in its venation is
allied to Urota. It evidently forms a group by itself of subfamily rank.

Geographical distribution. — Thus far it is only known from the west coast of Africa, Sierra
Leone.

Larva. — Head a little above the median size, roundish. Body cylindrical, rather thick,
and heavily armed with stout spinulated tubercles; those of the thoracic segments in eight
rows, four rows on each side, while there are six rows, as usual, on the abdominal segments.
The tubercles of the two dorsal rows on the prothoracic collar are short and moderately high.
Those of the second and third thoracic segments and the median tubercle on the eighth abdominal
segment are a little larger than the other abdominal ones, the tubercles are large, the base
fleshy, above solid chitinous and bearing very stout spines of unequal size, two being terminal
and forming a fork.

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment larger than the other abdominal ones,
bilaterally symmetrical, ending in four spike-like spines, two on each side, those of one pair
diverging from those of the other.

Suranal plate large, thick, rounded, and armed with an unusually large spinulated spine
on each side a little beyond the middle of the plate; in shape like those of the supraspiracular
row on the eighth abdominal segment. Anal legs large, subtriangular, sphingiform; granulated
and setose.

Stage before the last. — The dorsal tubercles of equal size and height both on the thorax and
abdomen; the terminal spine of each tubercle longer than in the last stage, erect. The two
inner tubercles of the prothoracic collar simpler and slenderer than the others, ending in a single
spine. Suranal plate as in the last stage.

Pupa. — Of unique shape and type of armature; body flattened, head and end of abdomen

inclined downward; eyes rough, hedged in with irregular setae; wing covers with transverse

rows of scraggy setae; no visible indications of mouth-parts and legs; abdomen ending in

three points, the middle one the cremaster, a flattened tooth; a mucronate tooth on each side,

all armed with stiff appressed setae pointing backward; beneath at base two deep pits; no

terminal hooks. A highly specialized pupa, extremely modified, apparently from the Sphingi-

campid type.

EUDAEMONIA BRACHYURA (Drury).

Plate XXXI, figs 8, 9.

Attacus brachyura Drury, Must. Exot. Ent., Ill, Tab. XXIX, fig. 1, 1780.

Bombyx argus Fabricius [Species Ins., II, p. 170, No. 17, 1781].

Phalaena Attacus brachyura Stoll, Papillons Exotiques, III, Tab. XXIX, fig. 1, 1782.

Phalacna- Attacus argus Stoll, Papillons Exotiques, p. 127, PI. XXVII (1787).

Eudaemonia uroarge Hubner, Verz. bek. Schm., p. 151, No. 1586, 1822?

[Bombyx argus] Donovan, Naturalists' Repository, V, p. 173, 1826.

Saturnia (Eudaemonia) argus Westwood, Edit. Drury, Must., Ill, 39, PI. 39, fig. 1, 1837; Proe. Zool. Soc. London,

1849, p. 49.
Eudaemonia argus Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V, p. 1266, 1855.
Eudaemonia brachyura Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 47, 1895; Beutenmuller, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc, IX (1901),

p. 195 (larval habits).

Imago. — Two <? , two $ . Head, body, and wings of a soft delicate flesh or salmon reddish
pink. Antenna? black-brown. Fore wings adorned with a group of from one to five or six
little round ocelli, which are transparent in the center, where there is but a single one, it is the
discal spot on the outside of the upper discal vein, which is broadly lunate, faded ochre and
ringed with brown, only half the width of the discal area, or it may be double like the figure 8,

74 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

the two extending across the discal space; in one 9 there are eight circlets, one small one
beyond the discal ones and one inside of it in the discal cell and one in each of the next cells
behind. Extradiscal line broad, diffuse, curved at nearly a right angle before reaching the
costa. Hind wings concolorous with the fore wings, with four or five round spots, larger and
more distinct, and with a darker circle than those on the fore wings. There is one in the discal
cell, two beyond, and two near the inner edge. Fringe silky, pale yellow ochre on the wings
of both pairs. A faint straight extradiscal line.

The tails are very long and narrow, almost linear, from three to five times as long as the
wing itself, and widening on the outer third or fourth, and twisted. End of 9 abdomen very
full, rounded, and dark buff brown.

Expanse of fore wings, <? 54 mm.; 9 54 mm.

Length of fore wing, <? 30 mm. ; 9 29 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, <? 17 mm.; 9 15 mm.

Length of hind wing, <? 120 mm.; less the tail 19 mm.; in 9 70 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <3 18 mm.; 9 16 mm.

Width of tail in middle, 1.5 mm.; greatest width near the end, 3 mm.

It differs from E. argiphontes in its pale salmon color. The number of ocelli is exposed to
very considerable variation; in one S there are three ocelli on the fore whig and three on the
hind wing, those on the hind wing being situated in a row nearly parallel with the inner edge
of the wing.

" E. brachyura (Drury) at Sierra Leone is very constant, of a buffy rose tint, and about
3 inches to 3£ inches across the fore wings. Round Cape Coast Castle, on the other hand, the
males very seldom expand more than 2^ inches, have very long tails, and vary in tint from
ashy gray to bright yellow and salmon rose. This race may prove distinct enough to be named,
but of my five specimens no two are alike, so I prefer not to describe it at present. I must
add that, although taken from the type specimen, all three figures of E. argiphontes Kirby are
very different, and all unlike the insect." (Rothschild, Nov. Zool., p. 47.)

Geographical distribution. — "Sierre Leone" (Mr. Smeathman) ; Island of Banana (Smeath-
man, fide Westwood and Stoll), Ashanti (Brit. Museum, Walker). Duplicates received from
the British Museum and compared with the specimens in that collection.

The single larva loaned me by the American Museum of Natural History from the shape
of its spines and its size had evidently not attained its final stage; and it is fortunate that this
is so, as it gives us an idea of its life histoiy and affinities.

Larva. — Stage before the last: Head large, roundish, about as wide as the prothorax; with
groups of microscopic granulations; in color deep reddish amber or honey-yellow, as is the
prothoracic collar. Body cylindrical, very densely armed with long, stout spinulated spines,
arranged hi eight thoracic and six abdominal rows (eighth segment with only five), as in E.
argiphontes; but the tubercles are longer, higher, and sharper than in the final stage of E. argi-
phontes. Prothoracic plate large, somewhat crescentiform, armed on the front edge above
with four stout pale spines, the two inner ones small, not so long as the others, but simple,
ending hi a single stout sharp, spike-like spine, with four or five small setiferous spinules along
the base; the two others nearly twice as thick and ending in three diverging spikes; below are
eight or nine smaller setiferous spines.

The second and third thoracic and the abdominal spines are very large, erect, long, and
stoutly spiked, those of the second and third thoracic segments ending in four to five spines,
two or three of which are terminal and no larger than those of the supraspiracular lateral row;
those of the infraspiracular row nearly as large; those of the lowest lateral row situated directly
over the legs are quite large, spiny, and end in two stout spikes.

The tubercles of the abdominal segments are of the same height or length as the thoracic
ones, the differentiation which takes place at the last molt not yet having been effected so
that the abdominal dorsal spines are of the same size and appearance as the thoracic ones,
though the former (abdominal) have a terminal spike less, only two in all.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 75

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is stouter than the others, wider, ending
hi four spikes, two on each side. All the tubercles are dark honey-yellow and similarly armed,
having besides the large terminal spikes; along the shaft numerous stout setiferous spinules.

Suranal plate large, broad, the surface minutely granulated, with a few setiferous ones;
the edge thickened and posteriorly armed with numerous fine sharp setiferous spinules, while
the two large spinulated tubercles are as described for the last stage. Over the base of each
abdominal leg (1-4) is a small single spine. Anal legs subtriangular, surface sparsely pitted
and with setiferous granulations.

The body is black above, mottled on the side with yellowish, the suranal plate and anal
legs honey-yellow; under side of the body pale.

Length, 25 mm.

The larva in this stage, most probably the one before the last, and more generalized than in
the last stage, is interesting as showing the equality in size and appearance of all the dorsal
spines, both thoracic and abdominal. The spines also are longer in proportion than in the
final stage of E. argiphontes. The more generalized nature of the young larva is paralleled by
what one knows of the larval history of the Saturniidae. Unfortunately we do not yet know
the larval history or earlier larval stages of any of the Protosphingina except the Citheroniinae ;
but the indications are that the armature of the first stage of Eudaemonia is quite utdike that
of this last-named subfamily, but that they are hatched with sjdnose tubercles on all the seg-
ments, as in the Hemileucidae and Saturniidae.

[The larvae feed gregariously on Dialium guineense Willd. (Leguminosae).]

Pupa. — <? . It does not differ, except in being a little smaller, from that of the other
species; the setae, however, are more numerous and finer, especially at the end of the abdomen;
the four tufts of fine bristles on the under side of the abdomen are shorter and smaller; length,
22 mm.

The pupae [examined] of both species are of the same sex.

EUDAEMONIA ARGIPHONTES W. F. Kirby.

Plate XXXI, fig. 10; LXXIII, fig. 1, 2.

[Eudaemonia argiphontes Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 20.]

Imago. — S . Antenna same length as in E. brachyura, with longer pectinations than in
E. brachyura, only distal pair present; 9 antenna with pectinations a little longer than those
in 9 brachyura.

Palpi much shorter and stouter than in brachyura, third joint in 3 not so long as second
joint is wide, about one-half as wide. Third joint in 9 much longer than width of second,
nearly as long as in 9 brachyura. (Such a discrepancy in palpi of sexes never seen before.)
Body fawn-brown, uniform; fore wings lilac at base and along costa and costal end of
outer line; basal line dark, distinct, oblique, lilac externally; extradiscal line straight, not
sinuous, not recurved on costa (as in brachyura); four to seven clear spots in a row, including
the extradiscal one, and two small clear dots farther inward toward center of wing. (In
three males the two inner spots on fore wing wanting, well developed in 9 . )

Hind wing as in brachyura, but more scalloped, six clear spots in two rows; one dark brown
extradiscal line and traces of basal line; tails dark on edge, along middle deep scarlet. Beneath
tails and wings uniform fawn brown; 9 body and wings a little larger, antennas as in brachyura,
scarcely shorter, tads much shorter; five clear spots on hind wing; general color a little more
fawn, less dusky, both wings perhaps a little more scalloped, clear spots on fore wings larger
than in •$ .

Expanse of fore wing, $ 62 mm.; 9 63 mm.
Length of fore whig, s 32 mm.; 9 33$ mm.
Breadth of fore wing, c? 18 mm.; 9 20 mm.

Hind wings [<?], length 123, including tad, breadth 13 mm.; tad alone 103; breadth
of tad in middle 1$ mm.; 9 hind wing 86, tail 67, breadth 1£ mm.

76 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

In one male, body and wings are darker than in the two others, more umber or vandyke
brown, and the four (only) spots on fore wing tend to become obsolete, smaller and almost
wholly opaque with brown scales.

(In brachyura the spots vary in size, in one <? on fore wing they are one-half as large as
in another <f and opaque, with a minute central clear dot.)

Geographical distribution. — Sierra Leone, Africa. (D. Cator.)

Larva. — The last stage. Body rather thick, not tapering behind, cylindrical. Head
rather large, not much narrower than the prothoracic segment and slightly more than half
as wide as the body in its thickest part; surface of the head with groups of microscopic granu-
lations, about four to eight in a group, except on the clypeal region and near the eyes, where
the surface is smooth. The body heavily armed with six rows of large stiff spinulated tubercles.
On the three thoracic segments an additional row on each side. On the prothoracic plate the
four dorsal tubercles are shorter than the others, and the two on each side of the median line
are close together. The inner two on each side of the median line of the body form two stout
acute diverging spike-like spines, with five or six smaller ones around the base; those of the
outer row are composed of four larger radiating spines, with four to five smaller setiferous ones
around the base. On each side of these two sets of tubercles are the two lateral spines, one
supraspiracular, the other infraspiracular; the former is large, thick, and high, fleshy at the base,
and bearing above about a dozen stout acute spines, the smaller ones ending in a stiff seta.

The second and third and the abdominal segments heavily armed with stout spiniferous
tubercles, which are fleshy at base, and chitinized toward the end. The two rows of dorsal
ones on the second and third thoracic segments and the median tubercle on the eighth abdominal
segment are distinctly larger than the other abdominal ones and dark in color, while the abdom-
inal tubercles (four dorsal rows) are pale (in alcoholic specimens).

They are clavate, enlarging a little at the end, and terminating in two diverging, large, stout,
spike-like spines, while the shaft of the tubercle bears from about 8 to 10 smaller spines, varying
in size, one or two of them nearly as large as the two uppermost ones. All of the spines, both
of the dorsal and lateral rows, are of the same general shape, those on the sides but little smaller,
and those on the back of the abdominal segments a little smaller than the thoracic ones, and
slightly longer than those on the sides of the same segment.

The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is somewhat larger than the one
on each side of it, and shows its double origin by the evident fusion of two primitively separate
ones, by its greater thickness, width and the bilateral arrangement of the spines; of the four
uppermost and larger ones, two on each side diverge from the two on the other side.

There are six tubercles on the ninth abdominal segment, the lowest one on the side of the
segment forming a single curved spine, ending in a stout seta.

Suranal plate (tenth abdominal segment) large, broad and rounded behind, the surface
granulated, the edge much thickened, and on the extreme hinder edge armed with several
minute setiferous spines on each side. Beyond the middle of the plate on each side, at the
edge, is a large stout spinulated tubercle as thick as, but not quite so long as the supraspiracular
one on the ninth abdominal segment; it is armed with about eight large unequal acute stout
spines, and numerous smaller setiferous ones. The two large erect spines are one of the diagnos-
tic features of the group.

Anal legs large, sub triangular, the surface sparsely pitted and finely granulated; the
hinder edge finely spinulated, the spinules ending each in a seta.

In the. alcoholic example the head is colored chestnut brown. On the sides of the body
is an irregular network of dark blotches, sending irregular lines or blotches up on each side of
the spinules. The thoracic legs are pale reddish chestnut; the abdominal legs pale, with a
chitinous dusky spot on the outside near the middle of the leg.

Length 35 mm.

Pupa. — <? . A very singluar pupa, nothing like it occurring, so far as we know, in any of
of the Saturnian or protosphingoid families, or indeed in any other Lepidoptera.

Body somewhat flattened from above downward, the head and end of the abdomen being
inclined downward.

no. i, BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 77

Antennae broad and distinct, not transversely ribbed on tbe side of the pectinations as
usual in all Lepidoptera, but armed with nearly parallel rows of scraggly, irregular, uneven, erect,
slender spine-like minute setae, the rows irregular and with scattered hairs between them.
The eyes oval, pointed at each end, surface rough, and on the inside roughened with a dense
hedge of bristly erect irregular slender spinules. Between these two hedges are, near the vertex,
two groups of similar spines of uneven length; they extend to the ocular hedge, but between
them is a smooth valley.

The pupa differs from any other known to mo in there being no indications of the limbs
and mouth-parts, the result of a process of specialization in a direction hitherto unknown to
me. Over the site of the interantennal region of the appendages is a broad rough surface,
on which are no traces of the. labrum, maxillae or maxillary palpi, as are to be seen in other
pupae, as those of Eacles, etc., but the surface is roughened, not divided into areas, and with
scattered groups of erect scraggly hair-like setae. By scraping away the crust of the hardened
exudation thrown out at the time of pupation, the indications of the legs can be seen beneath.

The proportions of this interantennal area are as in Eacles, but shorter. The pupa of Eacles
is also on the under side of the head and thorax roughened with 'scattered groups of fine flat-
tened tubercles, and the surface of the pupal eyes is rough, but in Eudaemonia the little rough
eminences of Eacles are exaggerated and tin-own up into erect scraggling setae.

The abdomen is somewhat flattened, with numerous irregularly scattered minute groups
of spinules. On the under side are four large elongated groups of high setae, two on second,
and two on the third segment of the abdomen.

The shape and armature of the end of the abdomen is unique, the end being tridentate;
what appears to be the cremaster being a median flattened tooth, broad at the end and covered
with long stiff hairs, lying as if fastened to the surface, and directed backward; the end is entire,
not forked; on each side, seen from beneath, is a flat, broad, sharp tooth bearing long setae
glued to the surface.

The tergal sides of abdominal segments 9 and 10 are fused into a single piece, the surface
and sides of which are rough, spinose, like the rest of the abodmen, but behind the suture divid-
ing this terminal section from the rest of the abdomen are two rather large deep rounded pits,
with the edges smooth and polished and separated by a similarly polished rounded saddle or
bridge. The lateral flattened projections on each side of the cremaster are, seen from above,
sharp triangular processes with a mucronate tip. Length 28 mm.

Family HEMILEUCID^.

[Dr. Packard's account of the family characters existed only in the form of rough notes,
parts of which can not now be interpreted.]

VIEW OF HEMILEUCIDJB.

(14. Meroleuca.

Pseudohazis.

Hemileuca ( + Euleucophaeus) .

Coloradia.

. [16. Pseudaphelia.

1 1 . Automens 1,_ TT1. .

115. Heliconisa.

10. Gamelia.
9. Hyperchiria.
8. Protautomeris (maeonia).
7. Hyperdirphia (tarquinia). Hylesia.
6. Phricodia (agis, hircia).
5. Dirphia (semirosea, speciosa, hoegei).
4. Ormiscodes (cinnamomea) .
3. Rhodormiscodes (rosea).
2. Catocephala (alanus and luperina).
1. Molippa (sabina).
[Hylesia and Pseudohazis were not numbered.]

78 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

FAMILY CHARACTERS.

Imago. — Head not prominent, of moderate size; front shorter than in Saturniidse, and a
little wider; squamation shaggy, hairs in front rather long and irregular, and converging to a
blunt point in front; eyes of moderate size, in some genera (Hemileuca) rather small. Antennae
of male characteristic in shape, usually pectinated to tip, pectinations slender and long, giving
a subplumose appearance; the antennae rarely (Rhodormiscodes) subfiliform at extreme tip;
joints usually short, the basal pectinations long and slender and inclined to be curved down-
ward toward the end; distal pectinations varying in length and size, but usually half to three-
fourths as long as the basal ones; in Hemileuca maia, H. juno, Heliconisa and Pseudaphelia
no distal pectinations. Antennas of female either simple (Automeris) , subsimple (Molippa),
denticulate (Dirphia and Catocephala) or with short pectinations (Hemileuca subg. Euleuco-
pliaeus) or longer {Hemileuca maia and juno), so that the female antennas become nearly half
as wide as those of male, though the tips are subfiliform.

Palpi 3-jointed, rather short, weak, not usually reaching the front, only in Dirphia reaching
to the front so as to be seen from above; third joint either short and not visible (concealed by
hairs of second), or visible but depressed; squamation loose, making them look bushy.

Thorax rather large and shaggy, the hairs irregular, so that the prothorax and tegulas are
not distinct; in Dirphia and Ormiscodes these longer hairs are singularly modified, flattened,
slender, paddle-shaped, black and light.

Legs with the femora very hairy; tibiae and tarsi usually thick; a tibial saclike appendage
in male Heliconisa, slender, about three-quarters as long as the tibia, but not yet detected in
other genera; in Pseudaphelia a large brown naked sac as long as, and wider than, the fore tibia,
arising at base. In Hylesia the entire fore leg to subtarsal joint is very hairy.

Fore wings short and broad, triangular or narrower, about twice as long as broad; costa
nearly straight, and either arched or (Hemileuca) slightly concave; fore wings either not falcate
(Catocephala., Dirphia, Ormiscodes), or subfalcate (Molippa, Automeris, Heliconisa), or decidedly
falcate (Hylesia).1 Hind wings broad and rather large (Dirphia) or subtriangular (Hylesia);
either not reaching to end of abdomen (Catocephala) or reaching to end (Automeris) or extending
beyond (Dirphia).

Venation [no description].

Markings: Ocellus in fore wing, none in more generalized genera (Molippa, Dirphia), a
small discal spot (Catocephala, Ormiscodes), diffuse and indistinct (Rhodormiscodes, Hylesia,
Automeris), a round spot inclosing a reniform or crccentiform mark (Hemileuca) or none at all
(H. [Meroleuca] venosa). It appears on under side in Automeris. [In male A. io the large round
black spot on under side has a white pupil, which is often bright and very distinct.] On the hind
wing there is no ocellus except in Automeris, and a slight one in Hemileuca maia [and other
species of Hemileuca].

Abdomen large and full, variegated, beautifully banded in Molippa and Dirphia, and with
long scattered hairs.

Larva.— Head round, body cylindrical; anal legs of moderate size, smaller than in Sphingi-
campidas and Saturniidas, being more generalized. Body not provided with high tubercles
giving rise to spines, but the spines are long and slender, branched in Dirphia and Automeris,
and arise from a slight eminence, on the skin.

The eighth abdominal segment bears a median tuft, larger than those on each side, and
there are no generalized types (showing two separate ones). All hcwe the lateral eversible sacs,
a family character.

There are two series of larval forms:

(1) Dirphia to Automeris: With single long slender branched spines as in Dirphia, varying
in Automeris; with single and unbranched, or with branches (A. nyctinene from Brazil), or high
and much branched (A. pamina), or shorter and closer (A. io).

(2) With smaller shorter collections of separate spines forming fascicles, as in Hemileuca,
Coloradia and Pseudohazis; the latter group appearing more specialized.

1 [Strongly falcate in male ot Automeris auleles (Herrich-Schaeffer)).

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 79

SUBFAMILIES.1

(1) Characters of family [see above] Heviileucinse.

(2) Body email, abdomen short; hind wings large, vein II of fore wing not present; two distal ocelli: antennae plumose,

no distal pectinations Pseudapheliinx.

MOLIPPA Walker.

[Molippa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1345.]
[The type is }[. sabina Walker.]

Imago. — <? , 9. Head with the front moderately wide; eyes moderately large. Antennae
of male much as in Dirphia, but a little shorter; joints moderately long; the pectinations as in
Dirphia; two pairs of pectinations to each joint, those of the distal pair shorter and situated
close to the basal ones, as in Dirphia; 9 antennas nearly simple; the joints about as long as
thick, the pectinations being represented by a group of about three setse on each side. Palpi
well developed, rather stout and blunt at the tips, porrect, extending out beyond the front,
being larger and more distinctly visible than in Dirphia.

Thorax moderately thick, as in Dirphia, hirsute above, with darker, thick set long hairs.

Fore wings longer, narrower, and more pointed in <? and 9 than in any species of Dirphia
known to me; subfalcate, costal edge considerably curved and the outer edge more oblique
than in Dirphia. Hind wings rounded, rather more so than in Dirphia, outer edge full and con-
vex; they reach end of abdomen.

Abdomen distinctly banded with black and yellow ochre.

Markings much as in some species of Dirphia. There is no distinct discal mark, but a
large irregular dark scalloped loose ring, and on the hind wings a somewhat oblong dark smoky
discoloration. The extradiscal line scalloped; the basal one obscure; there are two smoky
black lines on the hind wings.

This genus differs from Dirphia in having larger and somewhat longer palpi, shorter anten-
na?, while the fore wings are longer, narrower, and more pointed. In Dirphia there is either a
small white discal spot or none at all, while hi the present genus there is an irregular discal
ring. There are no vestiges of pectinations on the 9 antennas, their place being taken by a
group of cilia, a rather rare feature in this family.

MOLIPPA SABINA Walker.

Plate xlii, fig. C.
[Molippa sabina Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1345.]

Imago. — Two <? , one 9 . Head, thorax, and wings ashy fulvous or tawny, with a generally
faded hue. Thorax with scattered long black subclavate hairs, which are more numerous in
9 than s.

Fore wings with a broad diffuse longitudinal shade at base behind the costal region, extend-
ing out to the submarginal line. Traces of three basal lines on the costal edge. Discal spot
a large smoky brown irregular ring forming three scallops on the outer edge, the points or apices
of the scallops resting on the veins; a median line within the ring extends along the discal veins.
Extradiscal line double, dark, regularly scalloped, beginning on the outer one-fourth of the inner
edge and ending on the outer one-fifth of the costa, next to a subapical distinct dark brown
costal patch, which on the costa extends nearly to the apex. An obscure irregularly scalloped
submarginal line, beyond which the edge of the wing is dull, but uniformly tawny. Fringe
on both wings short, white at the ends of the veins, black between. Hind wings clearer and
paler on the inner two-thirds, discal spot narrow long, blackish. A distinct extradiscal smoky
black line, and beyond is another about twice as wide, scalloped on the outer edge; beyond
this line the outer edge is dusky tawny, while the veins are ochre yellow. Wings beneath
uniformly paler than above, and with the markings less distinct and the discal rings obsolete.
At the base of the fore wings is a black patch which extends to the eyes.

Abdomen with distinct black and orange-ochreous rings of the same width, with a few
long scattered pale hairs arising from the orange bands or rings.

1 [See also Holocerinz, p. 144.]

80 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Legs black; femora tawny, of the same hue as the under side of the body.
Expanse of fore wing, <? 80 nun.; 9 90 nun.
Length of fore whig, o* 41 mm.; 9 50 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, <? 20 mm.; 9 25 mm.
Length of hind wings, 6" 28 mm. ; 9 33 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, S 20 mm.; 9 26 mm.
This moth differs from any species of Dirphia known to me in its faded-out tawny hue,
the larger irregular discal ring, and the two parallel extradiscal dark lines; also in the more
acute apex of the fore wings.

CATOCEPHALA Blanchard.

Catocephala Blanchard in Gay, Faun. Chil., VII, p. 62, 1852, Lam. 6, fig. 1, 1854.

Imago. — 6* and 9 • Head much as in Ormiscodes (0. cinnamomea) , with a rather narrow
front; eyes rather large. Antennae of male longer than in Molippa or Rhod ormiscodes, and
slightly longer than in Ormiscodes; not so broadly pectinated as in Rhod ormiscodes; only the
extreme tip subfiliform; joints moderately long; basal pectinations slender; distal pectinations
slender, the outside ones two- thirds as long as the basal pectinations; the inner ones a little
shorter, being much longer than in Dirphia hoegei and a little longer than in Ormiscodes cinna-
momea; in 9 subfiliform, the pectinations vestigial, toothlike, ending in two hairs; vestiges
of the distal pectinations minute and with no hairs. Palpi much as in Ormiscodes (0. cinna-
momea), extending beyond the front, but drooping, terminal scales long, irregular, and third
joint not distinct, being concealed by the scales projecting from the end of the second joint.

Thorax shaggy, rough, with numerous irregular long flattened paddle-like hairs, either
acute or oval at the end.

Fore wings much as in Ormiscodes (0. cinnamomea), not so long as in Molippa, not falcate,
apex not produced, but rather square, outer edge very slightly falcate (O. alanus) or not at all
so (O. rufosignata) .

Hind wings more produced at the apex than in Ormiscodes (0. cinnamomea) or in any
other genus of the group known to me, especially marked in the 9 ■ They do not reach to the
end of the abdomen, being shorter than in Ormiscodes and much shorter than in any other
genus of the group.

Markings: Body and wings reddish brown or gray and pale ochreous. A small white
ochreous oval or linear oval discal spot on the fore wings, none on the hind wings. An extra-
discal line common to the wings of both pairs. A basal line, and on the bind wings two sub-
parallel lines, the outer situated about halfway between the outer edge and the extradiscal line.
The females are much alike, the males more divergent in coloration.

This genus is intermediate between Molippa and Dirphia, and on the whole most nearly
allied to Ormiscodes (0. cinnamomea).

Geographical distribution. — The species are confined to Chile, or at all events to the west
coast of South America.

[C. amphinome (Fabr.) occurs in Tierra del Fuego.]

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Reddish brown ; lines not scalloped ; discal spot small ; abdomen not banded C. alarms.

Gray; lines scalloped; discal spot. large; abdomen yellow, banded with black C. rufosignata.

CATOCEPHALA RUFOSIGNATA Blanchard.

Catocephala rufosignata Blanchard in Gay, Faun., Chil., VII, p. 63, 1852, Lam 6, fig. 1, 1854. [According to Kirby
this is the type of the genus.]

Imago. — One 6* , one 9 . Body and wings gray, with a tawny ground color in 6" and a
roseate tinge in 9 • Head and antenna? tawny. Palpi distinct, depressed, extending beyond
the front of the head, black.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 81

Fore wings short and broad, costa nearly straight, more incurved in 9 , whitish gray on a
tawny ground. Basal line black, distinct, arising from a largo black oblong costal spot on the
inner third of the wing, and ending near the middle of the inner edge; the line makes a small
angle on vein III. Discal spot distinct, white, narrow, either straight or slightly curved and
situated midway between the basal and extrabasal line; the latter a zigzag white narrow line
edged externally with dark brown, ending on the costa in a black conspicuous mark. Beyond
this line the wing is clear tawny, but darker on the outer edge of the wing beyond the irregular
zigzag edge of the tawny region, the outer edge being coppery red-brown in 9 . Veins black
in o* , not so dark in the 9 , except toward the edge of the wing.

Hind wings of <? of the same hue, being pale tawny as in Molippa sabina, no discal spot,
and with two outer scalloped lines, the outer of the two lines more diffuse. Ends of the veins
on the outer edge black. In $ the wings are darker and reddish brown, especially on the
outer third.

Beneath only faint traces of the discal spots, and no lines. Margin of the wing of <?
spotted with black, uniformly pale tawny; in the 9 there are more decided traces, especially
on the veins of the extradiscal line, but the general hue is a pale faded purplish reddish brown.

Thorax tawny and black, mixed with longer pale clavate hairs of different lengths. Abdo-
men extending well beyond the hind wings, of a Scotch snuff yellow color, with broad black
rings ; the extremity yellow ocher.

Expanse of fore wings, d 55 mm.; 9 66 mm.
Length of fore wings, o* 30 mm. ; 9 34 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, <? 15 mm.; 9 18 mm.

The discal spot larger than in any other species of the group known to me.

CATOCEPHALA ALANUS Blanchard.

Plate LIII, fig. 3 (Dirphia alarms).

Catocephala alanus Blanchard in Gay, Hist. [I fail to trace any publication of this species. It is not in Kirby'a
Catalogue. Mr. Samuel Henshaw has kindly looked in Gay's Fauna Chilena, and reports that C. socialis and
C. rufosignata are the only species of the genus mentioned in that work; both on p. 63 of Vol. VII.]

Imago. — One <? , one 9 • Uniformly reddish or brick-red brown. The back part of the thorax
and the abdomen on the sides and beneath dull reddish ocherous. Long black paddle-shaped
hairs arise from front of the thorax.

Fore wings very slightly subfalcate, outer edge very slightly excavated, while that of
C. rufosignata is not so. Wings with a frosting, tinged with lilac on the outer margin and at
base. A dark brown basal line situated nearer the discal spot than the base of the wing. Discal
spot small, oval, narrow, white. Extradiscal line narrower than the basal line, not scalloped,
slightly curved outward opposite the discal area.

The hind wings with no discal spots, slightly paler and clearer than the fore wings. Extra-
discal line rather broad and diffuse and bent outward opposite the discal area; a second sub-
marginal line. Wings beneath a little paler and clearer than above and the extradiscal lines
are faintly reproduced. On the hind wings is a broad reddish clear shade on the outer fourth
of the wing, corresponding to the space between the two lines on the upper side. Abdomen
dull ocherous at base above, beyond black brown, not ringed or banded, and on the sides and
end and beneath dull ocherous.

Expanse of fore wings, o* 72 mm. ; $ 87 mm.

Length of fore wings, J 37 mm. ; 9 45 mm.

Breadth of fore wings, <? 21 mm.; 9 22 mm.

Length of hind wing, <? 30 mm. ; 9 32 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <? 20 nun. ; 9 20 mm.
This species very different in color and markings from C. rufosignata, the lines not being
scalloped and the wings more uniformly clear and plain, and it is a larger species, but struc-
turally the two species are congeneic.

Geographical distribution. — Chile (from Franck).

83570°— 14 6

82 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

CATOCEPHALA LUPERINA.

Plate LIII, fig. 10.
RHODORMISCODES Packard.

Rhodormiscodes Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XI (1903), p. 244.

Imago. — c? . Front of the head a little broader than in Ormiscodes. Antennae shorter
and wider than in that genus; as usual pectinated to the tip, the extremity of which is subfili-
form; antennae joints shorter than in Ormiscodes. Two pairs of pectinations, the distal pair
larger than in Ormiscodes, those on the inner side only slightly shorter than those on the outer
side. Palpi ascending and projecting beyond the front, much larger, longer and wider, with
shorter, closer squamation than in Ormiscodes; third joint distinct, about one-half as long as
second joint is wide, while in Ormiscodes they are depressed, small, short, and indistinct and
with irregular scales.

Thorax with scattered, long, flattened hairs, as in Ormiscodes. Fore wings more falcate
than in Ormiscodes, costa fuller, more convex toward apex ; outer edge short ; wings subf alcate,
but not excavated behind the apex. Hind wings regularly rounded on the apex and inner
angle, much more so than in Ormiscodes, and of quite different shape from that genus.

Venation: Vein IIt [IIIj of revised nomenclature] arises near the outer end of the discal
cell, i. e., much nearer the origin of the anterior discal vein, and the two discal veins make a
straight line, not an oblique one as in Ormiscodes cinnamomea, and they are situated inside of
the middle of the wing. On the hind wing veins II1; II2, II3, arise farther apart than in
0. cinnamomea.

Markings: No white discal spot, but an irregular dark one. Purple tints with purple-
brown markings, and roseate hind wings. The abdomen is banded with yellow and black.

This genus is based on Ormiscodes rosea Druce.

Geographical distribution. — Vera Cruz, Mexico.

This genus differs from Ormiscodes not only in the venation, but in the larger palpi, the
shorter, broader antennas, subfalcate fore wings and more rounded hind wings. The thorax
is equally shaggy and wooly and the legs thick and hairy. In the shape of the fore wings and
absence of a discal spot it somewhat approaches Ilylesia.

RHODORMISCODES ROSEA iDruce). '

Plate LIII, fig. 5.

Ormiscodes rosea Druce [Biol. Cent. Amer., Lep. Het., I (1886), p. 195, pi. 20, f. 7, 8].
Ormiscodes rosea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. [790].

Imago. — One c? . Front of head rather wide. Palpi unusually large, broad and stout,
with short hairs, extending well beyond the front; third joint not so long as the second is wide.
Antennae pale, not so long as in 0. cinnamomea, but of the same hue. Thorax dark brown,
with longer irregular dark hairs.

Fore wings short, moderately broad, costa well curved on the outer third; apex much
more rounded than in 0. cinnamomea. Both pairs of wings purplish brown; no definite basal
line, but the middle of the wing is occupied by a V-shaped rose-lilac area, the apex of the V
resting on the inner edge just beyond the middle of the wing, and the two arms ending, the inner
on the inner fourth and the outer on the outer fourth of the costal edge, and inclosing the
large brown narrow irregularly triangular discal spot. The outer arm of the lilac V is bent
inward on the costa, and beyond this bend is a large dark costal brown spot extending to the
apex. No definite line beyond the extradiscal. Fringe on both wings brown, white at the ends
of the veins.

Hind wings deep roseate on the basal hah. An oblique obscure dark diffuse discal dis-
coloration extending to the extradiscal line; a broad heavy diffuse dark brown line, curved
opposite the discal spot. Between this and the edge of the wing is a broad obscure dark band.
Margin of wing; clear roseate brown.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 83

Beneath both wings roseate brown, somewhat faded in hue; traces of a discal spot on the
fore wings, none on the hind wings, but the extradiscal dark line is common to both wings.
Legs reddish brown; no black hairs; tibiae and tarsi deep reddish rose. Abdomen deep yellow
ochre, with four black dorsal bands, tip reddish-ochreous.
Expanse of fore wings, 3 50 mm.
Length of fore wings, o* 26 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, 3 14 mm.
Length of hind wings, 3 20 mm.
Breadth of hind wings, 3 14 mm.
A very pretty species, which may be recognized by the rosy basal half of the hind wings,
the lilac hues, and the V-shaped lilac mark.

Geographical distribution. — Vera Cruz, Mexico (Franck).

ORMISCODES [Blanchard].

[Bombijx] Feisthamel, Voyage de la Favorite, Mag. de Zool., 2e serie, pi. 22, fig. 2, 1839.
Ormiscodes Blanchard, in Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia, VII, p. 61, 1852.
Ormiscodes Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. [I, p. 789].

[The type, according to Kirby, is 0. cinnamomea Feist.]

Imago. — 3. Front of the head moderately broad. Antennas moderately long; joints quite
long and slender, pectinated to the tip, the distal pectinations very slender, those on the outside
about three-fourths as long as the basal ones, those on the inside a little shorter. Palpi moder-
ately stout, third joint visible, but the terminal scales are irregular, not dense as in Rhodor-
miscodes. Thorax thick, shaggy, with long irregular black paddle-shaped scales. Abdomen
extending well beyond the hind wings, and with irregular paler hair-like scales, longer than the
normal vestiture.

Fore wings not subfalcate, costa straight; apex subacute; outer edge not full, straight,
and with no tendency to be hollowed out.

Hind wings rather square at the apex; outer edge moderately full, not regularly rounded,
being most convex toward the end of vein II3.

Legs stout and hairy. Abdomen rather long.

The genus may be known by the fore wings not being even subfalcate, the costa being
straight, and the hind wings rather square at the apex. The palpi are moderately stout, the
scales of uneven length, and the third joint visible.

Geograjjhical distribution. — West coast of South America; from Chile.

[Species assigned to Ormiscodes have been described from Central America and Brazil, as
0. amariUa Schaus (Costa Rica), and the Brazilian 0. albilinea Schaus, O.fornax Druce, 0. delta
Foetterle, 0. irregularis Foetterle, and O.ayurusca Foetterle; the last three beautifully figured
in colors in Rev. Mus. Paulista, V.]

ORMISCODES CINNAMOMEA Feisthamel.

Plate LIII, fig. 6.

Ormiscodes cinnamomea Feisthamel, Voyage de la Favorite, Mag. de Zool., 2d eerie, pi. 22, fig. 2.

Ormiscodes cinnamomea Blanchard in Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia, VII, p. 61, 1852, pi. 4, 1854.

Ormiscodes cinnamomea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. [790],

Ormiscodes crinila Blanchard [t. c. pi. 4, f. 4].

Imago. — One 3 . Body, antenna?, and wings pale ochreous; head and under side of thorax
and abdomen dull ochreous or snuff color. Thorax rough and shaggy with longer black lanceo-
late oval or paddle shaped scales projecting upward from in front, the thorax behind being more
ochreous.

Wings pale ochreous, washed with white scales. Basal line a little nearer the discal spot
than the thorax, zigzag with three scallops, ending behind near the middle of the inner edge.
A conspicuous white irregularly lunate discal spot, with a minute white dot in front at the
origin of vein II4. Extradiscal line straight, not zigzag, deep ochreous, with white scales inside
of it, and situated a little nearer the discal spot than the outer edge of the wing. A short oblique

84 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

whitish apical streak, which faintly connects with an obscure scalloped line, becoming more
distinct on the hinder half of the wing.

Hind wings paler than the anterior ones, and with no discal spot. There are two outer
lines, obscure, diffuse, the inner one curved outward opposite the discal area; edge of the wing
darker ochreous.

Wings beneath showing no discal spots and no lines; the outer margin of both pairs of
wings ochreous, the wings within paler.

Abdomen black above, the tip ochreous as is the under side, tibiae and tarsi dark brown.
Expanse of fore wings, S 65 mm.
Length of one fore wing, c? 33 mm.
Breadth of one fore wing, S 12 mm.
Length of hind wing, s 25 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, d" 13 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Western coast of South America; Chile.

DIRPHIA Hiibner.
[Dirphia Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 153 (1822?).]

[Dr. Dyar writes that Hiibner included four names under Dirphia: tarqinius, acidalia,
speciosa, and agis. According to Kirby's Catalogue the first two are one species, D. tarquinia
Cramer, which he designated as the type of Dirphia. Kirby refers speciosa to Plateia, and agis
to Phricodia.']
[Dirphia] Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 793].

Imago. — S and 9 . Head, front rather narrow, with long scales; eyes moderately, fairly
large. Antennae of male rather short and broad, a little wider and shorter than in Ormiscodes;
pectinated to the tip; joints (in D. hoegei) short, thick, and well ciliated; the distal pectinations
are dorsal, arisingf rom the upper side, and the inner ones are short, not quite one-half as long as the
basal ones, the outer set are shorter than the inner by a third of the length of the outer ones.
Female antennae subsimple (D. hoegei and semirosea), joints on the basal half wider than long;
basal pectinations large, dentiform, ending in two unequal bristles, in 9 D. speciosa the teeth
(basal pectinations) are smaller, and there are minute vestiges of the distal pectinations.

Palpi much as in Ormiscodes, being rather thick and short, reaching a little beyond the
front; third joint usually not very distinct, depressed. No vestiges of the maxillae are visible
in the undenuded example.

Thorax rough and shaggy, with numerous iong, erect, paddle-shaped scales, these being
stiff er and more numerous than in Ormiscodes (0. cinnamomea). Wings large and broad,
wider than in Ormiscodes, but much as in Phricodia agis. Fore wings not falcate, costa slightly
curved, apex rectangular; outer edge only slightly convex.

Hind wings not quite so full and rounded at the apex as in Ormiscodes, being rather wide,
and extending well beyond the end of the abdomen.

Markings: No distal spot on wings of either pair, except a diffuse sublinear irregular faint
indistinct dark or white line. The extradiscal line runs very near the discal mark. Abdomen
banded with brown and white, or snuff-yellow ochreous and dark brown.

As the vestiges (teeth) are smaller in speciosa than in the other species known to me, and
since there are minute vestiges of the distal pectinations, this species may be regarded as more
primitive and generalized than the two others.

Geographical distribution. — Eastern coast of South America, southern Brazil to Demarara
and Trinidad, to Central America and Mexico, both the west and east coast, including Costa
Rica and Jalapa, Mexico. [D. plana (Walk.) is described from Haiti.]

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Rose-pink; vestiges of distal pectinations present, fore wings elongated speciosa.

Wings broad; basal and extradiscal lines white, interrupted; hinder end of thorax and abdomen banded with rose-
pink semirosea.

Wings very broad, chestnut brown, hind wings reaching farther beyond end of abdomen; abdomen brown, banded
with ochreous hoegei.

no. i. BOMBYCLNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 85

DIRPHIA SEMIROSEA Walker.

Plate LIII, fig. 4.

Dirphia semirosea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. [VI (1855), p. 1359].
[Ormiscodes semirosea] Ktrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. [790].

Imago. — One 9 . Palpi projecting a little beyond the front. Fore wings intermediate
in shape between D. speciosa and hoegei, not so broad and rather longer and more pointed at
the apex than the latter. Thorax rough and shaggy, chestnut brown, with long erect irregular
whitish thickened scales which are hairlike and not decidedly flattened or paddle-shaped as
in those of D. hoegei.

Wings very broad, the ground color chestnut brown, with a rosy tinge all over them. Fore
wings with a basal line composed of an oblique heavy white spot, succeeded by several venular
white spots, the line being situated half way between the base of the wing and the discal veins
Extradiscal line white, accentuated on the veins and costa, not wavy or entirely straight, and
curved outward on vein II3-II5. Half way between this line and the outer edge of the wing
is a broad diffuse dark chestnut brown shade, more or less interrupted and scalloped on the
outer edge. No discal discoloration.

Hind wings roseate chestnut, of nearly the same hue as in the fore wings. No discal spot
or basal line. Two parallel extradiscal dark chestnut shades, the inner one becoming white
on the costa; the outer one the broader, and widest on the hinder portion of the wing. Two
pink bands extend across the back of the thorax.

Abdomen dark reddish brown, and with six bright pink rose bands; along the middle of
the under side is a uniform brown area.

Beneath, fore wings with no basal line or discal mark except a faint linear light spot: the
extradiscal line is partially reproduced.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 75 mm.
Length of fore wing, $ 38 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, 9 19 mm.
Length of hind wing, 9 28 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 9 20 mm.

This species may be recognized by the beautiful roseate bands at the base of thorax and
on the abdomen; also by the interrupted white basal and extradiscal lines on the fore wings.

Compared with Walker's type in the British Museum, the duplicate presented by that
museum.

Geographical distribution. — "Costa Rica, Mexico." (British Museum.)

DIRPHIA HOEGEI Druce.

Plate LIII, fig. 1; CXII, fig. d.

Dirphia hoegei Druce [Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I (1886), p. 194, pi. 20, f. 10, 11].
[Ormiscodes hoegei] Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. [790].

Imago. — One 6* , one 9 • Wings broader, hind wings longer and reaching farther beyond
the end of the abdomen than in the two other species known to me. Body, head in front,
breast and femora reddish brown. Palpi short, black, not reaching to the front. Thorax
bristling on the back with erect stiff yellowish paddle-shaped flattened hairs.

Fore wings broader than usual, costa a little more curved than in D. semirosea, apex rect-
angular, hind wings wide, with the outer edge full and convex. Wings ruddy chestnut brown,
9 more reddish than s . Fore wings with a basal line of three or four white spots, that in the
costa large, wide, and oblique; one situated on vein IV linear and one on vein VII. Discal spot
a double dark spot, diffuse and obscure. Extradiscal line white, a little sinuous, widening on
the costa, wider in s than 9 , and in o" tending to become broken up into venular spots.
Hind wings with no markings, but the very faint extradiscal line becoming whitish on the costa,
and a faint submarginal irregular diffuse whitish ( ?) scalloped shape. Wings beneath of the
same hue as above, dark, though a little paler; the extradiscal line common to both wings is
scalloped and quite distinct, and the discal, linear marks are present in both wings.

86 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The sides of the body are black brown, beneath (including the abdomen) rather bright
reddish brown; abdomen above dark brown, with five ochreous bands; the end snuff-yellow
ochreous.

Expanse of fore wings, o" 88 mm. ; 9 104 mm.
Length of fore wing, <? 42 mm. ; 9 49 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, <$ 25 mm.; 9 27 mm.
Length of hind wing, s 35 mm. ; $ 40 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, o* 28 mm.; 9 26 mm.
This fine large species has much broader wings than in the other species, those of the hinder
pair extending farther beyond the end of the abdomen, while the lines are white, broken up
into venular spots, and the general color is ruddy chestnut brown instead of roseate.
Geographical distribution. — Jalapa, Mexico (Barrett).

DIRPHIA SPECIOSA (Cramer).

Plate LIU, fig. 2.

[Attacus speciosa Cramer, Pap. Exot., II (1779?), PI. 107, B.]

Dirphia speciosa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1363. — Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het., I

(1886), p. 195.]
[Plateia speciosa Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 791.]

Imago. — One 9 • Head and thorax dull snuff -yellow ochre; wings of both pairs of a uni-
form delicate rose-pink, with traces of a diffuse brown extradiscal line, and a white diffuse
linear discal mark, which on the under side is very indistinct. Cramer figures it with a dis-
tinct >- mark, the stalk of the >- extending out along the extradiscal space. Beneath there
are no Lines or other markings. Palpi not reaching the front, not very stout, depressed. Fore
wings rather produced toward the apex and hind wings well rounded on the apex. Abdomen
black-brown, with five white rings on the front edge of five segments; end of the abdomen
snuff-yellow. The thorax is partly denuded [of hairs], but there are no traces of erect stiff
flattened ones.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 88 mm.

Length of a fore wing, <? 45 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, 6" 22 mm.

Length of hind wing, o* 32 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, o* 21 mm.
This is a larger species than J), semirosea, with longer fore wings, which are more pointed
at the apex, while the hind wings are longer.

My single specimen (a duplicate from the British Museum, and named from the British
Museum collection) is rubbed and battered. By its antennal structure, the presence of vestiges
of distal pectinations, which do not occur in the two other species, I infer that this is probably
one of, if not the most, primitive species of the genus.

Geographical distribution. — Ega, Demarara (British Museum); Surinam (Cramer).

DIRPHIA SOMNICULOSA (Cramer).

[Bombyx somniculosa Cramer, Pap. Exct., II (1779), pi. 100, A. B.]
[According to Kirby, this is the type of Plateia Hubner.]

A large reddish brown species, in shape like D. speciosa, but with no discal mark. Fore
wings crossed by five whitish broad shades. Abdomen banded with red and ocher. See
W[alker]'s description [Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1360].

[HYPERDIRPHIA Packard.]

[Hyperdirphia Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XI (1903), p. 245, was based on Attacus
tarquinia Cramer, described from Surinam. According to Kirby, tarquinia is the type of Dirphia.
In Dr. Packard's MSS. I find tarquinia still in Dirphia, with no reference to Hyperdirphia, but
the account was evidently written prior to the publication of Hyperdirphia. The diagnosis
of the latter genus was as follows :]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 87

Imago. — d1 . Head narrower in front than in DirpMa (D. hoegei). Antennas of male the
same as in DirpMa (D. hoegei), pointed at the end and pectinated to the tip; the distal pecti-
nations being a little shorter, so that the tip is more prolonged, filiform, than in DirpMa. Eyes
large, decidedly more prominent and globose than in DirpMa. Palpi very much larger and
wider than in DirpMa and extending well beyond the front; third joint distinct.

Thorax normal, not shaggy, but with a soft, rather short fur-like coat, with no long thick-
ened hairs, such as are characteristic of DirpMa (D. hoegei).

Fore wings very short and broad, costa regularly arched, apex squarish, outer edge much
as in D. hoegei, though less oblique. Hind wings large and wide, outer edge full and rounded,
extending a little beyond the abdomen.

Venation: The discal cell is broader and the two discal veins taken together are more
oblique than in DirpMa; also vein II^ [ = IIIJ arises nearer the origin of the anterior discal vein,
i. e., much nearer the outer end of the discal cell. In the hind wings the outer side of the discal
cell is more oblique and the posterior discal vein longer than in DirpMa.

Abdomen banded as in DirpMa hoegei.

Markings: The ground color of the fore wings a frosty, tawny hue, with a peculiar, very
large brown discal spot, one-half as wide at the wing itself, and broken up by the discal veins
and vein IV, which are snow-white. No basal or extradiscal lines in male, but they are present
in female. Hind wings ocherous tawny, with a slight dusky discal streak; no discal spots
beneath.

This genus, represented by a single species, is interesting as being a connecting link between
the DirpMa group and the Automeris group of genera. At first sight it would be mistaken for
an Automeris or ally of that genus, but on closer examination it will be found to be more nearly
allied structurally to DirpMa, especially the hoegei section. It is a mistake, however, to refer
it to DirpMa, since it decidedly differs, besides the extraordinary style of coloration, in the
much larger and longer palpi, the narrower front of the head, and the more elongated tip of the
male antennae. It is an intermediate form, very decidedly linking DirpMa with Protautomeris
and the Automeris group of generic forms.

[The following occurs in the MSS. under DirpMa tarquinia:]

GENERIC CHARACTERS OF LARVA.

Body long, moderately thick, cylindrical, with long single slender tapering spines, not
arising from a definite tubercle; each spine with setas, not irregularly branched as in D. consu-
laris Burm. = Coloradia [Eudyaria] venata Butler. Apparently a median hair on top of eighth
abdominal segment. Evidently a generalized form, with only a single spine from each tubercle.
[From Stoll's figure and description.]

DIRPHIA TARQUINIA (Cramer).

Plate LIII, fig. 9; CXII, fig. c.

Attacus tarquinia Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, I, p. 6, PI. IV, A, 9 , B. C. o* .
Dirphia tarquinia [Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. (1822?), p. 153].
Dirphia tarquinia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 793.]

LARVA.

Dirphia tarquinia Stoll, Suppl. to Cramer's Papillons Exotiques (1781), p. 82, PI. XVII, fig. 5.

Imago. — One o* . Head reddish brown, a little paler, more reddish than the thorax, which
is of a rich dark velvety Vandyke or chestnut brown. Antennas pale, palpi dark brown.

Fore wings pale lilac gray, with a hoary tinge; fawn colored on the costa beyond its base
and toward the apex. No lines or markings except a small brown irregular patch near the
inner angle of the wing. The very distinctive mark is the discal spot, which is very large, deep
vandyke brown, one-half as wide as the entire wing, oval, nearly straight on the outer side and
traversed by an obbque white double fine following the discal veins, and by a longitudinal line
on vein IV, which divides the line into an anterior and posterior half; the spot is edged with
snow-white slightly tinged with pink.

88 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Hind wings ochreous tawny inside of the discal oblique small brown streak; beyond, the
wing is lilac ash-colored.

The underside of both wings is uniformly reddish-ochreous, with no discal spot or any
lines.

The female, according to Cramer's figure, differs in being much larger; the fore wings are
dark vandyke brown, and with a basal angulated line and an extradiscal straight white line;
in the middle of the wing is a long white line nearly parallel with the inner edge, which sends
off a fork or branch inward, part way toward the costa. Hind wings as in the o* .
Expanse of the fore wings, 6* 78 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 6" 40 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, S 24 mm.
Length of hind wing, <? 33 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, <3 26 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Surinam; Cayenne (Donckier).
My example comes from French Cayenne.

Larva. — It is described and figured by Stoll as rather long, cylindrical, with a long single
slender spine (not a fasciculus of several branching spines as in the more specialized larvae of
Automeris, Hemileuca, Pseudohazis, and Coloradia). Each spine arises directly from the surface,
there apparently being no definite tubercle giving origin to it. The spines are setose. Body
pale yellowish green; head green, and over the skin are scattered obscure red dots. The two
first and the last segments have long tufts (touffes) nearly as long as the body is thick, with
green hairs, and are yellow at the end. The other segments have each three similar "hairs"
(spines), but smaller and simply green. Thoracic legs pale flesh colored; abdominal ones blue
and red, and the anal ones are violet and beneath pink-red.

Cocoon. — Round, dense, gray, resembling that of Saturnia pavonia-major. It remains in the
pupa state 10 or 11 days. Food plant, the locos tree in the forests of Surinam.

THAUMA Hy. Edwards.

Thauma Hy. Edwards, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., V (1875), p. 265.

THAUMA SOCIALIS Feist.

Plate LXIII, fig. 8.

[Bombyx socialis Feisthamel. Lepidopteres Nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage autour du Monde de la Favorite
sous le commandement de M. Laplace, capitaine de fregate, illustres et decrits par M. le baron Feisthamel,
in Guerin's Magasin de Zoologie, vol. 9, 1839, part 18, page 3.

Feisthamel 's description is as follows:

"Alis cinereis, anticis strigis duabus maculaque obliqua albidis; posticis immaculatis;
omnibus subtus striga communi alba.

"Les ailes sont d'un gris cendre, ayant a leur base des touffes de poils longs et roussatres;
les superieures, pr6sentent, sur le milieu de l'aile, une tache blanche ayant la forme d'un 7
dont la queue est tournee vers la base, la pointe superieure de ce chiffre tombant plus ou moins
a une raie blanche, sinuee et transverse.

"Les inferieures sont sans taches; le dessous des ailes est semblable au dessus, a l'excep-
tion d'une bande blanche sinuee, qui traverse horizontalement les ailes inferieures.

"Le corps est gris-roussatre ; le corselet est couvert de longs poils bruns; les antennes
sont d'un blanc sale; le tete et les pattes sont brunes.

"Nous n'avons vu que la femelle.

"II setrouveau Chili."]

The female abdomen reaches to end of hind wing. Antennae simple as in Dirphia, judging
by Edwards's excellent photograph. The female differs from D. Jioegei; it is very near D.
hoegei, but the wings are not quite so wide; a white discal spot extending to[ward] but not
reaching costa, and also along the vein III to middle of wing. The thorax has thickened hairs.
Extradiscal line as in D. hoegei; other lines white and arranged as in hoegei. Perhaps a true

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 89

Dirphia. [Dr. Packard would doubtless have wished to revise and extend these preliminary
notes. In Kirby's Catalogue both T. socialis and Dirphia hoegei Druce (from Mexico) appear
in Ormiscodes. Dirphia angulifera Walker and Thauma ribis Hy. Edwards (which in Kirby's
Catalogue appears in a different family) are synonyms of T. socialis. T. ribis (Proc. Calif.
Acad., V (1S75), p. 266) was said to be from Vancouver Island, where it must have been intro-
duced. The species inhabits Peru and Chile.]

PHRICODIA Hiibner.

[Phricodia Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 187.]

[Kirby lists 25 species, all Neotropical except P. (?) albida Plotz, from west Africa.]

Imago. — 9 . Head, front as in Dirphia. Palpi small, rather slender, not reaching the
front, otherwise as in Dirphia; the tlrird joint well developed but drooping. [Antennae wanting
in specimen examined.]

Thorax somewhat shaggy, but with no specialized flattened scales, the vestiture being long,
but soft and woolly.

Wings very broad, much as in Dirphia, the 9 abdominal tip extending slightly farther than
in Dirphia, as far as the inner angle of the hind wings. Fore wings of the same shape as in
Dirphia, the costa only slightly arched ; apex rectangular, and the outer edge slightly convex.
Hind wings long and broad, much as in Dirphia.

Markings: Instead of a discal spot only a faint diffuse discal line as in Dirphia; extra-
discal line oblique and not wavy, but as in Dirphia, irregular. Abdomen banded with snuff-
yellow and brown.

Geographical distribution. — South and Central America; Jalapa, Mexico (Barrett).

PHRICODIA AGIS (Cramer).

Plate LIII, fig. 8.

[Atlacus agis Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, I, pi. 30, F (1775).]
Phricodia agis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 788].

Imago. — One 9 . Body and wings chestnut brown, head a little paler, snuff-yellow,
ochreous on each side. Palpi black brown. Fore wings chestnut brown, snuff-yellow on the
costal edge, and the veins also more or less snuff- yellow. A very faint diffuse smoky discal
linear discoloration which is obsolete beneath; no basal line. A straight, firm (not wavy or
scalloped) white extradiscal line, with the outer edge brown. No white costal spots or any
other white spots.

Hind wings uniformly chestnut brown, the only mark being a faint pale extradiscal line.
No discal spot. Beneath, as on the upper side of the wings, but no traces on the fore wings of
the extradiscal line.

Abdomen banded with snuff -yellow and black-brown; the end snuff -yellow.
Expanse of fore wings, 9 100 mm.
Length of fore wing, 9 48 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, 9 26 mm.
Length of hind wing, 9 37 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 9 27 mm.
This species in its broad wings and general style of coloration and markings closely
resembles Dirphia hoegei.

Geographical distribution. — [Mexico to Brazil, Kirby]; Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett).

HYLESIA Hubner.

[Hylesia Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. (1822), p. 186.]

[The type of the genus, according to Kirby, is H. canitia Stoll from Surinam.]

Imago. — <f and 9 . Head rather broad in front, subtriangular. Antennas of male short
with long joints, a single pair of long well-developed pectinations, those at the base very long

90 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

and the others rapidly shortening toward the tip; the distal vestigial pectinations are very
slender, longer on the outer side, shorter on the inner side, where they are about one-quarter
as long as the basal pectinations, and difficult to detect; extreme tip filiform. 2 .

Palpi short, stout, with bushy scales at the broad end; third joint not easily distinguishable.

Thorax without the long subclavate hairs of Dirphia.

Fore wings very falcate (especially in H. acuta), costal edge very convex toward the apex,
inclined to be slightly excavated within ; outer edge quite deeply hollowed out ; inner angle well
rounded. Hind wings reaching somewhat beyond the end of the abdomen; apex well rounded;
outer edge full, convex, inner edge nearly straight.

Markings : The wings of both pairs of the same hue and style of markings. No discal spots
on either pair of wings; the markings obscure bands and lines, indistinct and diffuse in H.
alinda and obsolete in H. acuta.

The species of Hylesia differ from those of the foregoing genera in the more falcate wings,
their smaller size, the shape of the antennae and palpi, the venation, as well as the smaller size
of the moths.

Geographical distribution. — South America; Mexico.

HYLESIA ALINDA Druce.

[Plate LXI, figs. 9, 10, is H. cressida Dyar, formerly referred to alinda.]

Hylesia alinda Druce [Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., I, p. 197 (1886), pi. 20, fig. 3].
Hylesia alinda [Holland, Moth Book, p. 90, PI. VIII, fig. 12].
Hylesia alinda Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. [792].

Imago. — Two o" . Head, front considerably narrower than in H. acuta, the head and
thorax in front dull roseate brick red, the thorax behind and the wings uniformly purplish
brown, of nearly the same hue as in H. acuta; thorax with no yellow hairs.

Fore wings falcate, but not so sharp at the apex as in H. acuta, and the wings of both pairs
are banded. Fore wings with a basal line darker than the rest of the wing, but diffuse and
obscure. A large elliptical brown discal spot unites with the broad extradiscal band making a
Y, the shorter arm of which is made by the discal spot. An irregular faint submarginal shade.
Hind wings with two broad diffuse purplish brown bands beyond the middle of the wings, of
the same hue as the bands on the anterior pair of wings.

Under side of the wings a little paler than above; the bands are reproduced, but the discal
spot is very obscure and almost atrophied. Abdomen black-brown; no yellow hairs on the
upper side, beneath purplish brown.

Expanse of fore wings, <? , 40 mm.
Length of fore wings, 6" , 21 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, S , 12 mm.
Length of hind wing, <? , 15 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, $ , 12 mm.
This species lacks the yellow thoracic erect hairs.

Geographical distribution. — [San Geronimo, Guatemala (Champion); Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama (mus. Staudinger.), Druce, 1. c] Jalapa, Mexico (H. Edwards); Vera Cruz, Mexico
(G. Franck).

[Also said to occur in Arizona, but Dr. Dyar writes that he is in some doubt regarding the
identity of the Arizona form. Kirby gives the distribution as "Guatemala, Panama."]

[Dr. Dyar writes: "I have larvae of three species of Hylesia identified (nigricans Berg.,
euphemia n. sp., and coinopus n. sp.). Stoll (Supple. Cramer, Pap. Exot., PI. XX) figures two
Hylesia larvae, but he assigns them to hirta and bibiana, which are both plainly Lasiocampida?,
so they are nameless. He says of the one he calls bibiana 'they live in society on the tree
guajaven, and spin in company and almost side by side like the processionea Linn., of Europe.'
The habits may vary with the species. Dr. Skinner sent me one (tapabex n. sp.) bred from a
'gregarious podlike cocoon."']

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

91

HYLESIA ACUTA Druce.

Hylesia acuta Druce [Biol. Cent. Amer., Lep. Het., I, p. 197, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2].
[Hylesia acota (sic) Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 792.]

Imago. — Three o* . Head, the front wide and, like the femora, deep roseate. Thorax
dark-brown, with short coarse hairs which are snuff-yellow on the middle of the thorax forming
an oval dull yellow-ochre area, and with scattered hairs of the same color behind. The distal
half of the abdomen ringed with snuff-yellow; the base is velvety brown, like the thorax, the
extremity is dull roseate; beneath reddish brown on the sides.

Wings of both pairs uniformly claret or dull wine red, becoming a little darker towards
the apex. No trace of a basal line or discal spot. Faint traces of an extradiscal line, which
is slightly curved and ends in a diffuse cloud on the outer fourth of the costal edge; an oblique
dark brown streak extending from the thorax along the base of the inner edge of the fore wings.
The fore wings are longer and much more falcate than those of H. alinda, from which the pres-
ent species differs in the absence of the markings, in the yellow hairs on the thorax and abdo-
men, the head also being wider in front-

Fig. 1. Venation of Hylesia acuta Druce, cf Jalapa. No discal vein in fore wing and a very slight one in hind wing.

Hind wings with no lines or any markings. The wings beneath as above, but slightly
paler, though darker on the costal and apical region.
Expanse of fore wings, <? , 54 mm.
Length of fore wing, s , 25 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, $ , 12.5 mm.
Length of hind wing, S , 18 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, <? , 13 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett).

[Dr. H. G. Dyar has just revised the genus Hylesia as represented in the United States
National Museum, and kindly supplies the following table:]

Table of species of Hylesia in United States National Museum.

By Harrison G. Dyar.1

Hind wing at least in <$ with ocellate discal mark.

Fore wing of o* strongly falcate; <? very dissimilar nanus Walker.

Fore wing of cT not strongly falcate.

Ocellus of hind wing of J1 brick-red with yellow center corevia Schaus; PI. L-XXIX, figs. 5, 6.

Ocellus red with black or crimson ring.

Hind wing of c? with a blunt angle below the middle of outer margin lineata Druce.

Hind wing of c? evenly rounded.

Ocellus of S with a black ring subaurea Schaus.

Ocellus of cf with dull crimson ring iola Dyar.

1 [See also r-roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 44, pp. 121-134, whero the new species are described. The H. inficita Walker of the table is the insect so
determined by Schaus from Costa Rican specimens. It may not be the true inficita, described from Brazil. H. aeneides Druoo runs in the table to
the vicinity of melanostigma and gyrci, from which it is known by the rosy (instead of ochreous) abdomen.]

92 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii.

Hind wing of S without ocellate discal mark, at most a diffused darker patch.
Hind wing of 6" with rounded angle below middle.

Fore wing of $ with large blackish discal patch melanostigma H.-S.

Fore wing without these markings gyrex Dyar; PL LXXXI, fig. 1.

Hind wing of o* evenly rounded.

Fore wing of <? round edly produced at apex; a brown band on basal part of inner margin oblique to the base.

Outer band of fore wing distinct, dark, broad mymex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 5.

Outer band absent, faint, or very slender.

Fore wing of $ without distinct discal mark; thorax black.

Fore wing rosy brown acuta Druce.

Fore wing dark smoky brown.

Venter of thorax and abdomen sooty brown.

Fore wing with faint outer line hamata Schaus; PL LXXXI, fig. 4.

Fore wing with outer line obsolete tapareba Kirby.

Pectus and venter reddish, bordered with gray tapabex Dyar; PL LXXXI, figs. 2, 3.

Fore wing of d with large black discal mark; thorax yellow-brown.

rosacea Schaus; PL LXXXI, fig. 6.
Fore wing of S little or not produced at apex; no brown band on base of inner margin.
Fore wing of <3 with annular discal mark.

Feet rosy red rufipes Schaus; PL LXXXIII, fig. 2.

Feet ocherous or blackish.

Abdomen black dorsally annulata Schaus; PL LXXXIII, fig. 3.

Abdomen ochreous oehrifcx Dyar; PL LXXXIII, fig. 4.

Abdomen dark brown throughout index Dyar; PL LXXXIII, fig. 5.

Fore wing of o* with discal mark clouded, solid, or obsolete.
Feet rosy red or rosy tinged.

Wings pale rosy; abdomen black dorsally margarita Dogni i

Wings brown; abdomen not black dorsally.

Hind wing with ochreous tint at base of inner margin, .dalina Schaus; PL LXXXIII, fig.
Hind wing without such tint, more or less rosy.
Abdomen of c? with ochreous hairs dorsally.

Outer band of fore wing shaded outward to subterminal line.

rubrifrons Schaus; PL LXXXIII, fig. 6.
Outer band not so shaded, though sometimes lost in the general suffusion.

9 with lateral and terminal tufts of abdomen dark brown; <$ larger, fore wing

falcate, marks contrasting alinda Druce.

9 with abdominal tufts black; o" smaller, fore wing a little less falcate, marks

contrasting cressida Dyar; PL LXXXIII, figs. 11, 12.

9 with abdominal tufts ochre; <S smaller, fore wing scarcely falcate, marks

blurred euphemia Dyar; PL LXXXIII, figs. 9, 10.

Abdomen of c? with rosy brown hairs only, like the thorax.

multiplex Schaus; PL LXXXIII, fig. 8.
Feet without any rosy tint.

Lines of fore wing appearing dark.

Outer line of fore wing broad, shaded, illy defined, or nearly lost in the general ground color.
Outer line broad, shaded.

Hind wing of 6* with the two lines alike, joined by shading to form a band broad

and dark pollex Dyar; PL LXXXI, figs. 7, 8.

Hind wing of S with the two lines alike, remote, separated.

valvex Dyar; PL LXXXI, figs. 11, 12
Hind wing of S with the inner line heavier and more distinct than the outer.

umbrata Schaus; PL LXXXI, figs. 9, 10.
Outer line not of this character but nearly lost in the general dark shading.

c? unknown terranea Schaus; PL LXXXI, fig. 13.

t? with the two outer lines of hind wing near the margin fairly distinct, their pale
interspaces giving the appearance of pale lines. ..murex Dyar; PL LXXXI, fig. 14.
6" with lines of hind wing very indistinct, more remote from margin and withour
contrasting interspaces.

Fore wing below smooth mouse gray, the veins concolorous.

ascodex Dyar; PL LXXXI, fig. 15.
Fore wing below rough gray, blotched with blackish, veins dark lined.

leilex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 16
Outer line of fore wing distinct, straight, more or less narrow and not diffused.
Abdomen of c? black, gray below, anal tuft pale ochreous.

murmur Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 6.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 93

Abdomen of cf with numerous dark ochre hairs, at least on sides and venter.

Discal spot of fore wing predominant, large and distinct, while the other markings

are slender and reduced indurata Dyar; PI. LXXXII, fig. 7.

Discal spot not predominant, though often large.
Outer line of fore wing of c? broad.

Inner line of hind wing of S crossing the discal venules; no discal mark.

Abdomen of S black dorsally oratex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 17.

Abdomen of <? with ochreous hairs dorsally.

Outer line of hind wing crenulate, defining a pale lilacine marginal

space coex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 3.

Outer line of hind wing shaded; no lilacine ground.

rex Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 2.
Inner line of hind wing of <J passing beyond the discal venules.

Hind wing with large discal spots. . .orbifex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 20.
Hind wing with slender mark on discal venules or none.

Fore wing of c? with the submarginal space distinctly marked, the
pale lilacine ground sharply defined and broken before apex.
Lines of hind wing slender, parallel; no discal mark.

remex Dyar; PI. LXXXI, fig. 19.
Lines of hind wing broader, the outer subcrenulate; a faint

narrow discal mark livex Dyar; PL LXXXI, fig. 18.

Fore wing of <$ with submarginal space indistinctly marked, the
pale lilacine shade diffused, not broken before apex.
Fore wing with broader outer band, shading outwardly.

liturex Dyar; PL LXXXI, fig. 21.
Fore wing with narrower band, sharply defined outwardly.

molpex Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 1.
Outer line of fore wing of <? narrow, linear.
Wings lilacine tinted.

Outer line of fore wing straight; hind wing subtriangular.

falcifera Hiibner.
Outer line broadly inflexed; hind wing full, rounded.

mortifex Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 4.
Wings brown tinted.

Hind wing beneath with the lines straight, approximate, the inner

stronger than the outer nigricans Berg.

Hind wing beneath with the lines similar, faint, remote, curved.

lolamex Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 5.
Lines of fore wing appearing pale.

Abdomen of <? with dark ochreous hairs dorsally.
Fore wing rosy.

Outer and submarginal lines indicated coinopus Dyar; PL LXXXIII, fig. 1.

Outer and submarginal lines lost; discal mark prominent continua Walker.

Fore wing without rosy tint.

Subterminal pale shade as prominent as the other lines.

Hind wing appearing to have two curved dark lines on a paler ground.
Abdomen of c? with dense ochre hairs.

Abdomen of 9 dark with few ochre hairs.

Wings distinctly marked; size larger canitia Stoll.

Wings indistinctly marked ; size smaller inficita Walk.

Abdomen of $ densely ochre haired like the <3 .

schausi Dyar; PL LXXXII, figs. 10, 11.
Abdomen of cT gray with very few ochre hairs.

pauper Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 13.
Hind wing appearing to have a single curved pale line on a dark ground, or
unhanded.

Discal mark of fore wing clouded, dark, visible; hind wing with single
pale band.
Smaller, costa of fore wing dark-blotched, wings narrower, abdominal

hairs dark ocher mystica Dyar; PL LXXXII, figs. 8, 9.

Larger, costa of fore wing concolorous, wings broader and more rounded,
abdominal hairs brown, scarcely ochreous.

athlia Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 14.

Discal mark of fore wing invisible, concolorous; hind wing with only the

margin paler cedomnibus Dyar; PL LXXXII, fig. 12.

94 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

■^ubterminal pale shade faint, subordinated.

Pale lines of fore wing relieved on a dark ground without bordering shades,

somewhat approximate below vindex Dyar; PI. LXXXII, fig. 15.

Pale lines with inner blackish bordering shades and strongly approximated

below solvex Dyai; PI. LXXXII, fig. 16.

Abdomen of <? without ochreous hairs dorsally.

Abdomen with lateral and ventral ochreous hairs, .frigida Schaus; PI. LXXXII, fig. 17.

Abdominal hairs entirely black bouvereti Dognin.

[Hylesia musculo, from Brazil, is figured on Plates LXXXIV, fig. 2, and CXII, figs, e, f, g, h, i, j.]

MICRATTACUS Walker.

Micrattacus Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1335, 1855.

Micrattacus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 774.

Hylesia Herrich-Schaeffer, Sammlung Aussereur. Schmett., p. 60, 1856.

Micrattacus Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 50, 1895.

[Type of genus, M. nanus Walker.]

Imago. — s . Head wide between the eyes, which are rather large. Antennas of <? short
and broad; pectinations in the middle a little longer than wide(?) about 12 pairs; tip sub-
filiform; distal ones arise close to the basal ones, and are shorter and difficult to detect; the
basal ones are densely ciliated. In 9 antennas simple, short. Palpi unusually short and
stout, not reaching the front; third joint not distinct.

Fore wings unusually falcate, though not so much produced as in the s of Ludia; costa
not quite so much arched, but the apex is narrow and more acute, the outer edge more deeply
hollowed in behind the apex, and farther behind the outer edge is full and rounded, and the
inner angle well rounded. Hind wings triangular, reaching to the end of the abdomen; apex
well rounded, but the inner angle not slightly produced, as in Ludia. In the female the shape
of the wings closely resembles that of Hylesia nigricans, the wings being scarcely falcate, and
of the same hue and with the same kind of markings. Legs moderately thick and hairy.

Venation: In fore wings very different from Sagana, and quite near to Eudelia. Vein IIj
arises just within the outer side of the discal cell (farther out than in Eudelia) ; vein II2 wanting;
vein III2 is entirely detached, being situated in the middle of the discal cell, and becoming a
true independent vein, as in Eudelia, Ludia, and Henucha. Median veins (III3-rV2) much as
in Ludia. Hind wings much as in Ludia, differing from Sagana in vein III2, being independent.
The discal cell is shorter in the wings of both pairs than in Sagana or in Ludia and Henucha.
The female as figured by Herrich-Schaeffer is very different from the male, and differs generi-
cally, the fore wings are searcely falcate, and the hind wings are not triangular, and the color
is brownish, the discal spots being indistinct.

Markings: Ground color fawn brown, with a large opaque oval discal spot on both wings,
those of the fore wings grayish; those of the hind wings tawny, tending to atrophy beneath,
especially on the fore wings.

The wide head in front, the very short broad antennas, the short and stout palpi and
unusually falcate fore wings and triangular hind wings and its small size, with the large discal
ocelli on each wing, characterize this interesting form, though the $ is much more generalized
in shape and color.

Geographical distribution. — Neogaeic realm, coast of southern Brazil.

This genus, as shown by the venation, is somewhat intermediate between Sagana and the
Chilean Eudelia, and the South African genera Ludia and Henucha. The imaginal characters
are such as to show quite conclusively that these genera form a group common to the Neogaeic
and Ethiopian central and South African realms.

The two sexes are remarkably unlike, and the species presents a notable example of sexual
dimorphism. The male departs widely in its very falcate fore wings, its triangular hind wings,
in its reddish-brown hues, and rather large round discal spots, from the dull dark obscurely
colored female. The case is a much more extreme one than that of Hyperchiria io, or Saturnia
pavonia-minor. It should be noticed that in venation the two sexes do not differ much; it is
in the less fundamental features of shape of the wings, the colors, and the markings that the
male differs generically from the other sex.

[Dr. H. G. Dyar (in litt., 1912) considers Micrattacus a synonym of Hylesia.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 95

MICRATTACUS NANUS Walker.

Mierattueus nanus Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1335, No. 1, 1855.

Mierattacus nanus Kirby [Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 774].

Hylesia dissimilis Herrich-Schaeffer, Sammlung Aussereur. Schmett., p. 60, <J , figs. 491, 492, 9 , 493, 1856.

Mierattacus nanus Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 50, 1895.

Imago. — One j , one 9 . Head, body, and wings pink-brown, tbe thorax has a darker
velvet-brown patch on the prothorax, greatly contracting between the fore wings, and widening
again to the abdomen, the basal ring of which is dark, the remainder paler brown than the
wings. Fore wings with a faint dislocated basal line, a little nearer the discal spot than the
base of the wing. Extradiscal line firm, not wavy, but extending forward in an oblique course
and disappearing before reaching the apex. Discal spot a large oval, peculiarly hoary, tawny
spot, with an eccentric darker dot. An obscure dark shade, zigzag on the outer edge, just
beyond the extradiscal fine. Hind wings of the same hue as the fore wings, but the outer edge
more reddish-ochreous, and containing a faint, diffuse, submarginal line. Discal spot not so
large as on the fore wings, but dull ochreous yellow, and centered by a dark spot.

Beneath the discal spot on the hind wing is one-half as large as above; that on the fore
wings is obsolete; the fore wings are paler on the posterior half and the hind wings with more
decided yellow and ruddy hues on the outer edge than above.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 39 mm.; 9 49 mm.

Length of fore wing, c? 20 mm.; 9 25 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, jlOmm.; 9 12mm.

Length of hind wing, <?15mm.; 9 17 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, S 10 mm.; 9 11^ mm.
Female. — Very closely resembling Hylesia nigricans, having the same cut of the fore and
hind wings, the same dark brown hue, discal spots and line. Body and wings dark umber
brown, abdomen tawny brown; the thorax darker than the wings. No distinct basal line; a
roundish dark umber discal discoloration just beyond which is an oblique but not wavy extra-
discal line, nearly parallel with the outer edge of the wing. Hind wings with a very faint small
discal spot and a submarginal indistinct diffuse wavy shade. Apex of the fore wings, beneath
as well as above, tawny yellow; wings beneath slightly paler than above, but the discal spots
smaller and less distinct.

This is one of the smallest forms of the family, and in its shape it recalls the genus Attacus.
Its pink-brown body and wings, the large velvety-brown patch on the thorax, and the large
ocelli in each wing give it a peculiar facies. It is, with Sagana, the South American ally of a
number of forms belonging to a side group which characterizes the South African fauna, the
ocelli, however, being more normal than in the other genera.

Geographical distribution. — Thus far this species has only been collected at Rio Janeiro,
though in the Edwards coDection of the American Museum of Natural History at New York
there is one from "Caruvado, Brazil." I am indebted to Mr. William Schaus for the example

described.

MICRATTACUS VIOLASCENS Maass. and Wern.

Mierattacus violascens Rothschild, I.e.

Mierattacus bulxa Maass. and Wern. is a true Aulomeris (cf. Rothschild, 1. c).

PROTAUTOMERIS Packard.

[Protautomeris Packard, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XI (1903), p. 254.]

Imago. — <? . Head moderately broad, narrowing somewhat toward the labial region.
Antennae of <? much as in Dirphia (D. Ticegei), not very long but differing from DirpMa in the
extreme tip being subfiliform; the distal pectinations about three-quarters as long as the basal
ones; the joints in the middle of the antennas rather short.

Palpi stout, porrect, slightly exceeding the front, and with close scales; third joint distinct,
but short and somewhat depressed.

Thorax stout, with a few fine slender but long hair-like scales, i. e., flattened hairs, on each
side of the patagia.

96 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Fore wings much as in Automeris, the wings more falcate than in Dirphia; costa well curved
before the apex which is subacute; outer edge much shorter than the inner and very slightly
concave. Hind wings much rounded at the apex; outer edge full and convex, the inner angle
extending as far as the tip of the abdomen.

Venation: Differs from that of Automeris io in vein II (first subcostal) arising nearer the
middle of the discal space, while the independent vein arises near the middle of the discal
space, i. e., the two discal veins are of nearly the same length, while in A. io the anterior discal
is very much shorter than the posterior. In the hind wings the discal cell is narrower than
in A. io.

Colors and markings: Very similar to those of some of the species of Automeris. A curved
irregularly scalloped basal line; extradiscal line strongly marked, oblique, a little curved and
ending as in Automeris at the apex. Ocellus faint, much as in Automeris. Hind wings with a
well-marked very large ocellus of the Automeris type and partly surrounded by a heavy black
extradiscal line.

Abdomen lake-red, but tawny yellowish at tip.

This genus is based on Dirphia mseonia of Druce, the only species yet known.

Geographical distribution. — So far as yet known the single species of the genus is confined
to Mexico, but may be found to extend into Central America.

This rather remarkable genus is a very interesting annectant form between the two principal

subdivisions of the family Hemileucida? represented by Dirphia and Automeris. It differs from

Dirphia and Hyperdirphia in the much smaller palpi, which are much as in Automeris, being of

about the same length, though the antenna? are of the same shape as in the two former genera.

In the shape of the wings it approaches Automeris, and still more in the markings in which it is

in advance of its structural features, having the oblique extradiscal line of the fore wings, and

the very large and perfect ocellus of the hinder ones. The erect long hair-like thoracic scales

may be an inheritance from Dirphia, while in the single known species the abdomen is

not striped with dark and yellow, but is reddish carmine. It is most probable that the

Automeris group originated from a form similar to this. Its larval history would be most

interesting.

PROTAUTOMERIS M.EON1A ( Druce).

Plate LIU, fig. 7.

Dirphia mseonia Druce [Biol. Centr.-Amer., Heter. II (1897), p. 426, PL LXXXV, fig. 3].

Imago. — One <?(?). Head and thorax and base of fore wings of a rich dark chestnut or
Vandyke brown, paler beneath. Palpi and legs (tibia? and tarsi) light Indian red ; palpi brighter
red than the legs; femora brown, of the same hue as the underside of thorax.

Fore wings: Basal line situated halfway between the base of the wing and the discal spot;
it is divided into two scallops, a small one in the base of the discal cell, the other very large
and extending to the inner edge of the wing on the inner third ; the line is yellow within, edged
externally with white. Extradiscal line very distinct, yellow edged within with white; it
begins a little beyond the middle of the wing and ends almost directly on or just before the
apex; it is oblique, slightly incurved in its course. On the outside there is a brown shade, but
the middle of the wing and the outer edge are of a peculiar pale gray with a slight purplish or
flesh tint. Discal spot an oblong irregular chestnut cloud nearly of the same shape and dis-
tinctness as that of Automeris.

Hind wings much rounded on the apex; the outer edge very full and convex; at their base
they are quite hairy and of a dull pink; there is no basal line. The ocellus formed of a large,
nearly round broad black ring inclosing a dull pinkish area concolorous with the base of the wing,
the center free from long scales, and with a few white scales; it is not naked or transparent.
Between the ocellus and the much curved black extradiscal line is a larger rich ochre-yellow
patch. A broad diffuse extradiscal line is a large rich ochre-yellow patch. A broad diffuse
dark pink-brown [suffusion?], the wing being dull pink in hue. The veins on both wings are
distinct and strongly marked with brown scales.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 97

Underside of the wings of a uniform pink gray, the pink deepest in hue on the hairy portion
of the inner edge of the hind wings. Only a faint diffuse line on the fore wings representing
the extradiscal line, but ending much farther from the apex on the outer fourth of the wing.
A similar shade crosses the hind wing where the ocellus would be if present. No distinct traces
of discal spots.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 78 mm.

Length of a fore wing, d 40 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, <? 23 mm.

Length of a hind wing, S 30 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, <? 23 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Vera Cruz, Mexico (G. Franck).

AUTOMERIS Hubner.

[Aulomeris Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 154 (1822?).]

[The type of the genus, according to W. F. Kihby (Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 776), is the Neotropical A.janus Cramer. Grote
also so restricted it in 1874.]

Imago. — S and 9. Head moderate in size; front subtriangular, rather closely cropped,
much more so than in Dirphia or Hemileuca. Male antennae well pectinated to the tip, but not
so subplumose or broad at the end as in Hemileuca and Pseudohazis; joints moderately long;
the pectinations not so regularly curved as in Hemileuca etc. ; distal pectinations long and slender,
two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the basal ones. In ? the joints are simple, about as long
as broad, with no teeth (vestiges of pectinations) , but bearing two or three lateral setse on each
side. Palpi distinct, porrect, well developed, the third joint distinct, reaching out as far as the
front, in some species extending beyond it, when denuded; the third joint is seen to be cylin-
drical, square at the end.

Thorax clothed with rather dense scales, which are closely cropped, compared with the
species of Dirphia.

Fore wings subfalcate; costa considerably arched; apex more pointed than usual; outer
edge nearly straight, only slightly excavated. Hind wings reaching either well beyond the
abdomen or only slightly beyond; apex rounded; outer edge full and convex, in A. io well
rounded.

Abdomen not banded, and concolorous with the hind wings.

The coloration in most of the species is very distinctive; the ground colors are reddish or
olive-green, tawny, or yellow. As a rule there is no discal ocellus on the upper side of the fore
wings, but on the underside it is very large and fully formed; it is represented above by two
rows of dark dots inclosing a slightly darker space, which is either irregularly oblong or roundish.
On the hind wings there is a very large distinct multicolored ocellus, and an outer black curved
extradiscal line, which is represented on the underside by a white dot.

The sexes in some species, as A. io, are very unlike in ground color, the male being yellow,
while the female retains the generic hues.

The genus is readily recognized by the subfalcate acute fore wings, and rounded hind wings,
while the discal ocellus of the hind wings is large and complete, there being none on the upper
side of the anterior pair, though there is a large one on the underside.

Geographical distribution. — This genus, so abnormally rich in species, is characteristic of
Brazil and the forest region generally of South America, as well as Central America and Mexico,
while only a single species spreads over the eastern United States and Canada.

AUTOMERIS IO (Fabricius).
Plate XIX, fig. 7; XX, fig. i; LIV, figs. 4 {varia), 5; LX, figs. 1-4; LXVIII, fig. 8.
[Bombyx io Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 560, a. 16 (1775).]

Imago. — S , 9 . Body and wings of male bright ochreous yellow ; those of the 9 grizzly
rust-red, and thorax rust-red. Fore wings of <? not very sharp at the apex; a narrow oval
83570°— 14 7

98 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

discal spot surrounded by five or six reddish dots, an interrupted basal reddish line situated
halfway between the base of the wing and the discal spot. Extradiscal line scalloped, reddish,
more or less distinct, not undulating or very obbque; whig along the inner edge dull reddish
pink.

o* . Hind wings pink on the inner edge, and of a faded brick-red hue on the costal edge;
bright yellow in the middle. A large discal spot black, with a minute white central line
surrounded by blue scales. Extradiscal line heavy, black; between this and the outer edge
is a heavy dull red-pink line. Fore wings beneath with a discal spot of moderate size, and an
extradiscal oblique firm line. Hind wings with only a small white discal spot, beyond which
is the straight extradiscal line.

9 . The head and thorax rust-red ; fore wings grizzly rust-red ; then base with erect
irregular shaggy hairs; a basal zigzag whitish line formed of two scallops; extradiscal white
[or pale] line of eight scallops, the line not undulating; a faint irregular submarginal line.

Hind wings dull brick reddish on the costal, outer, and inner edges, the middle inclosing
the ocellus and extradiscal line bright yellow, the submarginal line much deeper reddish than
the edge of the whig. Beneath, the ocellus of the fore wing is smaller in proportion than that of
the <? , but not so regularly round, being somewhat oval. Wings of both pairs of the same hue,
paler than above, with more ocherous scales.

Expanse of fore wings, d1 62 mm.; 9 SO mm.
Length of fore whig, <? 28 mm.; 9 37 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, o* 16 mm.; 9 22 mm.
Length of hind wing, o* 21mm.; 9 28 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, <? 16 mm.; 9 23 mm.

Aberration. — One S . General color yellow, like the normal male, and is of the same size.

Fore wings with the basal line broad, especially on the inner edge; it is interrupted behind
the cost a. Extradiscal line distmct on the costa and toward and on the hind [margin] dilating
into an irregular reddish patch on the inner angle. Discal spot on the upper side normal.

On the underside of the fore wings tbfe discal spot is represented by a very large smoky
black spot consisting of a central round spot of the same size as the normal spot on this side
of the wing and centered by a small white irregular dot; beyond the black spot the black
suffused portion expands and extends to the extradiscal line, and is about 6 mm. in length;
it also extends inward from the discal spot and is interrupted by the yellowish veins. Outer
edge of the wing yellow; inner edge deep pink as in the normal <? .

Hind wings as above, much suffused with black, since all the space from the normal black
portion to the extradiscal black ring which it includes is filled hi with coal black. The entire
black area is about 12 by 10 mm. in extent. The submarginal reddish line is twice as wide
as in the normal S , and much suffused, with some black scales, and the pink inner margin is
stained with black scales. Fringe as in normal c? .

Hind wings beneath as in normal <? .

Abdomen as usual.

I am indebted to Mrs. A. T. Slosson for the opportunity of examining and describing this
interesting example. It was taken at light hi July, 1901, at Franconia, by Dr. W. C. Prune.

[A form called argus by Neumoegen and Dyar, Canad. Entom. XXV (1893), p. 123, was
described as follows :

& . Head, thorax, body, legs, and wings light yellow. Both wings uniform in color, with
some darker basal tints. On secondaries a prominent blackish-blue ocellus with white central
lunule, surrounded by an outer semicircular black line.

Below a large black discal spot, with white central kernel on primaries, and faint traces
of the transverse lines on both wings. This aberration, which seems extremely rare, is imme-
diately recognized by its immaculate wings, showing only the large ocellus on secondaries.
Caught at Hoboken, N. J.]

[A variety of A. io was taken by Snow in Gailinas Canon, N. Mex.]

[Variety fusca Luther, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1907, p. 131, was described from Rhode Island.

no. i. BOMBYCUSTE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 99

Dr. Dyar states that this is the ordinary North Atlantic form. The name fusca is
preoccupied in Automeris {fusca Walker, 1855), and the race described by Luther may take
the name A. io lutheri.]

[Some individual aberrations of A. io have been described by H. PI. Newcomb.]
[At Boulder, Colo., A. io presents what may perhaps be considered a local race (coloradensis
nov.). The females are similar to var. fusca Luther in general appearance and markings, but
the anterior wings are usually a deep vinaceous with a strong purple suffusion; the pale
markings are only moderately developed, and have a greenish appearance (actually due to a
mixture of pale yellow and grayish-white hair-Like scales) . The broad submarghial band agrees
with fusca; in typical A. io (PI. LX, fig. 4) this region is more or less pallid and the evident
band incloses the faint post-median line of pale scallops. (See also Holland, The Moth Book,
PI. IX, fig. 5.) One example, however, is a lighter, more cinnamon red, and approaches
Holland's figure quite closely.1

The Boulder males do not present any marked characters, except that the anal region of
the primaries is generally strongly washed with vinous. The discal patch on primaries is
strongly marked. This male is like fusca in markings, rather than typical io.
In Nebraska A. io is rare, and Prof. M. H. Swenk reports (litt. July, 1912):
"Our collections contain only three specimens, all females, taken as follows: Lincoln,
May 29, 1894; Jamaica, April 18, 1903, and Halsey, May 29, 1912. The latter locality is in
the middle of the State in the sand-hill region. All three of these specimens look enough like
the colored figure of this insect in Holland's 'Moth Book' to be the original of it."

The Nebraska form is evidently like that occurring eastward, and not coloradensis.]
[Geographical distribution. — From the Atlantic coast west to Colorado and New Mexico.
The following localities are represented by the records of A. io preserved at the United States
Department of Agriculture : Maine (Bowdoinham) ; Connecticut (New Haven) ; Massachusetts
(Norwood, West Medford) ; New York (Mdlers Place, Alton) ; New Jersey (Garfield) ; Penn-
sylvania (Honesdale, Dreshartown, McCrays) ; Vermont (Burlington) ; District of Columbia
(Washington) ; Virginia (Falls Church, Linville) ; Maryland (Elk Ridge, Cumniing Freedom) ;
North Carolina (Wilkesboro, Raleigh, Asheville) ; Florida (St. Petersburg) ; Georgia (Smithville,
Grayton, Macon) ; Tennessee (Northville) ; Alabama (Citronelle) ; Louisiana (Brodnax) ;
Arkansas (Helena) ; Texas (Hockley) ; Oklahoma (Eakly) ; Kansas (Oswego) ; Missouri (Cadet) ;
Ohio (Rogers) ; Iowa (Libson) ; Minnesota (Hastings) . Mr. T. Pergande notes that larvse
feeding on cotton were received from P. Richert, Franklin, Tex., and from E. W. Thompson,
Smithville, Ga. Years later larva? of A. io were received from B. II. Brodnax, Brodnax, La.,
with the statement that they were present in thousands on his cotton, stripping many plants
of their leaves. (MS. note by Coquillett.) In 1888 a larva was found feeding on saw palmetto
by R. Ranson, Sea View, Fla. It was sent to Washington, where it was fed on rose, and
produced a moth (note by Pergande).]

Life history.

The gregarious caterpillars of this moth were observed on the aspen at Brunswick, Me.,
July 27; the young larvse, apparently just hatched, occurred July 16, forming a group on an
aspen leaf.

Young larva after hatching. — Stout, thick bodied; the body is uniformly pale reddish
brown, while the large branching spines are brown and black. Length, 5 to 6 mm.

Young larva 15 mm. in length. — Body moderately thick, or the usual shape of the genus.
Body pale reddish horn-colored, with six longitudinal paler lines; four rows of dorsal and
subdorsal black spinulated spines; and also a similar lateral row (or six rows in all). Head
blackish-brown .

[' A full-fed larva of coloradensis, collected at Boulder by Miss B. Moore, Sept. 1, 1912, presented the following characters: Dorsum very pale
greenish turquoise, deepening to a light emerald green above the lateral band; lateral band with its upper part (enclosing spiracles) rather dull blood
red or brick red, enclosing small inconspicuous white spots, its lower part pure white, edged below, at beginning and end of each segment, with
red. Head very pale green, region of mouth ochreous, mandibles dark apically. Spines light yellowish green (apple-green), black-tipped, the
black not clearly evident without a lens. Thoracic legs largely red; abdominal legs apple-green, the shining plates above the feet pale red with light
tubercles from which arise many (one from each) pale bristles; feet red. J

100

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XII,

Fig. 2. — Automeris io.

showing the eversible glands (a), etc.

After molting, July 28. — Length, 17 to 18 mm. The spinules on the spines are mostly
whitish (those at the ends black), giving a grayish appearance to the larva. Head reddish
amber; body, reddish-yellow.

Larva after another molt, August 6. — Length, 30 to 35 mm. As soon as the old skin is cast,
and while the parts are limp and soft, the spines present a curious appearance; the spinules
being short, and placed close together, so that the whole spine forms an elongated conical mass.

Soon the spinules stand out and the larva presents the
normal appearance. It is now much lighter than before,
all the spines being dense and pale, but afterwards they
become wholly black or black at the ends, including the
hairs, though the general effect of the mass of spines is to
give a pale horn-colored yellowish-green hue to the body.
Color of the body as before, but there is a distinct broad
a ireshiy hatched larva, deep orange spiracular line, edged slightly above, and
broadly below, with whitish. The head is blackish in front,
with a whitish V-shaped mark and a whitish dash in the middle of the V or clypeus; labrum
whitish.

Full-fed larva, molted August 16 to 20. — Same characters as before the last molt, only
differing in being much larger. Body cylindrical, with stout spinulated spines arising in whorls
from small conical tubercles, arranged in seven rows on the thoracic and five rows on the abdom-
inal segments; the spinules at tip very sharp and poisonous, often ending in a stiff hair;
about twelve spinules on each tubercle, some of the lateral abdominal thoracic spinules tipped
with black. Head of the usual size, rather large, pea-green; the eyes, except the posterior
one, situated on a black spot; labrum pale amber. Body and spines pea-green. On the
abdominal segments is a lateral broad bright reddish spiracular band, broadly edged with white
below; this line extends to the end of the outer
side of the anal legs. Spiracles whitish, narrowly
edged with black; ends of the abdominal legs and
entire thoracic legs reddish. Length, 60 mm.

Larvae were found on beech at Jackson,
N. H, September 10.

[The following account of the transforma-
tions of A. io appeared in Proc. Amer. Philo-
sophical Society, XXXI (1893), pp. 168-171:]

At Brunswick, Me., the eggs were laid in confinement,
June 5-7, and the larvse hatched June 25, or about three
weeks afterwards. Another year, larvse in the second stage
were observed July 16. For an excellent but brief descrip-
tion of all the stages see Riley's Fifth Rep. Ins. Missouri,
135; also Lintner's Entomological Contributions, II, 146.
Both authors state that there are six stages.

Egg. — 1.8 mm.; width, 1.4 mm. It is regularly oval-
cylindrical in form and slightly flattened; yellow during
early embryonic life, with sometimes an orange spot on each
side. Under a high-power triplet the surface of the shell
is seen to be very finely granulated (not smooth and
shining), and under a one-half-inch objective the surface
is seen to be divided into close-set, very small, slightly
raised but flattened areas, separated by narrow valleys; the areaB are very irregular, but often are somewhat polygonal
in outline.

Larva. — Stage I. Length, 5.5, when freshly hatched; the head, 0.8 mm. in width. The body is uniformly yellow-
ish brown; the head and spines are dark, blackish brown. All the feet, both thoracic and abdominal, are of the same
color as the body. The spines are in four rows, i. e., there are eight on each segment, except on those bearing the
abdominal legs, when the smallest or infraspiracular ones are wanting. The eversible glands are well developed; a
pair on the first and a second pair on the seventh abdominal segment; they are situated behind the spiracla of their
Begment and between the subdorsal and spiracular row of spines. The spiracles are very small and hard to detect in

Fig. 3. — Automeris io.

Armature of the three thoracic segments,
stage I.

No. 1.

BOMBYCLNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

101

thia stage. The subdorsal spines are about as long as the body is thick, the dorsal ones a little thicker and longer;
they end in usually fine setae, one of which is finely barbed about as long as the spine itself. Both the subdorsal and
dorsal spines of the three thoracic and of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments are deeply forked, the forks of
equal length and each bearing the long bristle as well as four or five short ones. Those of the other segments are not
forked. The first thoracic dorsal and subdorsal spines are as long and large as those on the two hinder segments. The
spines are represented in figure 6.

Figure 2 represents the freshly hatched larva, drawn with the camera, with the lateral, eversible glands (g).

Figure 3 represents the armature of the three thoracic segments. Pp, the prothoracic shield; I, II, III, the bifid

Fig. 4. — Automeris io. Armature of the last thoracic and abdominal segments, 1, 2, ft-10, stage I.

dorsal spines of the three thoracic segments, about three-fourths or four-fifths as long as the segments are thick; sd',
sd", id"', the bifid subdorsal spines; s', s" , s"' , the spiracular spines; the prothoracic ones throw off a bristle near the
middle; in those behind this bristle is wanting; they are inserted just in front of the spiracle, the corresponding ones,
however, on the abdominal segments being situated just below the spiracles; i', i" , V" , the small infraspiracular
spines which are about half as long as the Bpiracular ones; V ', I", V" , insertion of the thoracic legs.

Figure 4 represents the armature of some of the other segments. A, the third thoracic and the first and second
abdominal; III, V , II", the dorsal spines; and the other lettering as before; sp, the spiracle; g, the lateral eversible
gland of the first abdominal segment. B, the sixth to tenth (and last) abdominal segments; faint traces of the spiracular

and infraspiracular yellowish lines are to be seen, hence the medio-
dorsal, the subdorsal, and the two lateral longitudinal lines of the
larva in its second stage are already indicated in the first stage. The
abdominal legs each bear eight ungues, or four on each side; and all
except the anal legs bear a piliferous wart just above the planta;
sp, the rugose suranal plate, bearing five piliferous warts on each side;
lp, the lateral plate of the anal legs, with three or four piliferous warts.
Stage II. Length, 7 mm.; width of head 1.3 mm. The head is
chestnut-brown. The body is uniformly reddish umber-brown; the
spines are blackish brown, with the spines black at the tip. The
dorsal and subdorsal spines are now approximate in shape to those of the
last stage, being bulbous at base, and with radiating stout spinules, but
the latter are less in number than in the fifth and sixth stages. The dorsal
spines of the prothoracic segments are bifid, the forks of the same
length, and each bearing a long hair; along the trunk are pale
scattered tubercles, each ending in a long hair. The second thoracic
dorsal spines have but one terminal piliferous spinule and a single
lateral one, the other spinules ending in a sharp black point. The
third thoracic is like all the abdominal dorsal spines which bear radiating spinules, not ending :n a single piliferous
spinule, as in figure 9, vi.

Figure 5, sd"', represents a spine of the subdorsal series, the one figured being that on one side of the third thoracic

segment, but those on the abdominal segments (except x) are like it, though most of the abdominal ones have two or

three small tubercles near the base which bear barbed bristles, as at sd"i. All the long setse bear a few minute barbs.

In stage IV (?), when the larva is 20 mm. in length, the prothoracic dorsal spines are nearly twice as long as the

second thoracic; the latter, however, have more spines at the base than those in front, and the lateral terminal are a

Fig. 5.-

-A utomeris io. Armature of the sixth abdominal
segment, stage II.

102 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

little shorter than those on the first thoracic segment. The two dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment are, in size
and spinulation, now exactly like those on the abdominal segments 1-9. The median double one on the eighth abdom-
inal segment is thicker than the single ones in front, also higher, and ends in two spines; the lateral spines are much
more numerous than those in front. The spines of the subdorsal series are alike on both the thoracic and abdominal
segments.

Last stage: The shape of the dorsal spines of the larva in its final stage is represented by figure 6. I, a prothoracic
dorsal spine, ending in two equal terminal piliferous spinules, with seven or eight just below it, while at and near the
base are the long, pale spines, each ending in a sharp black point; II, one of the second thoracic dorsal spines, the base
short, bulbous, with very numerous radiating spines, and a single terminal, central piliferous spine, with a smaller one
near it; III, a bush-like dorsal spine of the third thoracic segment, no piliferous spinules present. The abdominal
dorsal spines are all on the same type.1 The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is about twice the size of
the other dorsal single ones in front, though no higher, and it spreads more, having about twice as many spines on the
sides. On the ninth segment are two dorsal and two subdorsal ones, and behind these four on the same segment is a
median one. These types are already attained in stage II, though the spinules are fewer in number.

It is to be noticed that the characters of the full-fed larva appear in large part in stage II, and are almost fully
developed in stage III.

Figure 7 represents the spiracle and lateral oversible gland of the full-fed larva; <7, the eversible gland; sp, spiracle;
g/, an eversible gland, enlarged.

In the large dark (in alcohol) larva of Hyperchiria, or perhaps of a Gamelia, referred to by me in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XXV, 91, the dorsal spines of the three thoracic segments are represented by figure 8. I, a prothoracic; II, one
from the second thoracic; III, one from the third thoracic; VII, one from the seventh abdominal segment. It will be
seen that the spines of this species are rather more generalized than in the mature A. io, and approximate those of the
second stage of that species ; the dorsal spine of the third thoracic segment ending in three piliferous spinules, there being
no piliferous spinules at all in the homologous spines of A. io; the abdominal spines also (VII) ending in three piliferous
spinules, though the other spinules are much (about one-half) less numerous.

Intermediate between those of A, io and the Mexican species is the Heniileuca artemis, from Las Cruces, N. Mex.
(fig. 9), in which the prothoracic dorsal spine is like the Mexican form, the second thoracic dorsal spine like the pro-
thoracic ones of ^4. io, and the third thoracic dorsal tuft like the second dorsal one of Hemileuca yavapai from Arizona.
In this last species the dorsal tufts of the body, as a whole, are intermediate between H. maia and A. io, but as regards
the second and third dorsal and the dorsal abdominal ones, it approaches much nearer to A. io, as will be seen by
an examination of the figures, the second and third thoracic spines being alike in shape. Hence the most gener-
alized or primitive form, as regards its larval armature, appears to be the genus Hemileuca, and H. maia is the
most like the young larva of Aulomeris io; then succeeds the Cordova larva, then the New Mexican larva, while
Hemileuca yavapai is more modified, Aulomeris io being the most so of any under consideration and this may have been
the last to be evolved.

A0TOMERIS LILITH (Strecker).

Plate LX, figs. 5, 6.

[Hyperchiria lilith, Strecker, Lep. Rhop Het. (1878), p. 139; pi. 15, fig. 17; Georgia.]

The o* is not yellow, but with brown fore wings; the 9 is like that of A. io; when the s
is yellow on the fore wings it is much deeper yellow than in A. io.

Larva. — Stage I: The freshly-hatched larvae differ from A. io in being bright green, not
brown as in the stem or io form. After the first molt they become more yellowish.

[The following appeared in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XXXI, p. 171 :]

About a dozen living specimens of these interesting caterpillars were kindly presented to
me by Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson, who had collected them at Punta Gorda, Fla., where they
were found in March feeding on the mangrove. They were described April 6. Mrs. Slosson
considered them as belonging to Strecker's var. lilith.

Length 20 to 25 mm. The body is yellowish green all over. The lateral broad, reddish,
spiracular band is as in northern specimens of H. io; it is broadly and distinctly bordered below
with white. The head and all the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are straw-yellow. The
spines in general are bright, straw-yellow, more yellow than the body; the ends of the dorsal
ones on the prothoracic segment are black, while the ends of the long spinules in general are
more or less black, some merely tipped with black.

This is apparently a case of acceleration of development as the larva in its second (or third)
stage resembles in coloration the full-grown northern form offie larva of H. io, the markings, in-
cluding the lateral reddish and white spiracular line, being as in the full-fed normal larva of

i The spines have been somewhat flattened, but have been drawn with the camera.

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

103

Fig. 6. — Automate io. Spinulated dorsal tubercles of each thoracic segment, final stage.

Fig. 7.— Automerisio. Eversible gland, with the adjoining
spiracle, sp.; g' ', a gland enlarged.

Fig. S.—Hyperchiria, sp. from Mexico. Armature of final stage; dorsal tubercle of each thoracic and of the

seventh abdominal segment.

104 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

H. io, and the general color of the body and spines being yellow, instead of gray and reddish, as
in the normal H. io in its second and third stages.

Food plants. — Leaves of the mangrove; also feeds on Conocarpus erecta Jacq., which is
related to the mangrove.

Geographical distribution. — The moths occurred at Punta Gorda (Mrs. Slosson).

ADTOMERIS PAMINA (Neumoegen).

Plates XIX, figs. 1-6; LIX, figs. 8, 9; LXVII, figs. 6, 7.

HypeTchiria pamina Neumoegen, Papilo, II, p. 60, 1882.

Hyperchiria pamina var. aurosea, Nuemoegen, Papilio, II, p. 61, 1882.

Hyperchiria pamina Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I.

Automeris pamina Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II, p. 127, September, 1894.

Imago.- — One <$ , one ?. Head a little wider in front than in A. io. Palpi of S rather
stout, not reaching the front. Fore wings, as in most (not all) South and Central American
species, more falcate and elongated, and costa more arched, the wings being less short and
broadly triangular in A. io, and hind wings more rounded and convex. Body and wings uni-
formly pale faded ochraceous yellow, with a slight olive tinge, almost a light fawn color. (It
has a much bleached look, either the effects of the dry Arizona climate, or from long preserva-
tion in the insect drawers.)

Fore wings with no other markings or blotches than an oblique extradiscal narrow ochreous
and brown line extending from the middle of the inner edge of the wing to the costa just before
the apex. Discal spot irregular, with six dark irregular dots.

Hind wings of the same general hue, bright straw-yellow surrounding the black discal
ocellus, which is centered by a white bent or curved line, with scattering blue scales sprinkled
around it; the yellow is bounded by a distinct much curved black line, vanishing on the costal
region and near the inner edge, which is pale roseate, beyond it is parallel with the outer edge.
Beneath, the wings are uniformly paler; there are no lines; the ocellus of the fore wings
is formed of a broad black ring centered with white; that of the hind wings reduced to a small
white spot, with a few dark scales around it. Abdomen pale ochreous above, with about four
or five pink-red bands. Tarsi pale reddish.

In this species, which both in its larval and imaginal characters belongs to a different
section of the genus from A. io, the two sexes are colored [nearly] alike. The fore wings are
longer and more falcate than in A. io, and in coloration, unless it is the result of exposure to the
light, though no more exposed than the rest of the group, it is another example of the bleaching
process [to] which the heterocerous lepidoptera of so dry and hot climate as that of Arizona,
with its intensity of sunlight and aridity of soil, is subjected. In coloration it somewhat ap-
proaches A. viridescens and incisa of Brazil, being nearly as pale, but it belongs, judging by the
larval characters, to quite a different group from that represented by A. viridescens.
Expanse of fore wings, <? 66 mm. ; 9 90 mm.
Length of a fore whig, s 32 mm.; ? 48 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, c? 18 mm.; $ 25 mm.
Length of hind wing, 25 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 17 mm.

Ocellus of under side of fore wing, 7 by 5 J mm.; of hind wing, 7 by 7 mm.
[Egg and larva: Kunze, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VIII (1900), pp. 201-205. Larval stages:
Henry Edwards, Entomologica Americana, IV (1S88), p. 62.]

Egg. — From Prescott, Ariz.; perfectly chalk-white. The eggs were received June 29 and
hatched July 22-23.

Larva. — Stage I: Colors when first hatched; head black, body snuff-brown, of the same
color as in A. io, finally becoming black. The tubercles are at first snuff-brown, becoming
black. The hairs at the tip of the long tubercles are pale brown, like those on the head. August
2. Length 13 mm. The two pairs of lateral eversible sacs are not visible. Dull flesh colored.
Head and body above, black; body dark snuff-brown below.
Geographical distribution. — Prescott, Ariz.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 105

[AUTOMERIS PAMINA AUROSEA (Neum.).
Plate LXVII, figs. 8, 9.

The original description is as follows: "This is a splendid variation of the above-described
insect, the head thorax and primaries being of a golden yellow color with a sprinkling of light
rose-colored dust; the tuft, along abdominal margin of secondaries, of bright rose color, and the
parallel band between the black semicircular line and exterior margin of bright purplish red."

In Dyar's List A. loucardi Druce, Biol. Cent. Am., Lep. Het., I (1886), p. 178, pi. 17, fig. 5,
from Costa Rica, is given as a synonym, but I learn from Dr. Dyar that this is a mistake.

A supposedly authentic specimen of aurosea is figured by Holland, Moth Book, PI. IX,
fig. 6. This does not bear out Smith's statement (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, p. 433) that
aurosea is to pamina as lilith is to io. It appears from Dr. J. B. Smith's account that there
exists a much redder variety of A. pamina, which is, according to Mr. J. Doll (litt. July, 1912),
the genuine aurosea. Mr. Doll states that Holland's figure represents pamina proper. The
aurosea form must be a constant one, as Mr. Doll says, "I have seen hundreds of them, and
they are all like the type specimen."]

AUTOMERIS ZEPHYRIA (Grote).

Plate LIX, fig. 7; LXVIII, figs. 1, 2.

[Automeris zephyria Grote, Canad. Entom., XIV (1882), p. 215], Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, XI (1883), p. 52.

[Antenna? orange-brown; head and thorax deep brown; abdomen dorsally pink, anal
segment fawn color; beneath pectus, abdomen and legs fawn color. Primaries deep brown
with a white line at the extreme base of wings; from apex of wing to middle of inner margin
a slightly concave white band extends, sharply defined outwardly, slightly diffuse on inner margin,
averaging 1.5 mm. in width ; at the end of the cell ami resting partially on the white band is an
indistinct ocellus, usually more or less defined by black scaling and with a small central white dot
or dash; in the ? the whole ocellus tends to become obscured by white scaling. Secondaries,
dark fawn color, pinkish at base and along inner margin, and with the central area orange-
yellow; this yellow area is defined outwardly by a curved black postmedian line, parallel to
outer margin and very slightly waved, not attaining costal margin, bordered outwardly with
a whitish shade; the terminal area of wing is somewhat paler than the ground color, leaving a
subterrmnal band of deep fawn color, which broadens gradually toward the anal angle; ocellus
large, black, with a central area of blue-white scaling and an irregular comma-shaped white
mark, which is occasionally lacking; the whole ocellus completely surrounded by the yellow
scaling; a narrow terminal line of deep fawn. Beneath fawn color slightly tinged with pink;
primaries with a prominent black, round ocellus with white center; secondaries with the central
white mark of the ocellus repeated, the remainder of the ocellus, however, only showing indis-
tinctly through from the upper side. Expanse, <? 59 mm., $ 63-75 mm. Described from two
<? <? , three 9 9 in coll. Barnes, two pairs received from F. H. Snow, collected in the type local-
ity, the third 9 from Las Vegas, N. Mex. — J. McDxinnough.]

[Snow's material was obtained in Gallinas Canon, near Las Vegas.]

AUTOMERIS ZELLERI (Grote and Robinson).

[Hyperchiria zelleri Grote and Robinson, descriptions of American Lepidoptera. — No. 4; Trans. Amer. Entomol.
Soc, vol. 2, 1868, p. 193.

The description by Grote and Robinson is as follows:

9 . Size large, form stout. Head and palpi rich dark brown; antennae testaceous, a little slenderer than in allied
species. Thoracic region, above, dark brown; laterally, at the insertion of the primaries, are arranged short whitish
hair-like scales which form a spreading tuft. Abdomen, above, bright ochreous brown; beneath with under thoracic
surface and legs, of a rich brown, a little paler than upper thoracic surface and head.

Wings full and large. Primaries arcuate along the costa; apices pointed but not produced; external margin
evenly outwardly rounded. Basal third covered with rough or woolly dark brown scales; this portion of the primary
wing is outwardly denned by a darker shade. These dark brown rough squama? extend along the costal region to the
apex, and intrude obliquely downwardly twice over the middle of the wing — firstly, obliquely and broadly from the costa

106 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xu,

over the discal cross vein to the first m. nervule; this band is thrice regularly scalloped outwardly between the ner-
vules and includes a white discal dot on the cross vein, situate just below the inception of the discocellular nervule;
secondly, more narrowly and nearer the apices, the scales forming an even band extending downward to first median
nervule at a point where the usual transverse line crosses the nervule. This transverse line is narrow and distinct,
whitish, and is rounded at costa, not oblique and even, and joins the costal edge at a point considerably removed from
the apex. The ground color of the median space is a frosted purplish brown, over which the dark costal scales down
wardly intrude as above described. The dark scales extend again broadly and more aiffusedly downward from the
apex, bordering the transverse line externally and irregularly, widening over the median nervules to internal margin,
and leaving the irregular terminal space of the wing of a pale frosted purplish brown, over which the nervules are marked
with ochre.

Secondaries full and rounded. At base thickly clothed with long and very bright ochreous scales. A large black
discal ocellus consisting of a broad blackish annulus surrounding a paler center, which contains a black pupil (the discal
spot) containing a few white scales. Outside this ocelloid spot are two broad subequal even blackish bands, the outer
the broader, and which traverse the wing from costa to internal margin . The pale dull ground color of the wing separates
these bands and obtains beyond the outer band, while the even narrow terminal space is concolorous with that on
primaries, being purplish brown, frosted, with pale scales, the nervules marked with ochreous.

Beneath of a clear pale purplish brown. On the primaries the discal mark is seen and a blackish shade band indi-
cates the narrow transverse line of the upper surface. Secondaries concolorous with primaries; there is a distinct
white discal spot on the cross vein and a faint oblique dark shade band. The ground color of the wings has something
of a dead pink tinge beneath; this is especially noticeable on the secondaries below the median nervure. The exerted
veins on both wings beneath are covered with ochreous brown scales.

Length of primary wing (from base to apical angle), 73 mil. Length of body, 44 mil. Width of primary (from
apex to internal angle), 50 mil. Length of primary (from base to internal angle), 44 mil.

This fine addition to our United States faima differs from an allied tropical species determined as "egeus, Cramer
sp." in the Berlin Museum, in the shape of the primaries which in that species are produced at apices, the external
margin receding suddenly below them. It is also a rather larger, broader-winged, and slighter-bodied species. The
narrow whitish transverse line of the primaries is inwardly rounded superiorly to eosta. Hyp. zelleri is also distinguished
by the outer rounded band of the secondaries above, being even along its external edge, whereas in "egeus" it ia
prominently scalloped; this latter character will also separate it from a more Southern form recently figured by Dr.
Felder, who showed us his drawing while we were in Vienna.

Dedicated to Prof. P. C. Zeller, of Meseritz, the widely known and respected entomologist, whose writings on our
subject need no mention of our earnest appreciation to enhance the value of his scientific labors. This dedication
commemorates pleasant days we recently enjoyed with the professor at his home, during which our science was dis-
cussed with one of its fathers whose personal kindness and consideration to us merits our thankful recognition.]

[Geographical distribution. — "Texas," Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 777; "Mexico?, Texas?,"
Dyar. Bulletin 52, United States National Museum, page 73.
Dr Dyar (litt. 1912) has never seen a specimen.]

AUTOMERIS CORESUS (Boisduval).
Plate XX, figs. 3, 4.
[Io coresus Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France (3) VII (1859), p. 158.]

Larva. — Last stage: Length, 85 mm.; width of head, 6 mm. Closely similar to that of
A. illustris in shape, general color and armature, and the lateral lines and colors of the ab-
dominal legs. It differs only in the red spiracles being much smaller; in the lack of the abun-
dant long white hairs, while the abdominal legs are less dark and red.

The armature of spines (tubercles) is almost identical; the spines and the long, slender
spinules are well developed, pale straw-yellow, and of the same length and thickness as in A.
illustris. The double dark brown lateral line incloses a yellowish one. There is a similar row
of seven dark oblong patches on each underside of abdominal segments 2 to 8, each patch
bearing yellowish granulations varying in size. On each side of abdominal segments 2 to 7 is
a subdorsal row of six reddish-brown roundish spots, each situated between the dorsal and
supraspiracular spines. On the outer side of the anal and also the other abdominal legs is a
reddish patch, with pale or yellowish granulations. It is a very conspicuously marked larva,
the bright red spots contrasting with the hue of the body.

Stage before the last: Length, 50 mm.; width of head, 5£ mm.

Differs from the full-grown larva only in the tuft-like spines having the spinules a little
more spreading, but they are of the same relative length, thickness, and number.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 107

All the markings, including the lateral line, the two subdorsal rows of red spots (the latter
a little smaller), the suranal plate and abdominal legs and the pale head are of the same color.

Cocoon. — Large and loose, of the same size, shape, and color as that of A. illustris. Length,
45 to 60 mm.; diameter, 23 mm.

Pupa. — That of 3 differs from c? of A. illustris in being much more coarsely granulated,
the little warts not being arranged in lines as they are in A. illustris s . Length, 35 mm. ; thick-
ness, 14 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Buenos Aires (American Museum of Natural History, New York).

AUTOMER1S VIRTDESCENS (Walker).
Plate XX, figs. 5, 6; LIV, figs. 2, 3.
[Hyperchiria viridescens Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1303.]

Larva. — Stage III (?): Length, 40 mm.; width of head, 4 mm. The shape of the body
and the armature is much as in H. io. Head and body black.

Spines short and close, radiating, and much as in mature H. io in general appearance,
and quite different from the larva in the two last stages. All the tubercles (spines) are straw-
yellow. Pro thoracic dorsal spine as long as the head is wide, bearing about 16 spinules, the
longest spinule about one-third (or a little more) as long as the spine itself. The dorsal spines on
the segments behind are all of the same size and length, the spines radiating; second thoracic
dorsal spines longer than any of the others, the longest or highest branch bearing four or five
spinules. The median spine on eighth abdominal segment is about a third thicker than the
others on each side; its original double nature is scarcely indicated.

All the legs, thoracic and abdominal, black. Spiracles white.

Larva. — Penultimate stage: Length, 70 mm.; width of head, 6 mm. Head shining black,
body deep velvety black.

Spinules not now radiating, but vertical, forming a thin brush or tuft. Prothoracic dorsal
spines as long as those on the segments behind, but slenderer, with fewer spinules. The rela-
tive size and thickness of the tufts themselves much as in the last stage. Spiracles white.
It differs not so much in the proportions of the bundle of spines as that the spinules are rounder,
not flattened, as they are in the fully grown larva, and the spinules radiate a little more.

[Described from material from Buenos Aires.]

AUTOMERIS LEUCANE (Geyer).

[Gamelia leucane Geyer, Samml. Ex. Schmett., Ill (1837?).]

[Larva. — Head larger than joint 2, flat before, rounded above, not bilobed; shining black,
shagreened, with a few short, inconspicuous secondary setse. Body cylindrical, tapering before
and abruptly behind; coal-black, a little wrinkly shagreened and with a few sparse pale second-
ary hairs; spines light yellow. The spines are in four rows on joints 2 to 5; five rows on joint
6; three rows on joints 7 to 10; four rows on joint 12; a single dorsal and three other rows on
joints 13 and 14. The spines are rather short, each with several long branches, tipped with
small black points; the two upper rows of joints 2 and 3 are rather longer than the others, as
are also the dorsal ones of 13 and 14; the subventral ones are small. Feet and leg shields shin-
ing black. Misantla, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico (W. Gugelmann). Food plant. Troena
[=?].— H. G. Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XIV. (1912), p. 55.]

AUTOMERIS JANUS (Cramer).

[Attacus janus Cramer, Pap. Exot., I (1775).]

[In A. janus the spine defense (of the larva) is carried to an extreme; the length of the
profusely branching spines is 15 mm. to 25 mm., or twice the diameter of the body, and so
abundant (are they) that the larva looks like a bunch of moss a few yards away ; while the quan-
tity of poison contained in these spines is so great that during the process of inflating the
fumes which are driven off * * * are positively dangerous. * * * — O. W. Barrett,

108 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Canad. Entom., XXXII (1900), p. 236.] [I have examined this species, the type of the
genus, in the United States National Museum. The moths are very large, with the anterior
wings pointed apically in the manner of P. pamina. The ocellus of hind wings is very large
and has a lightning-like white streak. The sexes are not very different. Comparing the
antennae, venation, etc., I find no generic difference from A. io.]

AUTOMERIS BOUCARDI Druce.

Plate XX, fig. 2.

[Automeris boucardi Druce, Biol. Cent. Amer., Lep. Het., I (1886), p. 178. Costa Rica.]

[Table of species of Automeri-s in the U. <5. National Museum.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Automeris =Hyperchiria =Gamelia.

Fore wing with the outer line crenulate throughout.

Ocellus of hind wing with white center, brown disk, outer plumbeous and black rings submacula Walker.

Ocellus of hind wing with black center, ocherous inner lunate ring, brown and black outer rings, .aspera Felder.
Ocellus of hind wing black with white central spot or line and black powdering.

Disk of hind wing crimson to ocellus rubicunda Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 4.

Disk of hind wing yellow around the ocellus.
Fore wing yellow in the 6* •

Large; discal mark of a" usually pectinate; 9 purplish or pinkish gray, the lines pale, distinct.

io Fabricius.
Smaller; 6* discal mark not or slightly pectinate; 9 rosy pinkish, the lines usually faintly marked.
Fore wing with the outer margin full, rounded.

Marks slight; <? with outer line; discal mark subpectinate; 9 nearly unmarked.

dandemon Dyar; PI. LXXVII, fig. 5.
Marks rather distinct; 3 with discal mark outlined, shaded; 9 with rather distinct marks.

eolenon Dyar; PI. LXXVII, fig. 6.

Fore wing with outer margin straight, rather oblique melmon Dyar; PI. LXXVII, fig. 4.

Fore wing tan-color to rosy brown in o* .

Larger; 9 (where known) with discal mark dark, pale-outlined.

Fore wing of o* with the marks distinct lilith Strecker.

Fore wing with the marks obliterate hebe Walker.

Smaller; 9 with discal mark large, dull ocher without outline... thyreon Dyar; PI. LXXVII, fig. 3.

Fore wing with the outer line crenulate near costa, straight below mendosa Boisduval.

Fore wing with the outer line rigid throughout, not crenulate.

Ocellus of hind wing without inner discolorous ring, black with central white line and powdering.
Disk of hind wing around ocellus tan-color.

Termen of hind wing tan or gray janus Cramer.

Termen of hind wing brown larra Walker.

Disk of hind wing yellow.

Outer line of fore wing oblique to apex.

Outer line of fore wing with light shade beyond more or less distinct.
Discal mark a ring with central dot, scarcely punctate or angled.

annulata Schaus; PI. LXXVIII, fig. 5.
Discal mark if a ring, punctate or angled.
Shade on inner margin of hind wing crimson .

Fore wing contrastingly shaded, pale shade beyond outer line broad, evident.

boueardii Druce.
Fore wing smoothly shaded, the outer shade narrow, faint.

More contrasted, erect brown shade from costa to outer line distinct, .melanops Walker.

Less contrasted, this shade faint zozine Druce.

Shade on inner margin of fore wing blackish jivaros Dognin.

Outer line of fore wing dark with a light line within.
Outer line appearing dark.
Hind wing normal.

Abdomen crimson or crimson banded.

Fore wing pointed, the outer line ending close to apex.

Rosy rufous inearnata Walker.

Dark gray, olivaceous or lilacine tinted eecrops Boisduval.

Pale tan or slightly rosy pamina Neumoegen.

N0.-1. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 109

Fore wing blunt, the outer line ending on costa before apex.

meridana Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 8.

Abdomen black banded vomona Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 7.

Hind wing with broad diacal area, the marginal marks crowded castrensis Schaus.

Outer line appearing white in a dark ground zephyria Grote.

Outer line of fore wing erect to costa at outer fourth.
No white at base of fore wing next to thorax.

Fore wing slightly pointed at apex; apex with a dark shade; discal mark dark-filled.

orestes Boisduval.
Fore wing square at apex, without apical shade; discal mark of separate points.. daudiana Druce.
A white patch at joining of fore wing with thorax.

Termen mottled with light on lower half surinamensis Kirby.

Termen uniform.

Yellow disk of hind wing normal pomi/era Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 7.

Yellow disk narrow, annular in e? , expanded on one side in 9 •

innoxia Schaus; PI. LXXVIII, fig. 6.
Disk of hind wing with the yellow reduced to a narrow ring about ocellus.

With white patch at base of fore wing innoxia Schaus.

Without such white mark.

Outer line of fore wing slightly curved, oblique, running to apex.

Yellow ring around ocellus broad complicate Walker.

This ring narrow midea Maassen.

Outer line erect, parallel to outer margin, pale orneates Druce.

Outer line angled below costa convergens Walker.

Outer line straight, very oblique, from before middle of inner margin to costa before apex.

flammans Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 2.
Disk of hind wing rosy pink, orange, or red.

Outer line of fore wing oblique, running close to apex.

Disk of hind wing rosy; submarginal pale line of fore wing distinct.

rnacarsis Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 3.

Disk of fore wing orange red; submarginal line of fore wing obsolete.

narania Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 6.

Outer line of fore wing erect, nearly parallel to outer margin.

Outer line straight, dark with a little pale inner edging or none; discal mark normal.

montezuma Boisduval.

Outer line somewhat irregular, with pale yellowish outer edge; discal mark large, brown, angularly

expanded saturniata Walker.

Outer line angled below costa cruenta Wf lker.'

Ocellus of hind wing with an inner discolorous ring surrounding the black center.

Discal area of hind wing tan, brown, or whitish.

Lines of fore wing dark.

Disk of ocellus of hind wing tan like the field egeus Cramer.

Disk of ocellus dark brown.

Disk of hind wing tan-color.

Hind wing brown at base or slightly pinkish beckeri Herr.-Schaeff .

Hind wing red at base larra Walker.

Disk of hind wing whitish, pale postalbida Schaus; PI. LXXVIII, fig. 1.

Disk of hind wing yellow, broad, or reduced to a ring about ocellus.

Disk broadly yellow.

Dark margin of hind wing narrow, restricted, its inner edge scalloped.. saturata Walker.

Dark margin of hind wing normal.

Outer line of fore wing from near apex to beyond middle of inner margin.

zaruma Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 1.

belli Druce.
Outer line of fore wing to beyond outer fourth of inner margin.

accuminata Maassen.
Yellow disk reduced to a ring about ocellus.

Center of ocellus eccentric, basal, with points on veins 4 and 5.

Fore wing with white marks at base next thorax.

Dark umber brown, lines of fore wing obliterate arminia Cramer.

1 [A. montezuma is described from M&xico, A. saturniata from Bogota, and A. cruenta from Brazil. J

110 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol.su,

Tan color or light brown.

Light tan ; ocellus of hind wing moderate braziliensis Walker.

Darken tan; ocellus of hind wing large scapularis Boisduval.

Fore wing without white marks at base irene Cramer.

Center of ocellus of hind wing concentric.

Fore wing square at apex ; generally red-brown or tan.
Outer line of hind wing crenulate, black and yellow.
Lines pale or with pale edges, somewhat blurred.

Yellow on disk of hind wing generally diffused and spreading.

rubrescens Walker.
Yellow on disk of hind wing forming a neat ring.

Ocellus of hind wing with small black center tilled or replaced by
white.

$ smaller, fore wing square at apex cinctistriga Felder.

$ larger, fore wing less acute.

tamphilius Schaus; PI. LXXVIII, fig. 7.
Ocellus of hind wing, especially in $ , with large black center,
often divided.

Disk of ocellus broadly light brown trldens Herr.-Schaeff.

Disk of ocellus dark brown, not contrasted.

nopaltzin Schaus; PL LXXVIII, figs. 2, 3.
Lines dark, narrow, distinct, without pale edges.

hamata Schaus; PI. LXXX, fig. 1.
Outer line of hind wing without yellow filling, scarcely crenulate.

Fore wing with discal mark distinct, lines obsolete jucundoides Schaus.

Lines distinct, pale, dark edged, converging on inner margin.

maasseni Moschler.
Fore wing pointed at apex, generally olive brown.

Large species; dark shade beyond outer line distinct nyctimene Latreille.

Moderate sized; this shade obsolete.

Fore wing pointed at apex, the outer line running Into the point.

leucane Hiibner.
Fore wing more rounded at apex; outer line to costa before apex.

viridescens Walker.
Discal area of hind wing red, without yellow ring.

Outer line of fore wing with pale inner edge, more or less distinct
$ brown or tan color.

Abdomen unicolorous.

Lines of fore wing in part at least dark.

Outer line well removed from margin at least below.

Gray-brown, marks relieved, lines convergent on inner margin.

coresus Boisduval.
Tan brown, marks little relieved, lines slightly convergent.

Red of disk of hind wing a little suffused with yellow, forming a

trace of a ring about ocellus randa Druce.

Red of disk uniform, without perceptible yellow ring.

Center of ocellus of hind wing small, generally heavily white

powdered illustris Walker.

Center of ocellus large, black, lightly white powdered.

parilis Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 3.

Outer line far out, near margin moresca Schaus; PI. LXXVIII, fig. 4.

Lines of fore wing pale, contrasted oblonga Walker.

Abdomen dusky ringed.

Outer line of hind wing like submarginal and marginal, broad, shaded.

amanda Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 4.

Outer line blacker than the others, differentiated banus Boisduv.

$ yellow, brown marked junonis Walker.

Outer line of fore wing contrasted, dark, narrow, no pale edge.

Ocellus of hind wing with small black center heavily white powdered.

eurvilinea Schaus; PI. LXXIX, fig. 2.
Ocellus with large black center, often triplicate, with white line and little powdering.

Smaller; abdomen unicolorous melanops Walker.

Larger; abdomen dusky ringed liberia Cramer.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. Ill

Disk of ocellus of hind wing red or orange.
Fore wing blunt at apex, normal.

Ocellus of hind wing with white center pyrrhomelas Walker.

Ocellus with pink center orodina Schaus; PL LXXIX, fig. 6A.

Ocellus with black center pygmaea Schaus.

Fore wing of <? falcate, outer margin concave throughout janeira Westwood.

Fore wing pointed at apex, outer margin bulging below.

Ocellus of hind wing with a black central pupil arguta Boisduval.

Ocellus of hind wing with white center only.

Smaller; more rosy; marginal space of fore wing broader, pale-shaded, subterminal line

relieved irminia Cramer.

Larger, not rosy, subterminal space more restricted and nearly unmarked.

Somewhat larger episcopus Boisduval.

Somewhat smaller abas Cramer.

Fore wing with subapical prominence on outer margin excavate narrowly below.

Disk of hind wing orange or yellow orodes Boisduval.

Disk of hind wing olive gray.

Fore wing with the lines diffused; S without prominence on margin, small in 9 ; a

blackish subapico-submarginal spot in both sexes vala Kirby.

Lines of fore wing distinct; prominence on margin distinct; no subapical black spot.
Disk of ocellus of hind wing orange; median line of fore wing faint, .nausicaa Cramer.1

Disk of ocellus brick-red; lines of fore wing all alike plicata Herr.-Schaeff.

Ocellus of hind wing cloudy, obsolescent, blackish, not distinct nor contrasted.

Basal area of fore wing contrastingly dark, edged by pale lobate inner line maconia Druce.

Basal area if dark not conspicuously edged.
Outer line with inner pale shading.

Larger, blackish powdery myops Walker.

Smaller, browner, markings not obscured by powderings inornata Walker.

Outer line dark, not relieved by pale shading obscura Schaus;2 PI. LXXX, fig. 5.]

COLORADIA Blake.

Coloradia Blake [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., II (1863), p. 279.]
Eudyaria [Grote, Mittheil. Roemer, Mus. No. 6].
Eudyaria Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 744].

Imago. — $ and ?. Head of moderate size; front rather narrow, scales hair-like, long,
dense, uneven; eyes moderate. Antennae as in Hemileuca and PseudoTiazis; the joints are
short, the vestiges of the distal pectinations varying in length (in ft pandora nearly three times
as long as in ft venata); in ? [not described].

Palpi variable in length, either small, not distinct, not reaching the front (ft pandora), or
longer, distinct, extending beyond the front and drooping; third joint not distinct, the hairs at
the end being rather long (ft venata).

Body thick and hairy; abdomen thick and rather broad.

Fore wings rather narrow, costa straight, not much curved toward the apex, the outer
edge much shorter than the inner. Hind wings rather narrow, the outer edge short and rounded.

Venation: [Dr. Dyar notes of ft loiperda: "Veins 6-7 of hind wing very variable, ranging
from connate to long-stalked, even differing on the two wings of the same specimen." These
are veins IIIj, TV,, of the present work.]

Markings: The wings of both pairs either with indistinct diffused broad basal and extra-
discal bands (ft pandora), or none at all (ft venata), in which case the veins themselves are
distinctly marked with darker scales than on the rest of the wing; a black round discal spot, or
a small obscure irregular patch on both wings (ft venata). Antennae pale yellowish in ft
pandora, or dark (ft venata).

Larva.— [See under ft pandora.]

This genus is characterized by a much stouter body and narrower wings than in Pseudo-
Tiazis or Hemileuca, with which it is related by its adult and larval features.

Geographical distribution. — A neogaeic genus, occurring in Buenos Aires and in the western
United States from Colorado to the Pacific coast.

1 [According to Kirby, A . Tiausicaa is the type of Byperchiria. He gives its range as Mexico to Brazil. ]

2 This is probably an Hylesia allied to Sficratlacus violascens Maass. & Weym.

112 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

COLORADIA PANDORA Blake.

Plates XX, fig. 8; XXI, fig. 1; LIV, fig. 6; LXI, figs. 1, 2 {pandora), 3, 4 (loiperda), 5, 6, 11, 12 (dans).

Coloradia pandora Blake [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., II (1863), p. 279].

Imago. — Four 3 , one 9 . Body dark vandyke brown, with a roseate patch on each side
of the collar, while the femora are clothed with roseate hairs.

Fore wings brown with gray scales; a diffuse indistinct band, situated midway between the
base of the wings and the distal patch, but nearer the latter. An obbque broad diffuse indistinct
slightly sinuous extradiscal band, beginning on the outer third of the inner edge, and ending
on the outer fourth of the costa. The costal and outer edge darker than the rest of the whig;
the fringe is white at the ends of the veins; a large round solid black discal spot. Hind wings
paler, more translucent than the fore wings, with a smaller discal spot, and an extradiscal
slightly curved diffuse line beyond, and a similar parallel submarginal line. Outer edge of the
wings dusky and gray with venular marginal white spots; the inner edge roseate.

Under side of the fore wings suffused with roseate. In the 9 no rose-colored scales on the
inner edge of the hind wings.

Expanse of the fore wings, <? 80 mm.; 9 80 mm.

Length of a fore wing, t? 36 mm. ; 9 39 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, c? 18 mm.; 9 19 mm.

Length of a hind wing, S 28 mm.; 9 28 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, S 20 mm.; 9 19 mm.
Although not an especially variable species, it varies in the presence of the rose-red scales;
in two males the roseate patch on each side of the collar is wanting; in one 3 there are no
rose-colored scales on the inner edge of the hind wings, and very few in another & .

A local variety occurs in Colorado, regarding which Mr. David Bruce writes me as fol-
lows: "Var. doris. This name was never published, I believe. Mr. Neumoegen proposed it
for a small thick-winged dark form I took many of hi Garfield County, Colo." [This was pub-
lished as doris Barnes, based on one of each sex labeled "Colorado (Bruce)."]

[Another form is loiperda Dyar, Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, XIV (1912), page 105.
It is denned as "Similar to pandora; smaller, the hind wings whitish in ground and nearly
without the red tint; fore wings more densely irrorated with white." Described from four
males and one female from Colorado, the only one with exact locality being from Glenwood
Springs (W. Barnes). I possess a female from northern New Mexico (probably Santa F6 or
vicinity), which resembles loiperda, although the hind wings have the anal margin broadly
suffused with rosy, and the anterior wings lack the distinct sub apical dusky marks. On com-
paring it with the types of loiperda I find that it is certainly distinct, differing especially by the
dusky hind wings with strong pink color basally, and the lack of well marked white spots on
fringe of hind wings. It seems not to differ from the tattered female cotype of C. lois.)

Egg. — Rather large, slightly flattened, spherical, surface of the shell'smooth under a lens;
shell pearl-colored, rather thin; the sutures of the larva visible through it. Length 2.5 mm.;
breadth 1.8 mm. The eggs were received at Brunswick, Me., July 26, and hatched out August
26, the larvae beginning to eat through the shell, seven appearing by 10 a. m. August 27, while
some hatched as late as September 1. [See also Henry Edwards, Entomologica Americana,
IV (1888), p. 61.]

Larva. — Stage I: Length 5 mm. Head large, a little wider than tho body, smooth shining
jet black, the latter rather short and thick, of the same general shape as in Hemileuca, slightly
tapering toward the end. The body is at first honey-yellow, as are all the spiniferous tuber-
cles at first, gradually becoming darker. There are six prothoracic spines, the two median
dorsal ones on this and the second and third thoracic segments being rather deeply forked,
and the single seta arising from each tubercle is finely spinulose, and nearly twice as long as
the spines themselves. As the body darkens the tubercles remain pale, as also the suranal
plate, and all the abdominal legs. The thoracic legs are black, though at first honey yellow

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 113

on the inner side. The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is forked, and of the
same shape as those on the thoracic segments. The longer tubercles with their setae are about
as long as the body is thick. Head with a few long whitish hairs. The spines all differ from
those of Automeris io in sending off but a single very long seta, and there are short stout ones at
the base of the long seta; they differ from those of Hemileuca maia in the same way. The
generic larval characters thus appear in stage I.

After eating a while they all (five or six of them) marched off in Indian file. In about
three or four hours after escaping from the egg they had all turned dark livid greenish, the
body including the tubercles and anal legs, but the middle abdominal legs were still dark honey-
yellow. In a few hours after the entire larva becomes black, except the whitish hairs and the
middle abdominal legs, which are blackish and dark yellowish, all the tubercles being black.

Habits. — The females deposit their eggs on the trunks of the pine and sometimes aspen, or
any other tree they happen to be on, late in the summer at Fort Klamath, Oreg. In the
autumn of 1896, Mr. Cunningham found a batch of eggs on a living pine tree about 80 feet
from the ground, late in the autumn. Mr. C. A. Wiley writes me that the eggs hatch ha June,
at Miles City, Mont.

[C. lois Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, XIII (1911), p. S9, was based on material col-
lected by C. A. Wiley at Miles City, Mont. The types of lois are figured, but Dr. Dyar now
considers it identical with C. doris.]

This moth is common at Fort Klamath in certain years. In 1892, Mr. B. L. Cunningham
writes me, they were abundant, and up to that year "they had appeared regularly in numbers
every other year," but after that time they were very rarely seen. The young larvae are very
restless and in the absence of food travel about in Indian file.

Food plant. — According to Mr. Burton L. Cunningham, the larvae feed on the needles of
the "yellow pine." They refuse the leaves of any of the commoner deciduous trees.

Geographical distribution. — So far as I can learn it is most abundant at Fort Klamath, in
southern Oregon (Cunningham) ; also a variety of it in Garfield County, Colo. (Bruce) ;
Salem, Oreg. "I have never seen or heard of it at Seattle" (Prof. O. B. Johnson in litt.). It
has also been collected by Prof. F. H. Snow in Gallinas Canyon, N. Mex. (Cockerell in litt.).
[Prof. Robert H. Wolcott writes (litt. December, 1912): "While in Sioux County, Nebr., a year
ago last summer, during the last week of August, I picked up a dead specimen of Coloradia
pandora ha fan condition. It was lying on the ground at the bottoioa of Monroe Canyon,
beneath a dense clump of box elders and ehaas. On August 12, this year, Mr. Ralph Dawson
took another specimen ha the saane canyon in fine conditio ia."]

[Subgenus EUDYARIA Grote.]

[Dr. Dyar has abstracted the pertinent parts of Grote's original account, as follows:

Rippen I Y2 and IV2 sind nicht gegabelt aber gesondert Agliidx.

Rippe IIIi, entsprijigt oberhaib des Radius Automerinx.

Vorderfliigel am Aussenrande ganz.
Hinterfliigel ohne Augenflecke.

Obere Kamrareihe der Fiihlhomer des a* ist weniger als halb so long wie die untere Reihe Eudyaria.

In the text he says: "Die Raupe der sudamerikanischen Art Eudyaria venata zeigt auf XI
und XII die Tuberkel I verschmolzen. Das Afterschild ist glatt. Vorhanden sind drei Reiheia
dornahnlicher Auswiichse von gleicher Lange, mit denen von Automeris ubereinstimmeiad.
Diese Gattung benenne ich nach meinem Freunde Dr. Dyar * * *."]

[On a small scrap of paper, evidently of later date than the account given below, Dr. Packard
has written:]

Eudyaria is probably a good genus. Palpi and venation differ from Coloradia. [Packard's
figures represent the male of C. pandora and the female of Eudyaria venata. My female
Coloradia, from New Mexico, differs from the figure of d pandora in the hind wing, III and IV
83570°— 14 8

114 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

(revised nomenclature) being united (stalked) for some distance beyond the cell. The vena-
tional differences between the two genera or subgenera may be expressed as follows:

Fore wing with III2 well developed; hind wing with III and IV separating beyond the cell, either at a point with IV2
or farther on Coloradia.

Fore wing with III2 absent; hind wing with III and IV separating before the end of cell, the upper corner of which is
not angular Eudyaria.

However, Dr. Dyar, having a good series of Coloradia (C. loiperda), finds that veins III and
IV of hind wing are very variable, ranging from connate to long-stalked.]

COLORADIA VENATA (Butler).

Plate XX, figs. 7; LIV, figs. 7, 8.

[Dirphia venata Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 83.]

Eudyaria venata Grote. [It is the type of Eudyaria Grote, Mittheil. Roemer Mus., No. 6.]

Imago. — One o* , one ? . A larger stouter species than the North American one. Body
with a thicker, denser vestiture than in C. pandora. Uniformly Vandyke brown; the wings
with no bands; but the veins are covered with dark brown scales and are very distinct. The
wings, especially those of the hinder pair, are darker along the outer edge. The discal spot is
small, obscure, a little paler than the surrounding part of the wing. The hind wings are a little
larger and sienna brown or tawny in o" , in 9 black; discal spot not visible beneath. There are
no roseate scales in this species.

Expanse of the fore wings, 6" 94 mm.; 9 100 mm.
Length of a fore wing, 6" 46 mm. ; 9 50 mm.
Breadth of a fore whig, <s 24 mm.; 9 26 mm.
Length of a hind wing, 6* 36 mm. ; 9 39 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, <? 25 mm. ; 9 25 mm.

This species differs from our American species by its much larger size, the stouter body,
the absence of lines, and the dark veins contrasting with the lighter brown ground color of the
wings. It is an example of the tendency in South American representations of this genus and
Meroleuca to have dark thickly scaled veins contrasting with the less densely scaled surface of the
wings ground, rendering the color lighter, or with a tendency to translucence, a tendency carried
out to an extreme in the tropical and subtropical genera Heliconisa and Pseudaphelia. I have
compared my specimens with the examples so named in the British Museum.

Geographical distribution. — This species inhabits Buenos Ayres.

Larva.- — Last stage: Length 90 mm.; width of head 8 mm. Head yellowish brown,
smooth, and shining. Body cylindrical, as usual dark brown. The tuft-like spinulate tubercles
are much slighter and slenderer than in Automeris viridescens, the spinules being long and very
slender, cylindrical, and they ascend, not spreading out much; they are somewhat reduced as in
Coloradia.

The pro thoracic and other dorsal tufts as in A. viridescens, but slighter and slenderer.
There are about the same number of spinules on each spine: 15 on the dorsal pro thoracic seg-
ment, 20 on the dorsal second thoracic segment, 16 to 20 on the dorsal third thoracic segment,
20 on the dorsal first abdominal segment, 24 (12 on each side) of the median spine on eighth
abdominal segment. The tip of each spinule is acuminate, dark. The suranal plate is just
as in that of A. viridescens. The legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are all dark.

Pupa. — 9 , 6* of nearly same shape as in that of Automeris viridescens, but the surface
smooth, not granulated or rugose; cremaster conical, simple, without hairs; that of 9 rather
larger and stouter than 9 of A. viridescens. Length <? 40 mm.; thickness 15 mm.; 9 40 mm.,
thickness 17 mm.

Buenos Ayres (Amer. Museum of Natural History, New York).

no. i. BOMB YCIJSTE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 115

HEMILEUCA Walker.

[Bemileuea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Museum, VI (1855), p. 1317.]

Imago. — <? and ? . Head moderately broad, more or less hairy and bushy. Eyes moder-
ately large. Antennae well pectinated to the end, the pectinations curved in the manner charac-
teristic of Coloradia and Pseudohazis; antennal joints short so that the pectinations are closely
crowded; in 9 the pectinations are distinct, about twice as long as the joints, even on each side,
and thick at the base, ending acutely; those of the outside are a little longer than those on the
inside.1 Palpi short, feeble, depressed, scarcely visible, as their scales are with difficulty dis-
tinguished from those of the lateral region of the front. Thorax moderately stout and quite
hairy. Fore wings with the costa straight, very slightly concave near the middle; the apical
region slightly turned up ; outer edge short, much shorter than the inner. Hind wings with the
costa straight, also slightly concave along the middle; apex moderately pointed; outer edge
quite evenly rounded; inner edge straight or slightly convex.

Venation: [PI. LIL]

Abdomen of s broad and flattened, with a spreading, often scarlet, tuft at the tip.

Markings: Ground colors usually (H. maia and juno) dark or black-brown, with a broad
median white band crossing wings of both pairs. Discal spot a pale or white crescent, usually
well marked, and one either nearly as large on the hind wings (H. maia) or obsolete (H. juno).

HEMLLEUCA ELECTRA Wright.
Plate LXII, figs. 10, 11; CXII, figs. k-p.
\Hemiltuca electra Wright, Papilio, IV (1884), p. 19; Watson, Entom. News, XXIII (1912), PI. VII. fig. 1, 9.]

o* , 9 • Near H. yavapai; fore wing same shape, apex, etc. ; hind wing shorter, more
rounded; ocellus same, white on a black field, beside broad extradiscal [band] nearly reaching
outer edge; three white patches, two in middle of wing and one along basal half of discal area.
Hind wing in & dark, suffused with salmon flesh color; in 9 whole wing salmon except a broad
marginal black band; ocellus large, entirely black. Beneath, wings mostly salmon, in 9 still
clearer. San Diego [California].

[Ab. rickseckeri Watson, Entom. News, XXIII (1912), p. 97, PI. VII, fig. la, 9. Fore
wing above wholly jet black except for the discal spot, a faint diffused white streak widening
from base to halfway up the cell and a faint diffused whitish spot on hind margin divided by the
submedian nervure. The nervures submarginally penciled with the faintest possible traces
of white. Hind wing above with the costal margin heavily outlined with black extending
to the large oblong black discal spot, which has a distinct transparent line within. Outer
margin heavily outlined with black which runs up the nervures as far as the discal spot. Both
wings below have the costa and outer margins broadly suffused with black. No apical white
suffusion. Body less heavily banded with white below. San Diego, Cal. This is a highly
melanic form, and the name must be applied to very dark examples of H. electra, few of which
will probably agree in every detail with the description.]

[The species is quite variable. In Watson's figure of the female the submarginal light
band of anterior wings is very strongly developed, broad, quinquedentate on outer side, and
the subbasal light triangle is large and well developed. In a female (also from San Diego)
in the United States National Museum these markings are faintly indicated, the submarginal
pale band being represented only by a series of elongated marks, traces of which are also
present in the type of ab. rickseckeri.]

[' Dr. Packard intended to rewrite the account of 9 antennae.]

1 16 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xi,,

HEMILEUCA JUNO Packard.

Plate XXIII, fig. 6; LII, fig. 6; LXIII, figs. 3, 4; LXVII, figs. 3, 4.

Hemileuca juno Packard [Rep. Peabody Acad., IV (1872), p. 87. Kirby givea the date as 1871, but it was in the

Peabody Report for 1871, published in 1872].
Hemileuca yavapai Neumoegen [Papilio, I (1881), p. 172].

Imago. — Two cf , two 9 . The male differs from H. maia cf in the head not being so rouglily
hirsute, and the antennas are dark brown, not black. In cf and 9 the fore wings are a little
more pointed at the apex, and the inner edge is not so full and convex. The white band only
reaches to vein II. The hind wings are less rounded at the apex; it is also a smaller species.

[Dr. Packard's original description was as follows:]

Hemileuca Juno, n. sp., two cf , one 9 . Similar in its form to H. maia, but without the
white band on the liind wings. Antennas reddish; pectinations darker. Body dark brown;
reddish hairs on under side of head and base of legs, not so dark, however, as in II. maia.
Hairs on prothorax whitish, those on metathorax forming a transverse band of a deeper red
than on end of abdomen. Scattered gray hairs on the thorax. Both wings uniformly dark
brown; fore wings crossed by a broad diffuse white band, broken up into intervenular spots;
it widens on the subcostal region, touching the costal end of the discal spot, and does not reach
the costa. Discal spot hyaline, regularly crescent shaped. Hind wings with a few white scales
beyond the discal spot, the latter minute, obscure and surrounded with a roundish, blackish
cloud. Beneath, the whitish band appears most distinct toward the costa. On hind wings
there is a round white patch beyond the discal dot, and another between it and the costa.
Discal dot more distinct than above on both wings, especially the hind pair, and forming a
white dot with a straight hair line running through it, wliile the round dark cloud inclosing it
is more distinct than above. Abdomen clothed above with dull reddish hairs, with brighter
red hairs on the three terminal rings.

Length of fore wing, cf 1.15; 9 1.25; of body, cf 0.85; 9 1.05 inches.

Border of Arizona and Sonora (Dr. Edward Palmer).

H. Jiera is said by Harris to be yellow, and seems to be a larger species than II. juno.

[Nuemoegen said of H. yavapai: "Similar in its form to H. juno Pack, and H. diana Pack.,
but is readily distinguishable from both by the glaring red abdomen of the male, and the black
abdomen of the female. Besides, H. yavapai has a white subcostal line, and other peculiarities,
which do not agree with 77. juno." Dr. Packard, however, compared H. juno with the descrip-
tion of yavapai, and found them "just the same!" He also left a note on the variation, as
follows :]

II. yavapai varies from Neumoegen's type male and female; (a) in white band of fore
wing being wider behind, but hind wing black; (b) white band on fore wing very wide, and a
similar white band on hind wing, not reaching costa or hind edge. A white discal narrow spot
is present or absent.

Geographical distribution. — It occurs with H. nevadensis artemis Packard in the Mesilla
Valley, N. Mex., "Middle Sonoran zone" (Cockerell).' [Arizona; Sonora; Kirby, Cat. Lep.
Het. I, p. 784. Mexico; Arizona; Dyar, List N. Am. Lep. p. 74. Represented in coll. Barnes
from Arizona, one cf (H. K. Morrison); Yavapai, Ariz., two cf ; Arizona, one 9 ; Christmas,
Gila County, Ariz. (Lusk), one 9 .]

[Larva. — Henry Edwards, Entomologica Americana, III (1887), p. 167, gave the following
description, as II. yavapai:

Body velvety black, beautifully irrorated with yellowish-white dots. Head reddish brown,
with deep channel on the crown and bearing numerous tawny hairs. Second segment with
two wine-red tubercles in front, and on the anterior edge is a fringe of tubercles, bearing pencils
of black hairs. The segments are divided by a transverse dull orange band, bearing a black
bar, and there is a double dorsal interrupted whitish line, running the whole length of the body.

1 The //. j,mo recorded by Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, 1892, p. 199, is H. artemis.

no.". BOMB YCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 117

All the segments from No. 2 bear each six tubercular processes crowned with a pencil of black
spines. The under side is honey-yellow; the feet and abdominal legs red at the base, the other
joints black. Length 60 mm.]

HEMILEOCA MAIA (Drury).

Plate XXI, figs. 2, 3; XXII; LII, figs. 1, 2; LX, figs, 12, 13; LXVIII, fig. 11.

[Attacus maia Drury, 111. Ex. Ent., II (1773), pi. 24, fig. 3.]
[Bombyx proserpina Fabricius, Syst. Ent. (1775), p. 561.] '

Imago. — Fifteen $ , four $ (and many others observed). Head, body, and antennae of
a rich velvety deep brown-black, collar white, tips of femora reddish.

The fore wings vary a little in the obliquity of the outer edge, it being usually quite oblique
and the apex turned up. The fore wings are black-brown, with a median white band which
is either wide and inclosing the discal spot, or narrow and only partially surrounding it. The
line begins at the inner angle of the wing or within the angle on the inner edge, and ends before
quite reaching the costal edge.

In some examples (one from Colorado) the white band is so wide as to leave only the base
and outer edge of the wing black, thus approaching vars. nevadensis and artemis. Discal spot
black, often subhyaline, and inclosing a curved or bent linear white spot varying somewhat in
width and shape.

Hind wings as in those of anterior pair; where the wlute band is very wide on the fore
wings it is so on the hinder pair. In one extreme the band is very narrow, interrupted by the
ocellus and irregular in width, in others it is wider than the width of the [band of] fore wing.
In one <? [ab. lintneri] captured at Albany, N. Y. (fig. 11, PI. LXVII), photographed by the late
Dr. Lintner, there is no wlute band on the fore wings; the ocellus is distinct, but on the hind
wing a white band incloses the ocellus. The ocellus of the hind wing is more variable than in
the fore wing; in one example it is very much reduced in size, and the linear white line within
it is minute. Beneath, the wings are marked as above.

The smallest individual hi my collection is from Intervale, N. H. (Glover Allen).

Habits. — In Providence one was flying October 15, on a warm sultry day. Also a male
flying on an exceptionally warm day, at Rehoboth, Mass., October 12, 1901.

Prof. J. M. Aldrich writes me as follows regarding the habits of H. maia in Brookings,
S. Dak., under date of September 21, 1891: "I send you to-day a package containing two lots
of eggs of Hemileuca maia. I have hatched over a dozen of the moths in the last week. They
pair 'and lay very soon after emerging. The larvae feed on our commonest wild willow which
grows along the. streams (Salix longifolia) ."

[The following data are from an article by Dr. J. A. Lintner:

Metamorphic periods.— For convenience of reference and comparison, the periods required for the several changes

embraced in the transformations of //. maw are herewith tabulated:

Days.

From hatching to first molt 8

From first molt to second molt 7

From second molt to third molt 9

From third molt to fourth molt 8

From fourth molt to fifth molt 13

From fifth molt to maturity 6

From maturity to pupa 5

From pupa to imago 58

Duration of larval state 56

Duration of papul state 58

From the egg to the imago 114

Prolonged pupation. — Much the larger portion of the pupae of the above colony survived the winter. On the fol-
lowing June 4 another moth emerged, and thence toJuly 4 five additional ones appeared. An examination of the pupre

'[Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, vol. I (1797), p. 99, describe and figure this species as Phalxna proserpina. It is represented
as feeding on Qucrcus rubra var. ambigua Solander MS., a plant which is not the true Q. rubra, but has the leaf form of Q. marilandica. Sudworth
has referred it to Q. digitata, but it does not appear to belong there.]

118 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

a month or two thereafter showed the remaining ones to be dead. The great fatality was undoubtedly the result of
their indoor confinement under unnatural conditions.

Observations appear to indicate that the insect passes the winter mainly in the pupal stage, and that only a few
moths emerge in the autumn of its first year.

Habits of the moth. — This moth is one of the few species that may be seen abroad during the daytime. I have seen
it upon the wing at Center, N. Y., at midday of September 19, and in October. Its flight is peculiar, being rapid, in
a direct line for a short distance, and then suddenly dropping to the ground and hiding: so that it is almost impossible
to discover it, although the place of descent may have been carefully noted.

In the breeding cage the moths manifested a degree of restlessness in marked contrast with the notable repose of
nearly all of the Bombycidce. They were disinclined to accept of any provision made for the suspended position required
for the expansion of their wings after emerging from the pupa. After their wings had fully expanded, usually within
an hour, they commenced traveling over the sides of their cage with such a continual fluttering that, unless they were
at once removed and pinned, the delicate scales were rubbed from their wings, and their beauty seriously marred.

Rarity. — The moth is quite rare in the State of New York. It had not been taken by me during a period of 15
years' collecting. The number of its egg belts occurring at Center, without search having been made for them, would
indicate a greater abundance. Doubtless, its social habit in its earlier stages exposes it to destruction. On one occas-
sion I observed one of the carnivorous bugs, Podisus modestus, in the midst of and feeding upon a small company of
the larvae, with one impaled on its proboscis. The original number of the brood (110, as indicated by the egg belt)
had been reduced to 22, and in two or three days the last one would doubtless have been appropriated by the intrusive
guest of the colony.

Geographical range. — This insect, although not abounding in any locality, is distributed over a large portion of the
United States. It extends from Maine southwardly, through each of the seaboard States, to Georgia; and westwardly,
through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, into Kansas: and probably onward, as a pale variety of it has been described
from Nevada as H. nevadensis. — J. A. Lintner.]

[The records of the United States Department of Agriculture give the following localities
for H. maia: New York (West Point); Massachusetts (Marshfield); Ohio (Dayton); Illinois
(Richview) ; Indiana (Medaryville) ; Wisconsin (New Lisbon) ; Oklahoma (Glenwood) ; North
Carolina (Black Mountain) ; Georgia (Athens)].

[Pupation. — When ready to change to pupae the larvae of H. maia enter the ground and make
their way almost or quite to the bottom of the cage. They do not spin any cocoon, nor inclose
themselves in any way, but change to naked chrysalids. The latter are of the same dull brown-
black color and roughened surface as those of Automeris io, but they are proportionately much
more slender and elongate. — C. V. Riley, notes at United States Department of Agriculture.]

[Larva. — The following appeared in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XXXI (1893), p. 171.]

Stage I compared with that of Automeris io. — In this stage maia is very similar to io; only the bifid dorsal tubercles,
or spines, have shorter branches, the spines themselves being a little shorter, while the longest bristle is longer, the other
bristles arising from the end of the spines being fewer, indeed, only one, instead of three or four, as in the abdominal
segments of io. The medio-dorsal spines on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments are much shorter and with a
shorter fork, but with as long or slightly longer bristles arising from the forks. The larvae of the two forms are of the
same size.

Stage II (or III?). — Maia in what appears to be the second stage differs from A. io in its second stage in having
much longer dorsal spineB, with very much longer spinules. Thus the generic characters appear in the second stage, as in
A. io.

[Larva. — Color, purple-black, covered with small pale yellow dots. Wide yellow band,
dotted with short black lines runs along the stigmatal region. It is covered with black com-
pound spines and tufts of bristles. On the first segment there are eight compound black spines,
four on each side; on the second, there are also eight, the two on the back springing from a bunch
of short black bristles. On the third, fourth, and fifth segments there are three compound spines
on each side and two tufts of short bristles on the back, yellowish brown on the outside and
black in the. center. On the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments there are but two com-
pound spines on each side with the two tufts on the back; on the tenth segment there are again
three spines each side with the tufts, on the eleventh two spines, and on the twelfth there is no
tuft of bristles, but seven spines, three on each side and one on the back. Head, chestnut-
brown, cervical shield of the same color. Thoracic feet black, prolegs chestnut-brown. Ven-
tral region same as the rest of the body, but somewhat paler. Length, 2t inches; diameter,
J^ inch. Feeds on the willows; prefers scrub willow. Found early hi July. — C. V. Riley,
notes at United States Department of Agriculture.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 119

[Mr. T. Pergando records in the books of the Bureau of Entomology that on August 2,
1S89, two larvae were received from G. H. Kruschke, Dcnster, Wis., reported as feeding on
cranberry. They resembled H. maia, but appeared to differ in the shorter, barbed spines and
darker color of the body. The ground color dorsally was dull black or very dark purplish black,
with a much interrupted white mediodorsal stripe, divided along the middle by a black line,
a much interrupted subdorsal white lino and a broad whitish lateral stripe, inclosing the stig-
mata. Stigmata, pale buff with black annulus. Warts, dark red, those of dorsum somewhat
paler. All branched spines and those on warts just above and below stigmata, black, tipped
with white, those of the two dorsal rows orange tipped with black. Head, reddish brown.
These larvae did not produce moths, but Mr. Kruschke sent two pupae "which he found in the
dams, which no doubt belong to this species." The pupae were remarkable in that the cremasters
of both were without a trace of hooked spines, which are so strong and conspicuous in H. maia.
They both produced crippled moths, which Mr. Pergande could not separate from maia. The
specimens were also examined by Dr. Dyar.]1

HEMILEUCA MAIA var. LUCINA Henry Edwards.
Plate LX, figs. 10, 11.

[The original description of lucina (Ent. Amer., II, p. 14) is as follows: A form occurring in
Maine, and probably in other of the northern portions of our continent, which appears to deserve
at least a varietal name. It is intermediate between H. maia and H. nevadensis, having the
primrose band uniformly broad on the primaries and including the discal ocellus, and that of
secondaries always wider than in any examples of H. maia seen by me. This band, too, is of
rather different shape, and invariably reaches the posterior margin farther from the anal angle
than is the case with H. maia. The wings, too, are much more transparent than those of the
common form, and in some cases appear to be almost denuded of scales. I have during the
past summer examined upward of 300 specimens of H. maia, many of which were raised from
the egg, but though varying considerably among themselves, in the width and density of the
band, I have seen none that I could not very readily separate from the form now under notice.
My specimens (3 & , 2 $ ) are all from Norway, Me., and from near Bangor, Me.]

[The records of the United States Department of Agriculture indicate its occurrence at
Aweme, Manitoba, where three males were collected by Mr. Norman Criddle. A female in the
National Museum is labeled Colorado; it is from the collection of H. S. Burnett. Dr. W. T. M.
Forbes states that lucina occurs at Worcester, Mass., and West Swanzey and Fitzwilliam, N. H.
He has never seen H. maia as far north as these New Hampshire localities, nor at Worcester,
though it occurs in eastern Massachusetts.]

[Dr. Packard examined the types and made the following notes :]

Five examples, all uniform. A good local variety. Expanse of fore wings s 50, 9 55-62
mm. ; white band very wide, as in nevadensis, but dark part of wing paler and more hyaline than
in nevadensis, so that the difference in hue between the middle and outer edge of wing is much
less marked than in nevadensis. It is smaller than any of the other specimens of maia, nevadensis,
or calif ornica.

1 [There is considerable confusion, perhaps the result of local variation, as to the true larva of Hemileuca maia. The type locality is New York,
and the northern larva, as it occurs in the collection of the United States National Museum, and as described by Reiff, is almost wholly black.
The dorsum is dusted irregularly with pale yellow dots, but they have no decided tendency to gather and fuse into a pale stigmatal band. The
head is deep red-brown, and the dorsal tubercles show only a little red at the base, the whole effect, whether from front or side view, being a black
larva. The food is oak. In the Southern States, as figured by Abbot on Plate 50 of the Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, it is much paler, but strongly
variable. One of his figures represents a dominantly yellow larva, with a black subdorsal stripe, the other has a dark ground color, but the yellow
dusting is evidently heavy on the dorsum, and on the incisures and in the broad stigmatal band occupies most of the surface. The subdorsal spines
are reddish in both forms, as well as the head and the feet in the figure that shows them. The food is oak as before. The lighter of these two larvse
must have been closely similar to that of H. nevadensis, showing a likeness to the Colorado form, that is paralleled by the presence in both localities
of the red female of Automeris io. The darker form is represented in the National Museum, and except for its larger size is almost exactly like
H. lucina. The larva of lucina is of the black form, but is distinguished from the most northern specimens of that form by the fact that the yellow
dotting is much stronger on the sides, forming more or less distinct stigmatal bands. Similar larvse of maia are to be expected, but they should
occur much farther south than the limit of lucina, as the typical black form ranges south to Washington, D. C. In the West this hiatus is likely
not to exist, but here the adults are strikingly different, as lucina is unchanged in Colorado, while the nevadensis form of maia already appears in
Nebraska. However the species may be found to intergrade here. Caterpillars should be collected and moths bred from them in the intermediate
district, wherever lucina and maia are likely to occur together, as in southern Canada, and also where the northern and southern larvge of maia
meet, probably in Virginia or the Carolinas, and west to Colorado. Wm. T. M. Forbes.!

120 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

[Reiff, Psyche, 1910, pp. 30-31, has described two forms of lucina with the following
characters :

Ab. obsolete, Reiff. Anterior wings with the white band more or less obsolete.

Ab. lutea Reiff. Wings grayish, the light band cream yellow instead of white. (The
Latin diagnosis says "fascia lutea," which is rather misleading.) Mr. Reiff informs me that the
type locality of these two aberrations is Raymond, N. H.

Reiff also reaches the conclusion that H. lucina is a valid species, not a variety of H. maia.
He supports this view by the following pertinent facts:

(1 ) The larvae and pupae differ. H. lucina larvae are, like those of maia, black in the youngest
stage, but distinguished by "a strong brilliancy, best compared to black stove polish." The
older larvas are exactly like those of maia, except that they have "a sharply defined white. stripe
above the feet," which is absent or faint in maia. The size is less than that of maia. The
cremaster of the pupa "is composed of about 25 strong brown spines with curved apices."

(2) No transitional forms are known.

(3) H. maia feeds on oak, while H. lucina feeds on meadow sweet.

(4) The young larvae of lucina are gregarious, forming large clumps on the twigs of the food
plant, while those of maia sit next to one another, in rows across the leaves.

(5) H. maia pupates normally in the ground, while lucina pupates (still without any
cocoon) between dried leaves.

(6) Both occur in the same localities; where, when maia males first emerge, only females of
lucina are present; the flying period of the two overlapping in the latter part of September;
nevertheless, no hybrids have ever been seen.]

HEMILEUCA MAIA NEVADENSIS (Stretch).

Plates XXIII, figs. 1-5; LII, figs. 3-5; LX, figs. 14, 15; CXIII, figs. 4, 5.

[Hemileuca nevadensis Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb. N. Amer., 1 (1872), p. 108, pi. 4, fig. 10.]

In var. nevadensis (Stretch) from California the basal quarter of the fore wings and the outer
edge is black, all the rest of the wing is white in both wings except the costa. The ocellus
(eastern form) varies much in size, and on the hind wings differs from that of H. maia in being
much reduced in size, roundish or narrow and irregular, and without the central white line. On
the thorax of eastern maia are two reddish tufts near the base of the hind wing, one on each side.
Abdomen of o* black, with gray scales in patches on the sides beneath, and often above; at the
end is a bright Indian red spreading tuft. In 9 the abdominal tip is grizzly, with a very small
mass of reddish hairs on the under side at the extreme tip.

Expanse of fore wings, d1 57-60 mm. ; 9 72 mm.

Length of a fore wing, <? 25-30 mm. ; 9 34 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, j 14 mm.; 9 17 mm.

Length of hind wing, <? 22 mm. ; 9 25 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, d" 16 mm.; 9 IS mm.
Var. nevadensis [artemis (Pack.)]. One & , three 9 . In the southwestern form the white
band is very wide, as wide as in the most extreme eastern examples (one from Colorado is as
white as in typical nevadensis). The black portion of the wings is more faded, paler, and more
hyaline. The ocellus is paler, and that of the hind wings shows a tendency to become obsolete,
becoming narrow or irregular, roundish, and without the white line; the tip of the 9 abdomen
is without red hairs.

As regards the moths themselves I can really find no difference between artemis and neva-
densis, though I have had no opportunity to caref ully study examples from Arizona or Nevada.
The New Mexican examples are a little larger than any eastern maia.

Expanse of fore wings, 86 mm.

Length of fore wing, 36 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 18 mm.

Length of hind wing, 26 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, IS mm.

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

121

[In Dyar's list californica Wright and artemis Packard appear as synonyms of H. nevadensis
Stretch, which is given as a valid species.]

Geographical distribution. — Nevada [Chino, Cal. (nevadensis); Dep. Agric. MSS.] Las
Cruces, N. Mex. (Cockerell, Townsend); also in the Mesilla Valley, N. Mex., "Middle Sonoran
Zone" (Cockerell). [These New Mexico records refer to the form H. artemis Packard.]

[Prof. M: H. Swenk (litt. July, 1912) states that H. nevadensis is rather abundant in Sioux
County, Nebr., where it has been collected and bred.]

[The original account of H. artemis, in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXXI, pp. 172-173, is as
follows :]

Hemileuca artemis sp. nov. One ? with wings not fully expanded. At first doubtfully referred to H. juno, I find
on comparison with my types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge that it is quite different. The head
and body are larger. The thorax is much more white, both on the prothorax and on the patagia, which are entirely
white. The disk of the mesothorax is brown; the two tufts, one on each side behind, are orange-red, instead of claret-
red, as in juno, and the hairs between the forelegs and those on the fore femora are of the same deep orange-red as the
thoracic tufts. Juno has more reddish hairs on the end of the abdomen, where they are all white in artemis. The
fore wings are white, with a black-brown border all around, completely inclosing the entirely opaque black-brown
discal spot, which, in the unexpanded specimen, does not inclose (as it does in juno) a lunate white spot. The blackish
costal edge is as wide as the outer edge. The hind wings are apparently much as in juno and in grotei. It does not
agree with the description of grotei (Trans. Amer. Knt.
Soc, II, 192, PI. II, fig. 60, 1868).

Several full-grown larvae werereceived from Las
Cruces, N. Mex., kindly sent me June 15, 1S91, by-
Mr. C. H. Tyler Townsend; they were found feeding
on a species of long-leaved willow, and on a Populus.
Mr. Townsend writes regarding these caterpillars:

"I am informed that in previous years this cater-
pillar has been extremely abundant here, almost
denuding the cottonwoods (P . fremontii) . They are
said to appear in force later in the season. I rather
doubt this, but will look out for more."

Mature larva. — Length 45 mm. The body is
long and thick, of the general shape and thickness of
Automeris io, rather than of H. inaia. Head dull
shining red, about half as wide as the body in the
middle. Segments of the body each with an irreg-
ular, deeply impressed, transverse wrinkle, just
behind the middle. A moderately large prothoracic
plate, which is irregular in sha'pe and divided in the
middle into two pieces; it is dull reddish honey yellow or chitinous in color. On the prothoracic segment are eight
large, high -branched spines, as large as any of the others on the body behind; they are black, with the spinules black
at base, pale flesh color beyond; the terminal bristles are dark; there are about 16 to IS spinules on each spine, nearly
as in H. maia, and the prothoracic spines of A. io. The spines on the second thoracic segment are similar in shape and
length to those in front, but slightly shorterand with a smaller number of spinules toward the end. On the third thoracic,
to and including the seventh abdominal segment, the two rows of dorsal spines are like those of A. io behind the
prothoracic segment, being short, thick, bushy spines, with numerous radiating, yellow spinules, which are black at tip.
On the eighth segment there is a single, slightly larger one, with two central spines, one on each side. Those on the
ninth segment are like the prothoracic ones, the median one being of the same size as the lateral ones. There are no
spines on the tenth or last segment. There is a subdorsal and an infraspiracular row of spines like those on the first
thoracic segment along the sides of the abdomen, but on the thoracic segments are two rows of infraspiracular spines.
There is a rather large, broad, V-shaped or short subcordate plate on the tenth segment of the same color as the pro-
thoracic plate, and a bristly, concolorous plate on the outside of the anal legs.

The body is smooth, without the granulations of H. maia and without the lateral reddish band of A. io. The body
is pale, sea-greenish, with irregular brown spots and slashes in the spaces between the spines of the subdorsal rows,
and they also occur lower down near the spiracles, which are yellow, edged with dark brown. Thoracic legs dark
honey-yellow; abdominal ones washed with cherry reddish.

The eversible glands were not everted in any of the six specimens, but their position is indicated, as in E. maia,
by an irregular oval, liver-colored patch behind the first thoracic and eighth abdominal spiracles.

Figure 9 represents the dorsal spines of the three thoracic segments, respectively. I, one of the dorsal prothoracic
spines, in which the spinules, with long setas, are scattered along the whole length of the main trunk; II, one of the
dorsal spines of the second thoracic segment, surrounded at the base by a dense thicket of acute spinules, the latter not
bearing a terminal seta; III, a dorsal spine from the third thoracic segment, forming a short, broad tuft or clump of
nonsetiferous, but acute spinules, the clump having a broad base, from near the center of which arises a long spinule,

Dorsal spines of three thoracic segments of larva of Hemileuca artemis.

122 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

bearing a Blender seta, like those near and at the ends of those in front. The two dorsal rows of abdominal spines extend
back to and including the seventh uromere.

[Manuscript notes by Messrs. Pergande and Pratt show that moths of H. artemis
(bred from larvae received from New Mexico) emerged in Washington from October 25 to
November 9, the last from a larva received as early as June 6. Eggs hatched April 30. A
species of Tachinidas was bred from a pupa, and specimens of Apanteles, bred from this species,
were sent from Las Cruces, N. Mex., by T. D. A. Cockerell.]

[The following description is given in the MS. under H. maia, but it presumably belongs to
artemis:]

Larva. — Stage I: The following is a description of larva? hatched from eggs sent me from
Las Cruces and laid on the willow (Salix longifolia). They hatched May 4-16. On May 11
one was seen emerging from the shell; it comes out tail first.

The underside of the body, the legs and tubercles, were of a deep flesh color; the body
reddish brown, the sutures between the segments deep carneous. The clypeus anterior is paler
than the rest of the head. The body tapers somewhat to the end, which is somewhat conical.
The head is considerably wider than the body, dull black, with white hairs. The colors after
an exposure of a day or two, before eating: Body black-brown, the tubercles on the three
thoracic segments much paler, black brown, being of a deep flesh brown, but those on the
ninth abdominal segment are nearly as dark as those on the thoracic ones. Under side of the
body deep carneous, concolorous with the abdominal legs. The thoracic legs are all somewhat
darker than the abdominal ones, especially on the outside.

[The following account by Prof. C. H. T. Townsend, indicating the possible occurrence of
two species of the H. mam group in southern New Mexico, appeared in West American Scien-
tist, VIII (1S93), pp. 51-53. Hemileuca artemis Packard. A note was published on this
species in Can. Ent., 1892, pp. 199-200, under name of H. juno (?). A pupa obtained from
larvae on Populus fremontii1 in June, 1891, and sent to Dr. Packard, had disclosed the moth,
which Dr. Packard wrote was probably H. juno. Under date of April 29, 1S93, Dr. Packard
again wrote that this was apparently a new species, which he would name as above. What
appeared to be the same larvae were found at that time, June, 1891, on Salix longifolia also.
On November 13, 1892, I found in the Alameda, north of Las Cruces, an egg mass of Hemi-
leuca encircling a twig of the above Salix. The next day I found two more of the egg masses
on the Salix in the same locality, and, what was more, I saw on, or flying about the Salix, several
moths of Hemileuca, one of which I captured. This was sent to Dr. Packard, who wrote that
it was "with little doubt H. maia." I had expected it would prove to be H. artemis, and I was
therefore somewhat disappointed. Several more moths, apparently the same but not captured,
were seen during the latter part of November flying about cottonwoods south of Mesilla Park.

It had occurred to me that possibly the larvae which feed here on Salix are H. maia, while those on Populus are
H. artemis. This conclusion is shaken by the fact that I have taken the larvae of //. maia on mesquite, and they are
much darker (reddish, brownish, or grayish) than those taken on Populus and Salix in June, 1891, and lack the yellow-
ish or greenish shades of the latter. From the general darker color of the maia larva, I believe I can distinguish the
two species as they occur .here. According to this separation, I find that H. artemis feeds here on Populus and Salix,
while H. maia feeds on Populus, Salix, and mesquite (Prosopis julifiora).2 The following notes apply to the lighter
greenish and yellowish larvae, which are those of H. artemis:

June 15, 1891: A good number on Salix longifolia in the Alameda. Fully grown or nearly so. Migrating.

June 24, 1891: Several specimens on Populus fremontii in Alameda. Nearly and quite fully grown.

June 30, 1891: Three more on Populus in Alameda. Nearly grown. None on Salix where they were found June 15.

May 22, 1892: A number found on a large tree of Salix (not S. longifolia), about 3 miles south of Mesilla. Yellowish
in color, and about half grown.

May 31, 1892. Numerous on Populus fremontii just north of Las Cruces. Nearly two-thirds grown.

June 13 to 15, 1892: Many larvae, from two-thirds to nearly fully grown, were found on Populus fremontii in the
Rio Grande bottoms between Las Cruces and Rincon, and on up the Rio Grande valley to Los Palomas, N. Mex.

June 29, 1892: A good number found north of Winslow, Ariz., on short Salix sprouts in the bottoms of the Little
Colorado River. They were about fully grown, and the leaves of the Salix were entirely gone.

1 [This was really Populus wislizenii (Watson) Sargent.] 2[This was Prosopis glandulosa Torrey.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 123

Hemileuca maia Drury. As will be seen from the above notes, it seems that the female of this species oviposits
here on Salix, or other food plants, in November; the eggs hatch the following spring. Below are notes on the darker
larvae, supposed to be maia.

April 22, 1891: A twig of Populus fremontii was found on college farm, bearing eggshells of Hemileuca from which
the young caterpillars, 2J to 3 mm. long, had just hatched and begun eating the green leaves. As these were so young,
the color could hardly be depended upon. Mr. H. G. Dyar identified them as Hemileuca or an allied form.

May 16, 1891 : Three miles south of Mesilla, near the Rio Grande River, a mass of dark Hemileuca larvae was noticed
on a twig of Populus fremontii, and another similar mass on a twig of Salix sp. near by. The larvae held on to the
twigs by means of slight but quite strong silken webs, and measured 17 to 20 mm. in length.

May 13, 1892: Some larvae, which agree well in general color and appearance with the above, were found on mee-
quite (P. juliflora) near the college. They were 1$ to 2 inches long. One larva pupated on top of the earth in a breed-
ing cage, May 27. This, with an alcoholic larva, was sent to Dr. Packard, who wrote that they were H. maia.

July 25, 1892: East of Navajo Springs, Ariz., I found a number of specimens of a large brownish and blackish
larva, which may be H. maia, feeding on Artemisia fdifolia, a greenish-gray sage. They could not be found on the
sage after passing a certain very restricted area, though they were numerous where they did occur. It may have
been another species.

Note. — I have repeatedly handled the maia and artemis larvae in all stages without being stung in the least by

HEMILEUCA GROTEI Grote and Robinson.

Plate LXIII, figs. 1, 2.

[Hemileuca grotei Grote and Robinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, II (1868), p. 192, PI. 2.]
[Hemileuca diana Packard, Hayden's Survey, 1873, p. 557, fig. 13.]

[Antennae black; palpi and front black; behind the antennae a broad band of white hairs,
extending vertically along sides of pectus for a short distance; thorax black, intermingled
with sparse white hairs and with a lateral tuft of deep carmine hairs on metathorax; abdomen
black with a few white hairs dorsally, and the segmental divisions marked by white hairs ven-
trally, anal tuft consisting of orange-red hairs ; pectus and legs black ; base of legs fringed with
deep carmine hair. 'Primaries deep brown-black crossed beyond the cell by a broad irregular
band of white, very variable in width and outline; broad at the costa, it is much contracted
opposite the cell and is even at times entirely divided into an upper and lower portion; the
lower portion may be of even width throughout, or may gradually taper toward the inner
margin; the outer margin of the band may be almost straight, but is usually sinuate, curving
gently inward below the cell; it is often distinctly crenulate; at the end of the cell is a whitish
lunate mark, broadly surrounded by deep black scaling which encroaches more or less into
the white band, as mentioned above. Secondaries slightly deeper in color than the primaries,
similar in maculation, discocellular lunule smaller and less distinct, white band angled oppo-
site cell, as variable as on primaries. Beneath as above, white postmedian band rather broader
as a rule but very variable. Expanse, S 38-48 mm.; 9 45 to 54 mm. Described from 4
o* S and 10 ? 9 in collection Barnes, from Kerrville, Tex., (4 ? ? ) and Chiricahua Mountains,
Ariz. All very constant. — J. McDtjnnough.]

[Colorado; Texas — Dyar.] North slope of Grand Mesa, Mesa County, Colo., September
20, 1887. Cockerell, Entomologist, 1888, p. 283 (as diana).

[Subgenus ARGYRAUGES Grote.]

[Argyrauges Grote, Canad, Entom., XIV (1882), p. 215.] '

HEMILEUCA NEUMOEGENI (Henry Edwards).
Plate XXIV, fig. 3; LXIII, fig. 5; LXVII, figs. 1, 2.
[Euleucopliaeus neumoegen/i Henry Edwards, Papilio, 1 (1881), p. 171.]

[ <? . Antennas orange; palpi and front deep purplish red ; thorax white, mixed with purplish
hairs posteriorly; abdomen dorsally with long red hairs, ventrally yellowish white; pectus
and base of legs purple-red; tarsi black; tibiae fringed with whitish hairs; primaries silvery
white crossed by two black bands; of these the antemedian is bent outward below costa, thence

i [A female from Los Angeles County, Cal. (Coquillett), in the U. S. National Museum, shows an apparently good subgeneric character not
mentioned by Grote; the antenna are long pectinate on both sides. In H. tricolor they are only serrate on one side on basal half or more.]

124 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xh,

almost straight to inner margin; the postmedian is oblique, extending from costa shortly before
apex to inner margin near anal angle, somewhat crenulate in its central portion; in the cell
and partially situated on the antemedian black band is an oblong semitransparent yellowish
dash, broadly margined with black; at the end of the cell is a similar larger lunate mark out-
lined in black, the outer margin most heavily; secondaries rather smoky white with postmedian
black band of primaries continued across their upper surface, parallel to outer margin and
slightly crenulate; a black discocellular spot with yellowish center. Beneath as above, except
that the antemedian band of primaries and the oblong clash in the cell are wanting. Expanse
43 mm. Described from a single <? specimen in collection Barnes, from Yavapai County, Ariz. —

J. McDuNNOUGH.]

[ 9 . Similar to the male, but a little larger, and with the four posterior segments of the
abdomen clear white, above and below, the middle segments only being narrowly edged with
reddish brown. The stigmata are very strongly marked, jet black. Type locality, Prescott,
Ariz. (Doll). — H. Edwards, 1. c]

[Dr. Packard examined specimens from Prescott.]

HEMILEUCA BURNSI J. H. Watson.

Plate XXIV, figs. 1, 2; LX, figs. 7, 8; LXIII, figs. 6, 7; CXIII, fig. 3.
[Hemileuca burnsi Watson, Ann. Rept. and Trans. Manchester Entom. Soc, 1910, p. 31, PI. Ill]

[Very close to H. neumoegeni, of which it might be considered a race. It is, however, distinct
enough for recognition. Mr. J. McDunnough has kindly compared the two species in detail,
as follows:

In collection Barnes is a single male neumoegeni from Yavapai County, Ariz. (August
16-23), and one $ 9 burnsi from typical lot from Watson (Truckee Pass, Cal., 7,000 feet,
and a pair from Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nev., September 2.

The main points of distinction between the males are as follows:

Antennae of neumoegeni bright red-brown as in tricolor.

Antenna? of burnsi dark brown, much deeper than in neumoegeni.

Abdomen of neumoegeni is covered with orange-red hair dorsally, much as in tricolor)
beneath white.

Abdomen of burnsi (our specimens are somewhat rubbed) shows no trace of red hairs; the
hairs are whitish and not nearly so long as in neumoegeni ; there is further a lateral row of black
spots.

The ground color of neumoegeni on primaries is a silvery white; besides the discal lunate
mark there is a further elongate mark in the cell, filled with pale yellow and partially obscured
by the antemedial black band which crosses it. None of our burnsi show any traces of tins
mark, and the ground color lacks the silvery whiteness of neumoegeni.

Our specimen of neumoegeni has a very distinct black postmedial band; one of our
<? specimens [of burnsi] is without, the other o* and the two 9 9 possess this band. —
J. McDunnough.]

[Mr. Watson has described some variations, as follows:

Ab. ilmae Watson t. c, p. 32, PI. Ill, fig. 2, j . "Body and wings creamy; wings rounder
and more ample. Fore wings above; prediscal bands heavier even than in the female and
continued broadly along the costa, then narrower to base of wing. Discal spot more rounded.
Below, with a submarginal band of black scales as on the female, and not reflected through
as the typical male. Hind wings above and below, with a submarginal band as on the female;
the discal spot a mere punctuation. Below, a replica of the upper surface. One specimen."
This name is to be applied to males having the band on the hind wings as in the normal female.

Ab. nigrovenosa Watson, t. c, p. 33J 9 • "Bands heavy, and the upper surface of the fore
wing and the under surfaces of both wings with black scales on the veins, from base as far as
the black marginal band. Costa of both wings below black; space between the marginal
band and the fringes white." From a female which "never stretched its wings."

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 125

Ab. conjuncta Watson, Entom. News, XXIII (1912), p. 97, PI. VII, f. 4, 9 . "Differs
from typical burnsi in having the hinder ends of the apical and transverse black bands of fore
wings joined together by a distinct black line running along the hind margin. The nervures
outlined with black from the apical (post median) band toward the discal spot." Reno, Nev.] '

[Watson briefly describes the egg and pupa. The larvas are described as burrowing into
sandy soil, apparently spinning a slight web, certain pupa? having silk attached to the cremaster.]

[Subgenus EULEUCOPHAEUS Packard.]
[Euleucophaeus Packard, Rep. Peabody Academy, IV, (1872), p. 88].

Euleucophaeus is a very definite section of Hemileuca, and I am not sure but that it should
be regarded as a subgenus, or a genus in process of differentiation from Hemileuca. While not
generically different as regards venation, it differs in the decidedly shorter and broader wings
and paler coloration, and in markings, there being a basal and an extradiscal line not present
in normal Hemileuca, and faint discal spots. All three features may be owing to the reaction
from a dry, elevated clirnate, but they are very distinctive and common to several species.

[The larva of II. olivise. departs widely from typical Hemileuca in being a grass-feeder.
Whether this is true of all Euleucophaeus is not known.]

[In much of the manuscript on the species of Euleucophaeus, Dr. Packard has left the
generic name blank, evidently being undecided whether to use Euleucophaeus or Hemileuca.
Following the sense of the above remarks, I have placed all the species in Hemileuca.]

HEMILEUCA TRICOLOR (Packard).

Plate LXVIII, figs. 9, 10.

Euleucophaeus tricolor Packard [Rep. Peabody Academy, IV (1872), p. 89].

[Hemileuca tricolor Holland, The Moth Book, PI. XII, fig. 9. Good colored figure of male.]

Imago. — Two <? . Head dull brick-madder, reddish in front as are the femora and breast;
vertex of head and top of thorax dark gray, with gray hairs intermixed, with lighter and reddish
scales mixed. Antennae pale reddish brown. Fore wings slightly narrower and more subfalcate
than in E. olivise and much more so than in E. norba, but the outer edge is not very full, not
nearly so much so as in H. maia, and the apex is a little more rounded.

Fore wings dark stone or granite gray, with a slight olive tinge. The basal line is snow
white, broad and bent inwards on the costa, where in E. norba and olivise, it is not so bent, it
also extends inwards along the inner edge to the base of the wing, inclosing a mouse-gray slash
situated on vein VI. Discal spot very distinct, somewhat curved or crescent-shaped, and
forming the center of an obscure roundish dark spot. Extradiscal line broad, snow white,
very distinct, and situated nearer the outer edge of the wing than usual, and ending on the
costa much nearer the apex than in any other of the species mentioned. Fringe snow white
and on the apex connects with the expanded end of the extradiscal hue. Outer edge of the
wing between the extradiscal and the fringe is as dark as in the middle of the wing. Hind wings
whitish, madder red at the base; there are no lines, and no discal spot is to be seen in my rather
badly preserved specimen. Under side of the fore wings along the costa madder red; otherwise
as above, the discal spot and lines faintly reproduced. Hind wings as above. Abdomen
madder red, beneath broadly banded with white. Legs reddish with gray hairs at base.

Expanse of fore wings, S 52 mm.; 9 68 mm.

Length of fore wing, S 26 mm. ; 9 33 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, <? 12 mm.; 9 16 mm.

Length of hind wing, S 19 mm.; 9 23 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, <J 12 mm.; 9 16 mm.

i (Mr. Watson has since obtained from a second year pupa of B. burnsi a female "with entire wings suffused along margin and costa with lilac-
gray scales, more pronounced below," almost the shade of the gray on B. tricolor. This he has described in Entomological News, Vol. XXIV, p. 130,
as ab. paradoza. He has also obtained a female with the extreme edge of hind wings with a single row of black scales, forming a black line between
the margin and the white fringes.]

126 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

One 9 . The female is much larger than the <? ; the fore wings are broader, dark gray,
with a brownish tint extending from the discal spot to the inner margin; the veins are more
or less tawny. The costal and apical region is hoary. The basal line is narrow, being one-third
as wide as in <f , becoming nearly obsolete before reaching the costa, the angle it makes in the
<? being obscure; it is very indistinctly continued along the base of the wing to the thorax.
The extradiscal line is about one-half as wide as in the <? , and the marginal dark gray shade
is much wider than in the S . The hind wings differ from those of the c? in being dusky white ;
in having a whitish extradiscal line, the margin broadly shaded with dark gray. A faint discal
discoloration. Fringe snow white, becoming dusky on the inner angle. Underside of fore
wings gray, with a vinous tinge; fringe dusky whitish; veins vinous reddish. The discal spot
and the two lines faintly reproduced. Hind wings beneath dusky white; extradiscal line
whitish; margin of wings dusky; fringe whitish.

Of this species Euleucophaeus lex Druce is evidently a synonym. [Dr. Dyar thinks this
synonymy is impossible.]

For a pair of this fine moth in a perfectly fresh state of preservation I am indebted to
[Mr. O. C. Poling, who states that the species is fairly plentiful in the Santa Catalina Mountains,
Ariz., where it appears in February, March, and April.]

Geographical distribution. — This well-marked species seems to be confined to the region

about Prescott, Ariz.

HEMILEUCA OLWUE (Cockerell).

Plate XXIV, fig. 4; LII, fig. 8; LX, fig. 9.

Bemileuca sororia race olivix Cockerell, Psyche, p. 252, 1898.

Imago. — Five <? . A very pale cream-colored species with a decidedly faded out
appearance. Fore wings, longer, more produced toward the apex; in shape as in E. tricolor,
but slightly less subfalcate and much paler, with no dark scales, and not so wide as in E. norba,
and hue much paler; veins not ochreous. Head in front shaggy, pale ochreous, concolorous
with the femora and breast, the scales on the vertex long and shaggy and of the same pale
gray as the thorax in front. Thorax either entirely pale olive-gray or with shorter reddish hairs
intermixed. Wings of both pairs of the same uniform faded olive-gray hue, almost whitish or
cream-colored; costa of fore wings nearly straight; slightly arched toward the apex, which is
a little more produced and rounded, than in E. norba, but just as in E. tricolor, though the
wing has not quite so subfalcate an outline as in E. tricolor, being slightly wider. Basal fine
broad, white, diffuse, situated two-thirds of the way from the base of the wing to the discal
spot, and not bent on the costa. Extradiscal line white, diffuse, not so near the outer edge
of the wing as in E. tricolor, more oblique and less undulating and diffuse than in E. norba.
The discal spot differs from that of E. norba and tricolor in being shorter, broader, and more
curved or kidney-shaped than crescentiform. Fringe of wings of both pairs concolorous with
the rest of the wings. Hind wings of exactly the same hue as the fore wings; a very faint
linear discal spot; no traces of whitish lines above or beneath. Under side of fore wings;
costal region ochreous, and the veins on the outer half of the wing ochreous, but from their
base to the discal spot the wing is bathed with roseate, becoming dusky beyond the discal
spot, which is much curved and distinct. Extradiscal line very faint, dusky. Hind wings as
above, but very faintly roseate at base. Abdomen rather bright brick or madder red, especially
on the end, being nearly of the same color as in E. norba; thorax and abdomen beneath pearly
dusky gray and femora of the same hue, but the tibiae and tarsi subochreous.

Expanse of fore wings, <? 55 mm.

Length of fore wing, t? 25 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, c? 13 mm.

Hind wings, length, <? 20 mm.

Hind wings, breadth, t? 15 mm.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 127

This species is near E. sororia and hualapai.1

Among the material used in preparing this description are two specimens kindly given
me by Prof. Cockerel!.

Geographical distribution. — Las Vegas, N. Mex.; Maxwell City, N. Mex., bred by Cockerell
from larva sent by John Davis (Cockerell). Cimarron River, northern New Mexico, October 17,
1875 (W. L. Carpenter). Not yet found in Mexico; quite restricted to New Mexico. [Ainslie,
Bull. 85, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 62, records it from southern
Colorado, Texas, and Oklahoma. It is also thought to occur at Garden City, Kans.]

[The following appeared in Psyche, 1898, p. 298:]

Hemileuca sororia race olivise Ckll., Psyche, 1898, p. 252, <? (Santa Fe\, N. Mex.).

On August 20, 1898, Mr. John Davis sent me some larvae collected at Maxwell City, N. Mex.,
stating that they were then extremely numerous, and were devouring the pastures. With the
larvae were sent pieces of grass, which Prof. E. O. Wooton identifies as a Muhlenbergia, probably
M. texana Thurb. (porteri Scrib.). Form these larvae I bred four moths of olivise, which was
only known heretofore by a single S . A male emerged September 13, two males September
14, and a female September 15.

Larva. — Of the living larva I noted as follows: Ochreous with a very dark-brown head;
body irregularly marked with very dark brown, especially about the sutures; tufts of spines
as usual in the genus, the central ones black, the lateral ones (spinules) ochreous with black
tips; thoracic legs black. The skin is sparsely beset with colorless hairs. Spiracles narrowly
edged with black.

Cocoon. — The cocoon is composed mainly of fragments of the Muldenbergia, loosely woven,
with many open spaces.

Imago. — The males agree in the main with the Sante F6 type, but are, perhaps, a little
^grayer. The female expands 65 mm., and has a warmer, more ros}7, color than the males. The
general color of the anterior wings is nearly uniform with the two pale bands distinct.

Compared with the description of H. sororia Hy. Edw., the 9 olivise differs thus: Costa
of primaries orange ferruginous throughout; secondaries above with the nervures pale ferrugi-
nous; on the under side the nervures are pale ferruginous on all the wings, and the costa of the
primaries is broadly orange ferruginous, subfuscous at base, that of the secondaries washed
with blackish; head clothed with dark fuscous hair, gray on vertex and occiput; thorax with
dense long, gray hair; antennae entirely bright orange; abdomen above with fuscous hair,
chestnut on the first two segments ; hind margins of third to fifth segments with red hair, which is
replaced by white on the extreme sides, and beneath except in the middle; apex with mixed
fuscous, white, and red hair. The expanse is 11 mm. less than that of sororia. H. olivise is
of about the same size as H. sororia hualapai (Neumoegen) from southwestern Arizona, but
differs in the markings. The three forms, sororia, hualapai, and olivise, are clearly geographical
races of a single well-marked species.

In the Mesilla Valley, N. Mex., I have never taken H. olivise, but only H. maia race artemis
(Pack.) and H. juno Pack, the former being much the most frequent. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

Hemileuca olivise is now known from Santa Fe, N. Mex., Maxwell City, N. Mex., Las Vegas,
N. Mex., and Raton, N. Mex. The Raton record is based on a <? taken there by my wife (Wil-
matte P. Cockerell) during September of this year. The Las Vegas record is based on a large
number of males taken by my wife and myself flying around an electric light in this city, October,
1900. The moths taken at the light at this time were all H. olivise, except one Ennomos mag-
naria. H. olivise is evidently common in northern New Mexico, but as it does not fly until
September and October, it has escaped the notice of collectors. I have never seen anything

1 [Two distinct aberrations are in the National Museum, having been obtained by Mr. F. Springer at Cimarron, Colfax County, New Mexico.

(1) ab. grisea. Male. Broad area between the pale bands on primaries dusky gray, much darker than usual. There is a female form with the
same tendency to gray, but not so marked.

(2) ab. suftusa. Female. Upper side suffused with reddish stone color, the costal region broadly blackish, especially toward the base; bands
indistinct. Under side suffused with blackish, with reddish orange costa and streaks. The discal spot on primaries above has a pallid center.]

128 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

of it in southern New Mexico (Mesilla Valley), and do not think it exists there. — T. D. A.
Cockerell in litt. to Dr. Packard, November 3. 1900.

[Since the above was written, the larva of this species has been found exceedingly destruc-
tive to the grass ranges in northern New Mexico. For a full and most interesting account of the
species, its transformations, habits, etc., see C. N. Ainslie, "The New Mexico Range Caterpil-
lar," Bureau of Entomology (Dept. Agriculture), Bull. 85, Part V (1910). The technical
description of the eggs, different larval stages, pupae, and moths are by Dr. H. G. Dyar.]

[Parasites (cf. Ainslie). — Pimpla conquisitor Say, P. sanguinipes Cress., Chains ovata Say,
TacMna meUa Walker, Euphorocera claripennis Macq.

Predatory enemies (cf. Ainslie). — Stenopogon picticornis Loew (attacking larva); Erax
varipes Williston (attacking imago).]

[Dr. II. G. Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1911, p. 5, has given the following table for the
separation of the species allied to H. olivise:

Veins of the wings lined with ocher yellow:

Ground-color of fore wing blackish, inner line absent dukinfieldi Schaus.

Ground-color of fore wing pale gray, both lines present.

Hind wing without submarginal pale band rubridorsa Felder.

Hind wing with submarginal pale whitish band.

Larger: Disk of thorax roseate; discal mark of fore wing narrow norba Druce.

Smaller: Disk of thorax gray; discal mark of fore wing large, white minette Dyar.

Veins of the wings concolorous:

Costa of fore wing above ocher yellow.

Secondaries pale, whitish in the male, rose-color in the female.

Lines of the fore wing faint, the inner one obsolete hualapai Neumoegen.

Lines of the fore wing distinct, both present.

Hind wing of male with no, or very faint, mesial band mania Druce.

Hind wing of male dusky shaded, with mesial and marginal bands rather distinct lares Druce.

Secondaries dark rosy brown.

Smaller, with much rosy tint numa Druce.

Larger, with little rosy tint nitria Druce.

Costa of fore wing concolorous or partly whitish.

Pale, the male largely whitish, the lines of fore wing diffused olivise Cockerell.

Darkly colored, the lines of the fore wing distinct.
Inner line not angled in the middle.

Discal mark yellowish brown sororius Henry Edwards.

Discal mark white or whitish.

With much rosy tint; discal mark narrow and clouded marillia Dyar.

With little rosy tint; discal mark large, distinct lex Druce.

Inner line distinctly angled or the upper limb obsolete mexicana Druce.]

HEMLLEUCA DUKINFIELDI Schaus.

[Hemileuca dukinfieldi Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, 235.

Described from Castro, Parana, Brazil. The types are before me. This species is only

distantly related to the forms here treated, and is included as the extreme development of this

type. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA RUBRIDORSA Felder.

[Hemileuca rubridorsa Felder, Reise der Novara, PI. 90, fig. 2, 1874.

Felder's description is without definite locality; his figure represents a female. A female
specimen from the Schaus collection is before me labeled "Mexico," without definite locality.
It is also labeled " Euleucophseus norba Druce," but it differs from that in the uniform gray
hind wings without submarginal pale band and in the broader yellow costa. It agrees well
with Felder's figure. A male also is before me, collected by Mr. R. Muller in Mexico City, which
enables a definite location for the species. — Dyar, t. c]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 129

HEMILEUCA NORBA Druce.
Plate LII, fig. 10.

Imago. — Two $ . Head rather narrow, the front triangular, narrowing almost to a point
in front, rust-red. Palpi not distinguishable from the front. Thorax clothed with rosy and
gray hairs, the latter predominating, but red at the base of the second pair of wings.

Fore wings very short and broad, more so than in olivise or any other species seen by me;
outer edge not oblique; wings of both pairs of a uniform peculiar pearly pale mouse-gray hue
and semitranslucent, thinner than in olivise. Veins ocher yellow and very distinct; costa of
fore wings also ocher-yellow ; the fringe concolorous with the wings. Fore wings crossed by
two distinct white lines of equal width and parallel, the inner (basal) running close to or touching
the discal spot, which is a very faint pale line, less distinct than in olivise, and much less so
than in tricolor; extradiscal line a little nearer the outer edge of the wing than to the discal
line; it begins on the inner edge nearer the inner angle of the wing than in olivise, and does
not end on the costa so near the apex as in tricolor. Hind wings with a single whitish extra-
discal line, nearly obsolete in one s ; it runs parallel with the outer edge of the wing.

Under side of fore wings roseate on the inner two-thirds, the costa and outer edge being
ocherous, the roseate hue extends out between the veins toward the outer edge of the wing.
The linear discal mark is repeated beneath. In one s the wings beneath are less roseate and
the under side of the hind wings is nearly as above.

Abdomen rust reddish above, beneath carmine red, with pale gray hairs on the side.
It is a very distinct species, and may be recognized by its pearly gray color and the two
distinct white parellel lines on the fore wings.
Expanse of fore wings, <? 48-53 mm.
Length of fore wing, S 24-26 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, j 14-15 mm.
Length of hind wing, i 20-22 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, S 15-16 mm.
[Described by Druce from a male collected at Amecameca, State of Morelos, Mexico.]

HEMILEUCA MINETTE Dyar.
Plate LXII, fig. 12.

[Front of head ocher, sides and behind crimson, thorax gray, abdomen dark red. Fore
wing dark gray, the veins and costa dark ocher, fringe and inner margin pale; lines somewhat
approximate, whitish, distinct, approximately parallel to outer margin, the outer wavy crenu-
late; discal mark a large, white, diffused patch, bare of scales centrally. Hind wing gray, a
whitish ray through the cell, a broad, distinct, outer whitish band; fringe pale, veins lined
with dark ocher. Beneath the ocher markings are broadened, but the lines of fore wing nearly
obsolete. Discal mark and submarginal band of hind wing distinct; base of fore wing shaded
with crimson. Expanse 40 mm.

One male, Mexico, without definite locality (Schaus collection), probably from near Mexico
City.

Type. — No. 12931, United States National Museum.

This species, together with the norba and rubridorsa, may prove to be varieties of one species.
All apparently come from the high Mexican plateau in the vicinity of Mexico City. A large
series of specimens is needed to decide the matter. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA MANIA Druce.

[Euleucophxus mania Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Lep. Het., II, 420, 1897.

Described from Orizaba, Mexico. I have specimens from this place (Schaus collection)
and from Motzorongo (R. Miiller), both localities in the State of Vera Cruz, in the hot, moist
83570°— 14 9

130 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xu,

country. The females are very rosy in color and must be very similar to Tiualapai Neum., but
on the fore wings both the lines are distinct. The males vary considerably in the amount of
rosy tint on the wing, most of them being largely brown. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA LARES Druce.

{Euleueophseus lares Deuce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Lep. Het., II, 420, 1897.

This is known to me only by Druce's figure. It is described from a single male from Durango

City. This is on the western edge of the high table-land, in a climate similar to that of Arizona

The species should be intermediate between mania and Tiualapai, but unfortunately only the

male of lares is known and only the female of Tiualapai, so that no useful comparisons can be

made. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA NUMA Druce.

[Euleucophxus numa Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Lep. Het., II, 421, 1897.

Described from Mexico City. I have specimens from there (Schaus collection) and also

others sent by Mr. Miiller from the same locality. The high table-land centering hi the vicinity

of Mexico City is evidently the stronghold of the species of Hemileuca of the grass-feeding

group. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA NITRIA Druce.

[Euleucophxus nitria Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Lep. Het., II, 421, 1897.

Described from "Mexico" without definite locality. I have no specimens of the species.
It is apparently closely allied to numa, and may be a variety of that. Its relations can not be
well discussed without more definite knowledge of the exact locality. — Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA HUALAPAI (Neumcegen).
Plate LXVII, fig. 5.
[Euleucophxus hualapai Neumcegen, Papilio, III (1883), p. 138.]

9 . Antennae pectinated; pale flesh rose, uniform, with no markings whatever [except], a
slight linear discal streak; costa yellowish; fore wing rather broad; southwestern Arizona.
[Note doubtless based on examination of type.]

[Known only by a single female from southwestern Arizona. In the absence of fresh
material, we have only the original description to go by, which indicates that the species is not
the same as olivise. The costa is stated to be bright yellow, which is not the case in the femaje
olivise, although there is considerable ocherous shading ha some specimens. The whole insect
is described as being very pale and rose colored. — H. G. Dyar, in Ainslie, 1910.]

[Mr. J. Doll informs me that the type specimen of Tiualapai was coUected by Morrison.
The fore wings are less pointed than in H. sororia, and the stigmatic spot is as in olivise, not
as in sororia. On the other hand, sororia and olivise have rather similar markings, while Tiualapai
looks quite different.]

[We have a single <? specimen received from Geo. Franck, of the Am. Ent. Co., purporting
to come from Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, but it seems probable that it is really mania
Druce from Mexico, as the banding is strong on primaries. — J. McDunnough.]

HEMILEUCA MARTLLIA Dyar.
Plate LXI, figs. 7, 8.

[Rosy brown to dull rose color. Thorax rosy brown with whitish overcast. Fore wing
with the costa more or less marked with whitish, but no ocherous; lines broad, distinct, whitish;
discal mark narrow, whitish, obscure. Hind wing rosy brownish hi both sexes, with an outer
whitish diffused line. Beneath the lines faintly reproduced, the basal part of the fore wing red.
Abdomen dark rose-red. Expanse: Male 50 mm.; female 60 mm.

Two males, two females, Tehuacan, State of Puebla, Mexico (R. Miiller, No. 1753).

Type. — No. 12932, United States National Museum.

No. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 131

This is closely allied to the following species, and may prove to be not specifically distinct
therefrom. The present species comes from the southern end of the Mexican plateau, whereas
lex has been found some 600 miles farther north. Specimens from intermediate points are
needed to show the relationship of these forms. — Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., 1911.]

HEMILEDCA LEX Druce.

[Euleucophxvs lex Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Lep. Het., II, 420, 1897.

Described from a single male from Durango City at the foot of the Sierra Madre. The

species is not before me, but it is interesting to note the similarity in location with that of the

allied olivise. Both species inhabit high, arid land on the eastern slope of a mountain range.—

Dyar, t. c]

HEMILEUCA SORORIA iH. Edwards).

Plate LXIII, fig. 14.

[Euleucophceus sororius H. Edwards, Papilio, I (1881), p. 100.]

[The original description, based on a single female from La Paz, Lower California (Mexico),
is as follows:

Primaries pale reddish brown, a little paler at the posterior margin. The lines are broad
white, the inner one oblique, not curved, and not reaching to the costa, the outer one slightly
waved about the center toward the posterior margin. In the median space, a little nearer to
the inner than the outer line, is an oblong discal mark of yellowish brown. The costa at the
base is brownish, in the median space it is necked with white scales, and at the apex it is white
from the junction of the exterior line. Fringe and internal margin whitish, with a pink tinge.

Secondaries dull reddish brown, paler on the disk; the nervures very strong and distinct;
the fringes clear white.

Beneath the wings are pale reddish brown, the bands of the primaries faintly exhibited.

The fringes and the costal margin of secondaries clear white. Head red brown, orange
at the base of the antennae. Thorax red brown, with long grizzled hairs. Abdomen chestnut
brown, with broken whitish lateral bands. Antennae beneath and tarsi bright orange. Exp.
wings, 3 inch.]

[Compared with H. olivise 9 , the primaries are more pointed at apex, inclined to be sub-
falcate; the discal mark is not so nearly at right angles to costa, but if prolonged to costa
would make an acute angle on inner side; the outer pale band has a double curve.]

HEMILEUCA MEXICANA Druce.

[Metanastria mexicana Druce, Biol. Cent.-Axn., Lep. Het., I, 201, 1887.
Dendrolimus mexicana Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I, 816, 1892.

This species was described as a lasiocampid, but, although no specimens are before me, it

is evident from Druce's apparently excellent figures that it is a member of this genus. The

species was described from two specimens in the collection of the late Dr. Stau dinger, and are

without exact locality. It seems doubtful whether the two sexes are correctly associated.

The c? is represented with a dark discal mark, the $ with a pale one, and there are other

differences that would not be expected in sexes of one species. — Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,

1911, p. 10.]

HEMHEUCA [PACKARDI n. sp.].

Plate LII, fig. 9.

Imago. — Antennae with the joints shorter than thick; the outer pectinations about four
times as long as the inner, which are tooth-like on the basal half, but beyond the middle
nearly as long as the outer ones.

Thorax and wings of a beautiful delicate rose-carmine; the wings thin. Head dull ochreous
in front. Thorax lake color, with pale gray hairs longer than the others. Fore wings uniform
pale delicate lake, becoming at the base of the wings a little deeper in tone; they are crossed

132 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

by two slightly undulating broad white parallel lines, the outer extradiscal nearer the basal
line than the outer edge of the wing and ends on the costa farther from the apex. Discal spot
linear, faint. Extreme edge of wing paler than within. Hind wings with no lines or other
markings, uniformly soft delicate lake, of the same hue as the middle of the fore wing.

Underside as above, a little deeper in hue; no discal spot or lines present; costal edge
ocher. Legs of the same color as the front of the head. Abdomen more red above than
beneath, and with lake-colored hairs along the middle; beneath being lake, with gray patches
on the sides of the abdomen.

Expanse of the fore wings, 9 63 mm

Length of a fore wing, 9 30 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, 9 15 mm.

Length of hind wing, 9 23 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 9 15 mm.
This is very different from the other species known to me, and is one of the most beautiful
of moths. I do not think it can be the 9 of E. norba. [Related to E. marittia Dyar, but with
lighter, brighter colors.]

Geographical distribution. — Tacubaya, Mexico (O. T. Barrett).

PSEUDOHAZIS Grote and Robinson.

[Pseudohazis Grote and Robinson, Ann. Lye. New York, VIII (1866), p. 377.]

[synopsis of species and varieties.

Discal mark of hind wing elongate, more or less comma-shaped; wings white or pale yellow hera (Harris).

Hind wing with marginal dashes hera hera (Harris).

Hind wing without marginal dashes hera marcata Neum.

Discal mark of hind wing rounded or subquadrate, not elongate.

Fore wings washed with purple, hind wings dark ocher shastaensis Behrens.

Fore wings with moderate markings shastaensis normalis Dyar.

Fore wings heavily suffused with black, the pale colors nearly obliterated shastaensis shasta'ensis Behrens.

Fore wings with the black marks obliterated, or faintly indicated" in grayish shastaensis denuaata (Neum.).

Fore wings pale yellow (or margin more or less dark ocher); hind wings dark ocher eglanterina (Bdv.).

Both wings pale ocherous yellow, with the usual markings eglanterina unijornvis Cockerell.

H. G. Dyar and T. D. A. Cockerell.]

[Great differences of opinion have been prevalent concerning the forms and species of
Pseudohazis. In the quotation from Neumoegen given below shastaensis with the purple
coloring is treated as eglanterina, while Dr. McDunnough considers shastaensis and eglanterina
to be one species, and so treats them in the description he has kindly furnished. Dr. Dyar had
regarded nuttalli Strecker as a variety of eglanterina, but on rereading the description concludes
that it is a simple synonym. He also finds pica Walker to be a simple synonym of hera. In
The Moth Book, Dr. Holland has figured P. eglanterina as pica and P. shastaensis normalis as
nuttalli. His figure of hera (PI. IX) is correct.]

[The genus Pseudohazis has only two typical representations so far known, one being
eglanterina, with the purple coloring, and the other the white hera, from Utah's salt regions. Hera
has to be considered a distinct species, for, aside from its white color, its primaries are falcated,
while those of eglanterina are broad and blunt. All the rest are variations of eglanterina, pica
Walker being especially recognized by its heavy black markings and black basal areas. — B.
Neumoegen, Canad. Entom., XXIII (1891), p. 145.]

[Boisduval says of eglanterina, "alae anticse albido-carnese," which applies to the form
described as arizonensis by Strecker. Behrens's shastaensis was described from very black
examples of the purple-winged form, so this name will obtain. The form is constant, and has
as good right to specific recognition as any species in the genus. — H. G. Dyar, Psyche, May,
1894, p. 91.]

[Habits. — The moths appear to be diurnal in their habits, and may be found in vast num-
bers in the morning hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of the Rocky

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

133

Mountains. I have found them particularly abundant about Laramie Park in Wyoming in
the latter part of June and July. They appear to frequent flowers in company with diurnal
lepidoptera, as the various species of Argynnis, and they may then be easily taken. Their
flight is rapid. They are characteristic of the country of the sagebush and the ranges of the
western sheep herder. — W. J. Holland, The Moth Book, p. 93.]

PSEUDOHAZIS EGLANTERTNA (Boisduval).

Plate XXIV, figs. 5, 6; XXV, figs. 1, 2; LXII, figs. 1, 2; LXVIII, figs. 3, 4.

[Saturnia eglanterina Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) X (1852), p. 323.]
Telea eglanterix Herrich-Schaeffer, Sammlung Aussereur. Schmett. (1855), p. 60.

[ 6" . Antennae, deep-brown ; head and thorax clothed with rough yellow hair, at times heavily

intermingled with black; patagia often distinctly pinkish; abdomen dorsally yellow, ringed

with black, anal tuft yellow, ventrally pale

ochreous, usually shaded with pink and heavily

ringed with black; pectus and legs bright yel-
low. Primaries variable in ground color, at

times uniformly pale ochreous, usually largely

suffused with pink; costal and outer margin

narrowly black; a broad irregular antemedian

black band, straight below costa to subcostal

vein, then strongly bent outward to inception

of vein 2 and again curving inward to inner

margin two-fifths from base of wing ; this band

is connected with the base of the wing by a still

broader black band in the submedian fold; a

broad postmedi-
an black band
bent outward be-
low costa, then
parallel to outer
margin ; the
terminal area of
wing is crossed

by black rays extending along the veins from outer margin to
postmedian line and bending to coalesce opposite the cell ; apex
of wing rather broadly black ; in the median area at end of cell a
large irregularly circular patch with a central white semitrans-
parent lunate [spot], at times obsolete; beyond this patch in the
interspace between veins 4 and 5 the ground color is usually a
bright yellow; veins in the median area, especially anal vein
slightly marked with black scaling. Secondaries bright yellow,
with postmedian band of primaries repeated, and rather sharply
angled opposite the cell; the base of wing is usually broadly
blackish, but at times the black suffusion is wanting and an
antemedial black band alone is present, the black rays of the
terminal area do not attain the postmedian band, but form
triangular patches along the outer margin, more or less coalescent

at their bases; black discocellular patch as on primaries with faint central white dash, more or

less obsolescent.

Beneath, primaries bright yellow, paler along costa and at apex; markings as above but

more sharply defined, less diffuse; terminal black dashes not attaining postmedian band.

Fig. 10. — Pscudohazis eglanterina from California; larva, stage I.

Fig. 11. — Pscudohazis eglanterina from Call
fomia; larval segments; May 19.

134

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XII,

Secondaries pale ochreous or pink, shaded with bright yellow along inner margin and lower
portion of outer margin; a large black patch on costa near base of wing, from the lower outer
margin of which a narrow curved black line extends to near inner margin, occasionally the whole
basal area may be suffused with black as on upper side; other maculation as above. Expanse
37-43 mm.; 9 similar in maculation to the s , but with the markings more sharply denned;
generally brighter in color, the primaries being either bright yellow suffused along costa and at

base with deep pink, or else entirely pink. Beneath the ground color
of both wings is deep orange-yellow shghtlv suffused with pink.
Expanse 40-43 mm. Transition forms leading over to ab. denudata
Neuni., in which all the maculation is obsolete, and to form alt.
shastaensis Behrens, a melanic form from high altitudes, are not rare in
themalesex. Described from 10 t? <?,3 9 9 , in collection Barnes, from
Deer Park Springs, Lake Tahoe, Cal. (Barnes) (July 1-15); Victoria,
B. C. (one c? ) ; Verdi, Nev. ; south Utah (Barnes) . — J. McDunnough.]
[Variety uniformis Cockerell is based on a male collected by
Mr. S. A. Rohwer south of Island Lake, Colo., September 2, 1905, at an
altitude of 11,000 feet. The ground color of the wings, above and
below, is a rather light ochreous yellow, the secondaries above a little
brighter and clearer than the primaries, but the difference is hardly
noticeable. There is no yellow shade beyond the discal spot on
primaries. The form and markings are as in eglanterina, not as in he ra.]

[The United States Department of Agriculture has received P. eglanterina from Santa Rosa
and Santa Clara Counties, Cal.]

Larva. — Stage I: [From Manitou, Colo., received from Prof. C. V. Riley; Pergande's notes,
July 22, 1877, state that larva? were found by Prof. Riley at Manitou, feeding on willow; a half
grown larva was blown, and marked 889P.] Length 5 mm. The spiniferous tubercles are
arranged, as in Automeris io, in eight rows, those of the two rows, one on each side of the median
Line of the body, and the subdorsal ones being the larger and longer, while those on the side of
the body become shorter and smaller as they approach the under side of the body. The spine-
bearing warts are larger and swollen compared with those of A. io. The dorsal spines on the
prothoracic segment differ from those of A. io in having the trunk spmulated, the spinules being

Fig. 12. — Pseudohazis eglanterina from
California; caudal end of larva;
June 16, 1893.

13 13a

Figs. 13, 13a.— Venation of Pseudohazis eglanterina; male; normal, black and reddish fore wings, and yellow hind wings.

long and each bearing a long, tapering hair; the main spine is pale but ends in two long black
forks, each tine of which is two-tliirds as long as the trunk of the spine itself, while the bristle
arising from each fork is as long as the later. The spines of the two lower rows are spinulate
on the trunk but are pale throughout, while the larger ones on the back are dark at the end,
being pale at the base. The dorsal spines on the abdominal segments differ from those of the
thoracic segments in having a somewhat verticillate arrangement of the large five or six terminal
spinules, all being pale except the terminal one, which is considerably larger than the others.
The single median spines on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments, respectively, occupy
the same position asiiii. io, but are larger in proportion and are not forked as they are in A. io;

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

135

Fig. 14. — Head of Pseudohazis
eglanterina; from dried specimen.

on the contrary they resemble spines, one being larger and darker than the others; the spine
on the ninth segment is a little smaller than the one preceding it.

To recapitulate, it will be seen that the spinulate spines of Pseudohazis eglanterina in stage I
are more complicated than those of Automeris io of the same stage, so that the body is more
concealed from view. The thoracic dorsal spines are forked but not so simply as in A . io, while
the median single ones on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments
are not forked but more or less densely spined in irregular whorls, with
one of the spines larger than the others.

Fully grown larva. — The following description was drawn up many
years ago from between 40 and 50 alcoholic specimens from the Gulf
of Georgia, Cal., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There was
no noticeable variation in the lot. The larva is intermediate in its char-
acters and in size between Hemileuca maia, which it more nearly approaches, and Automeris io.
The head is smaller than in either of the two genera mentioned; in the thickness of the body it
approaches A. io rather than H. maia. The shape of the clypeus is much like that of H. maia.
The dorsal spines are whorled as in H. maia. The lateral subdivided or whorled setiferous
spines are longer than those of the two dorsal rows, but are not so long as in H. maia. The
arrangement of the longer spines on the thoracic segments, and on the eighth and ninth abdominal
segments are as in H. maia, but they are shorter, more bushy and more subdivided. The
suranal plate is triangular lunate. The dorsal spines are shorter and sharper than those of

H. maia, being very sharp and the prick painful even in alcoholic
specimens.

The head, body and spines are black; in H. maia the head is
reddish, in A. io amber. There is no special coloration to mark
the larva of H. eglanterina, the body in alcoholic specimens being
uniformly dark.

Larva of fourth stage. — The larva in this stage scarcely differs
from that in the last stage, the inequality between the length of
the dorsal and upper lateral spines is observed in this stage.

Mr. H. Edwards has described (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 19 April,
1875) the eggs and the mature larva; he states that it feeds on Frangula californica [Rhamnus
purshiana de Candolle] and Rosa. He states that the head is black, and the body entirely
dull black. "Each segment is armed with six lateral spines, very finely branched, and two
dorsal fascicles of spines, bright chestnut color, blackish in the center. The branchlets of the
spines are all bright chestnut in color. Underside, as well as the feet and abdominal legs, dull
black. Length, 2 inches."

[The above account appeared in Psyche, March-April, 1890, pp. 325-327.]
[J. E. Cottle, of San Francisco, gives rose as a food plant of P. eglanterina.]
[Parasites. — Apanteles sp. was bred from larvte of P. eglanterina, and sent in by L. E. Rick-
secker, Santa Rosa, Cal., according to Pergande's notes.]

PSEUDOHAZIS SHASTAENSIS (Behrens).

Plate XXV, fig. 3; LXII, figs. 3-7; LXVIII, fig. 5.

[Pseudohazis eglanterina var. shastaensis Behrens, N. Amer. Ent., 1 (1880), p. 62.]

[Pseudohazis shastaensis Dyar, Psyche, May, 1894, p. 91.] Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., XXVII (1904), p. 792.

[P. eglanterina, form alt. shastaensis Behrens.

Similar in maculation to eglanterina, the whole upper surface of primaries however largely
suffused with black; in extreme forms the only traces of ground color are found in a row of
interspacial yellow or pink spots in the terminal area, and even these may possibly at times
disappear; ordinarily there are several pink or yellow patches in the median area around and
below the discocellular spot and a dash of ground color at base of wing, as well as distinct large
terminal patches. Beneath the black suffusion is not so extended, and the majority of speci-
mens appear but slightly darker than the type form.

Fig. 15. — Detail of hind wing of Pseudohazis
hera. Ranch, Utah (Siler).

136 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Described from 8 6* c? in collection Barnes from Plumas County, Cal. (9,000 feet, July),
(Garner) ; Fort Klamath, Oreg.

J. McDunnough.]

[A letter from Jas. C. Cottle to Dr. Packard, May, 1904, states that a single female P.
shastaensis laid eggs which produced "four aberrations, two blacks and two reds." Probably
the forms of this moth will be found to exhibit mendelian segregation. Mr. Cottle adds that
eggs of P. shastaensis were laid July 12, 1902, and the larvae emerged April 21, 1903. He had
taken full-grown larvae and moths on the same day.]

[James Behrens wrote, December, 1889, of a "Wonderful large-sized var. shastaensis,
quite black." He added: "The female shastaensis is more like the common e.glanterina, but
very conspicuous for its deep cherry-red tints, together with the usual yellow parts.]

[I have received the eggs of this species from Mrs. S. J. Kidder, who has very kindly taken
the trouble to find them and forward them to me in good condition. They were received in the
fall of 1892 and hatched on May 11 following.

Eggs. — Deposited in a ring-shaped mass around a leaf stem or twig, without covering.
Oval, flattened at the sides, round on the base, but flat on top, forming a distinct, elliptical
area, slightly depressed centrally at the micropyle. Smooth, shining, pale brown, covered with
a white pigment below and on the narrower sides and forming a distinct ring around the top
surface, inside of which is a dark brown border. Height 1.8 mm.; broad diameter centrally
1.6 mm., at top 1.1 mm.; narrow diameter centrally 0.8 mm., at top 0.7 mm. Duration of this
stage throughout the hibernating period.

Larva. — Stage I: Head round, bilobed, shining black; antennae prominent; width 0.7-0.75
mm. Body dull black, feet reddish. Rows of modified processes, apparently arranged as in
the mature larva, but only three rows discernible. Row i very long, rather slender, the ante-
rior ones distinctly furcate or trifid, each branch with a very long, minutely spinulose, pale
seta, even longer than the shaft. The processes are shorter posteriorly, not furcate, though
many bear two of the long setae. Row ii shorter than i with a seta from the middle and one
from apex. Row iii very short, but many of the tubercles bear two setae. Anal plate concolor-
ous with anal feet. Duration of this stage 13 days.

Stage II: Head shining black, labrum and bases of antennae paler; width 1.0-1.2 mm.
Body black, the tips of the spines straw colored. Processes very long, especially on joints 2-4
dorsally, where they are 1.5 mm. long. The others are nearly as long, but become gradually
shorter posteriorly. The processes boar about six branches and are furcate at tip, each branch
bearing a single pale, stiff hair, longer than the branch itself. The branches arise alternately.
Anal plates three, large, black; one suranal, the others at base of each anal foot.

Stage III: Head depressed medially, shining black, clypeus whitish; width 1.4-1.8 mm.
The characters of the mature larva are now first seen. Body black, the processes of row i with
a short shaft on joints 4-12 and close-set branches, each tipped with a short, black bristle or a
long, pale seta. The branches are brownish yellow, contrasting with the body. The other
processes have a long, thick shaft and separated branches as all did in the previous stage.
Rather scant, pale hairs arise from the skin.

Stage rV: Much as in the next stage, but darker, more shining, the body less hairy, and
without any distinct lines. Width of head 2.2-3.3 mm.

Stage V: Head rounded, median suture deep in front, clypeal sutures double; many coarse
pale hairs. Color shining black, shaded with dull crimson on clypeus; width 3.7-4.5 mm.
Processes arranged as follows: row i subdorsal on joints 2-11, a single dorsal one on joints 12
and 13, none on anal plate; row ii lateral, on joints 2-13; row iii substigmatal on joints 2-13;
row iv above bases of legs on joints 2-4 and correspondingly on joints 5, 6, 11, and 13 anteriorly.
There are three forms of the processes. The first, rosette-like, has a very short shaft with some
50 light brown quills with short black tips, which probably produce the strong urticating effect,
besides a few central black branches which bear long terminal hairs. This type is found in row i
on joints 4-12. The second is intermediate. The shaft is long with brown quills arranged
around the base and some 10 black spines with terminal hairs, branching irregularly from the

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 137

shaft and usually forming a trifid or bifid apex. This type is found in row i on joints 2, 3, and
13 and hi row ii on joints 2-13. In the third form there are no quills, the long shaft furnished
with irregularly distributed, subradiate branches tipped by long hairs. The branches are
black; but many are partly or wholly light brown. This type is found in rows iii and iv. Three
shining black, irregularly indented, hairy anal plates, and a large rounded quadrangular cer-
vical shield bearing the processes of rows i and ii on joint 2. Body black with faint subdorsal
and lateral and broader substigmatal, sinuate lilac lines, or nearly immaculate. Hair from the
skin white, not long, but quite abundant, giving a grayish appearance to the larva. Spiracles
reddish white with a black line centrally. Claspers of abdominal feet tinged with dull crimson.

Cocoon. — Very slight, composed of a few threads drawing together loose material or, more
commonly, none. The larvae conceal themselves, but do not enter the earth.

Pupa. — Rounded conical, thickest through the thorax, tapering posteriorly. Cases large
and prominent, but very even and closely packed. Anterior end rounded; posterior end also
rounded, much smaller. Segmental incisures abrupt, not deep, with little capability of motion.
Cremaster reduced to a bunch of short hairs on a slight prominence, colored red-brown, curv-
ing outward. Surface finely granular. Color dark mahogany red, the cases a little paler.
Length 25 mm.; width through thorax 9 mm.; through abdomen at second movable incisure
7 mm. Four incisures are well-marked; but the posterior one is scarcely movable, being
coarsely punctured, while the others are smooth. Imago in about 50 days after pupation.

Food plants. — Cearwihus, Arctostaphylos, etc. Fed in confinement on cultivated cherry.
Larva? from Watsonville, Cal. Others seen, but not bred, at Yosemite and Monterey, Cal.,
and Portland, Oreg. The larvae are gregarious till quite large. — H. G. Dtar, Psyche. May,
1S94, pp. 91-92.]

PSEUDOHAZIS SHASTAENSIS var. DENUDATA (Neumoegen).

[Pseudohazis eglanterina ab. denudata Neumoegen, Canad. Entom., XXIII (1891), p. 145.]

[Neumoegen's original description is as follows:

Head, thorax, primaries and secondaries above and below of rich yellow ; nearly denuded of all markings. Abdomen
yellow with black segmentary bands. Primaries, black costa, a beautiful rose tinge at base and along costa to apex,
as well as along interior margin. Apical tip black, fading inwardly; a little black dusting, indicating location of discal
spots and costal terminus of mesian bands respectively. Submedian cells tinted with light rose. Secondaries with
black costa and black dusted discal spots. Very faint indication of mesian band and basal black field. Below,
primaries and secondaries uniformly rich yellow, with rose tints at apical part of costa of primaries, and on upper half
of secondaries. Abdomen tinted with rose; costa of primaries pronouncedly black, and black spots indicating costal
terminus of mesian band and discal spot. Secondaries, costa black and light black indications of mesian band and
discal spot. In both wings the nervures are accentuated with black, especially at intersection with exterior margins;
black marginal lines and yellow fringes.

Habitat, California.

Type, c? . Collector, B. Neumoegen.

The specimen figured in Strecker'a Rhopal. and Heter., No. 15, Plate XV, figure 9, but not described, is an Ab.
denudata, with markings a little more pronounced than in my specimen.]

PSEUDOHAZIS HERA (Harris).

Plate XXV, fig. 4; LXII, figs. 8, 9, 13.

[Saturnia hera Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. (1841), p. 286, note.]

[Kirby states that this species was figured by Audubon, Birds Amer., Ill, PI. 359 (1837).

Hemileuca pica Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., VI (1855), p. 1318, is given by Kirby and Dyar (as picta) as a synonym

of hera, but Neumoegen (1891) listed it as a variety of P. eglanterina, and it is so placed in J. B. Smith's list of

1891.]

[<?. Head and thorax deep yellow, patagia pale lemon-yellow; abdomen deep yellow
dorsally ringed with black and often with a distinct dorsal row of pale yellow spots, which tend
to expand laterally, forming a posterior margin to the black banding; beneath whitish-yellow,
banded more or less distinctly with black and with a lateral row of black spots; legs deep
yellow; upper side of both wings pale lemon-yellow; primaries with a broad black basal dash,
not attaining antemedian band- antemedian and postmedian bands black, broad, of equal

138 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

width, the former is outwardly oblique in course, slightly angled inwardly in the cell, not
prominently bent as in eglanterina; the latter is bent outward below costa, then slightly sinate
to inner margin, at times very close to antemedian band; a large black discocellular patch, often
coalescing basallj- with postmedian band, and generally more oblong than in eglanterina; a pale
central lunule may or may not be present; a terminal series of black dashes along the veins,
more or less triangular in shape and usually attaining the postmedian band; costal and terminal
borders narrowly black.

Secondaries either with a black antemedial band or the whole basal area of wing black; a
broad postmedial black band angled opposite the cell, and a large discocellular black oblong
patch the ends of which are mostly coalescent with the postmedian band, inclosing a pale
yellow spot situated in the angle of the band; terminal area of wings as on primaries; $ similar
to S ; the black banding rather broader and more diffuse, giving a general blacker appearance.
Underside in both sexes practically identical with the upper side, ground color slightly whiter.
Expanse, c? 52-62 mm.; 9 5S-69 mm. There is considerable tendency- toward melanism,
shown in the broadening of the black bands and the suffusion of the lower portion of the median
area with black.

Described from 17 S S , 3 ? ? in collection Barnes, from Glenwood Springs, Colo. (Barnes),
(August 8-30); southern Utah (Poling), (August); Reno, Nev. (Barnes). — J. McDunxough.]

P. hera was taken by Snow in Gallinas Canon, N. Mex. (Cockered in litt.).

[Mr. A. L. Siler wrote to Dr. Packard in 1890, that between Mount Pleasant and Spring
City, Utah, on a blustery day, very cold for the season, he came on a flock of black and white
moths (P. hera); they were as abundant as red-legged grasshoppers. One was sent to Dr.
Packard.] The young were received from Mr. C. A. Wiley, Miles City, Mont., May 29, 1896.

Larva. — Stage III: Length 12-15 mm. They are exactly as in stage IV?, but without
the lateral whitish line. The body is not very thick and is more as in H. maia than in A. io.

Stage IV?: Length 25-30 mm. Head shining black, the clypeus anterior rather prominent
and full ; body dud black, the only markings being a lateral very sinuous cream white somewhat
livid line, interrupted by the tubercles, and extending from the third thoracic to the eighth
abdominal segment. The two dorsal prothoracic spines are like the lateral ones, while the two
dorsal meso- and meta-thoracic spines are shorter by about one-fourth and with more numerous
spines at the base (as in the other species), and the same series along the abdomen are about
one-half as long as the lateral ones, with thickset spines, no scattered ones as on the lateral
spines. All the spines and spinulcs are black, but the hairs arising from them are white, giving
the animal a frosted appearance. The two dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment have
one spinule bearing a hair, the abdominal ones (1-S) have four to five such white piliferous
spinules.

The caterpillar in this stage does not prick when rougldy handled. After teasing one and
roughly handling it for half an hour I could not detect the eversible glands, and they seemed at
this age to be functionless.

Habits. — Mr. Wdey writes me that the caterpillars "hatch in the fad or very early in the
spring and make their first appearance about this time (May 22). I have seen two colonies
of them on the sage brush so far this spring. Hera is diurnal in flight. I believe I sent you
some of them once, stating that I believed them to be Coloradia pandora, but have reared them
since and to my surprise they turned out to be hera. The eggs are deposited at or under the
root stalk of the sage brush in a cluster somewhat simdar to that of Olisiocampa. I have
never seen larvae of C. pandora nor do I know its food."

[The following description by Dr. Packard has a marginal note in pencd 'P. eglanterinaf
from Dyar (from Montana?) — probably hera?" I wrote Dr. Dyar, who says, "The larvae from
Montana from C. A. Wiley were never bred or connected with adults, I think."]

Stage I : Ten living examples described May 29. Length 4 mm. Body rather longer and
slenderer than young H. maia or A. io. Head a little wider than the body, the latter a little
thicker on the thoracic segments than toward the end of the abdominal region. Head shining
black, with scattered golden-yellow hairs of unequal length; anterior edge of clypeus pale.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 139

Body dull brown-black, with a slight reddish tinge, with no stripes or spots, but the skin is
somewhat rough; the sutures between the segments are paler, being dark flesh-colored. The
spine like tubercles are long and all over the body, are uniformly dull brown-black, and giving
origin to golden-yellow hairs wliich are about twice as long as the spines from which they
arise. Suranal plate and anal legs of the same color as the body.

The dorsal thoracic spines (on each of the three segments) are longer and larger than the
others behind and deeply forked, those on the prothoracic segment being 3-forked, as also
subdorsal ones, while those on the second and third thoracic segments are bifurcate. They
are about as long as the body is thick. Abdominal dorsal spines considerably shorter than the
thoracic one, simple at tip, with a tine lower down. On the eighth and ninth abdominal seg-
ments is a bifurcate median spine. The spines are rough, tuberculated, but shining black.
The thoracic legs are black, the middle abdominal ones dark flesh-colored, the under side of the
body dull flesh color.

Stage II: After the first molt, June 9-10. Length, 10 mm. Head and body still black,
but while the subdorsal and lateral spines are still black, as also the two dorsal prothoracic
ones, the spinules around the base of the second thoracic spines are bright ochreous yellow as
are the whole of the dorsal, third thoracic ones, and all the abdominal ones, thus the back of the
larva behind the 'prothoracic segment is gamboge-yellow, where before it was nearly all black. The
skin of the body instead of being black is dark livid purple, including all the abdominal legs,
the thoracic legs being shining black. Also the armature has now changed, the dorsal third
thoracic and abdominal spines being more verticillate and bushy, the central two of the spinules
being black, the others yellow; they are not much more than half as high as the first and second
thoracic dorsal spinules.

PSETJDOHAZIS HERA var. MARCATA Neumoegen.
[Pseudohazis hera var. marcata Neumoegen, Canad. Entom., XXXIII (1891), p. 146.]

[Neumoegen's original description is as follows:

Antennae dark brown. Head, prothorax, patagia, and legs light yellow. Thorax the same, with blackish ground.
Abdomen white, with black segmentary bands; lower border of each segment as well as anal tuft of bright yellow.
Primaries pure white. Costa, apices and fringes black. The intersection of each nervure at exterior margin accen-
tuated by black dashes, pointing inwardly. A prominent black mesian line and a large black discal spot, faintly
showing the white kernel. A basal dash encircled by a black outwardly curved line from inner margin to costa,
terminating in an irregular costal spot.

Secondaries pure white with black marginal line and fringes interspersed with black, a large black discal spot and
mesian line; the latter curved outwardly near median nervure so acutely as to give the line nearly a triangular shape.
In some specimens the ends of discal spot are confluent with mesian line. Below, primaries and secondaries pure
white, with markings as above. Abdomen with black lateral dots and black segmentary bands. Secondaries with
black costa and termini of nervures slightly tipped with black; a black irregular line encircling basal space.

Types. Coll., B. Neumoegen.

Habitat, Klamath County, Oreg.

This handsome variation is so decidedly marked as to be distinguishable at first glance from th • typical hera by
the entire absence of black terminal dashes of nervures of secondaries and the lack of black basal tinges.

I have about 50 specimens before me all uniform in appearance.]

MEROLEUCA Packard.

[Mesoleuca Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XI (1903), p. 247, not of Hubner.]
Eemileuca Walker, in part, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1319.
[Meroleuca Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XII (1904), p. 250.]

Male closely allied to Ilemileuca, but differing in the larger, longer palpi, the shorter wings,
and in the venation.

Head as in Hemileuca, hairy and shaggy in front, of about the same width between the
eyes, which are of the same size as in Ilemileuca. The antennae differ in the joints being longer,
so the pectinations are farther apart, but in their length and hairiness the two genera are
similar. Palpi much longer and more distinct than in Ilemileuca, projecting well beyond the
front, but the hairs on them are bushy or shaggy and irregular. The thorax and abdomen are
as in Ilemileuca.

140 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Fore wings rather shorter and broader, and the hind wings broader and rather more rounded
at apex. The hind wings extend as far as the end of the abdomen. The venation in general
is as in Hemileuca, but with the notable difference from any other genus of Hemileucidae that
vein II5 arises rather far from the origin of IIL., far from the discal veins; the latter also are
oblique, especially the posterior one. Hind wings with the discal veins very oblique, the other
veins much as in Hemileuca.

Markings: Wings all pale, tending to ochreous whitish, the veins being dark, distinct; no
discal spot and no bars, only a submarginal brown line common to both wings.

There are no long flattened hairs on the thorax.

The type of this genus is Hemileuca venosa Walker.

The species is confined to northeastern South America, M. venosa occurring in Venezuela
(Caracas) and Colombia (Bogota). My example was compared with Walker's type in the
British Museum, and the localities mentioned are from the labels in that museum.

MEROLETJCA VENOSA (Walker).
Plate LII, fig. 7.
HemiUuca venosa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1319, 1855.

Imago. — One <? . Head and body Vandyke brown. Prothoracic collar dull ochreous.
Both wings uniformly pale ochreous whitish, but the veins contrast with the ground color in
being brown, as is the fringe. No discal spots, though there is a slight tendency for the pale
ochreous scales to be thicker over the discal veins. A slightly sinuous submarginal diffuse
brown line parallel with the outer edge of both wings; the line is a little wider on the hind than
fore wings. Hairs on the fore tibiae somewhat yellowish.

Beneath as above, costa of fore and hind wings a little more ochreous than the rest of the
wings. End of the abdomen reddish, much as in H. maia.
Expanse of fore wings, o* 49 mm.
Length of fore wing, S 25 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, d1 13 mm.
Length of hind wing, <? 21 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, S 15 mm.

HELICONISA Walker.

[Heliconisa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1333.]
[Type B. impar Walker. =Nyctemera pagenstecheri Geyer.]

Imago. — <? . Head quite wide in front; vestiture thick and full, much as in Pseudohazis;
eyes not very large. Antennas of o* just as in Hemileuca and Pseudohazis, quite long and
moderately wide, pectinated to the tip; the branches curved upwards near the base; only a
single pair on each joint, the distal ones wanting. Palpi scarcely distinguishable from the
front, weak, drooping, the hairs long and irregular; the joints not distinct, much as in
Pseudohazis. Thorax wooly and shaggy.

The wings are perfectly transparent so that every vein is naked, the scales being confined
to the edge of the wings, where the squamation is thin, but naturally thickest and densest
along the costal edge. No discal spots or scales. Fore wings moderately pointed at the apex,
which is not quite so sharp, while the outer edge is not so oblique as in Pseudohazis. Hind
wings rather long, longer than in Pseudohazis and rounder on the inner angle.

Venation: [Dr. Dyar finds that veins 9 and 10 (III3 and III2) of the fore wings are absent.
A sketch supplied by him represents 7 and 8 (III5 and III4) present, joining nearer to apex
of cell than to apex of wing; 6 (IV) arising from upper corner of cell; 5 (IV2) from middle of apical
side of cell, midway between 4 and 6; 3 (V,) arising from lower side of cell, as far from 4 as 4
is from 5.]

Fore legs provided with a tibial process or elongated sack, about three-fourths as long as
the tibia itself. Abdomen rather slender, not reaching so near the inner angle of the hind
wing as in Pseudohazis.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 141

The wings are transparent, without the usual markings, no lines or discal spot; the veins
are naked and Japan-brown and are very distinct. The scales are dark brown and tawny,
rather long and hair-like on the inner edge of the hind wings.

The genus is remarkable for the rather slender body, the large wings, transparent and scale-
less except on the edges, the naked very distinct veins, and for the two large tibial sense-sacks
on the fore legs. The antennae are almost exactly as in Hemileuca and it evidently is an
aberrant member of the family. Its larval history would be most interesting.

Geographical distribution. — Restricted to Brazil.

HELICONISA PAGENSTECKERI (Geyer).

[Nyctemera-pagensteckeri Geyer, Samml. Ex. Schmett., Ill (1837?).]
[Beliconisa] impar Walker [Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1334].
[Heliconisd] impar Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 787].

Imago. — One <? . Body, antennae and veins Japan varnish in color. The wings of both
pairs transparent, nearly scaleless, with no spots, bars, lines, or any other markings. Costa
of the fore wings tawny on the basal half, brown beyond. Outer edge of both wings brown-
black, interrupted by tawny yellow spots at the ends of the veins. Beneath a rich golden
yellow tint along the costa of both wings; costa of hind wings more scaled than on fore wings.

Expanse of fore wings, S 92 mm.

Length of fore wings, <? 49 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, <? 25 mm.

Length of hind wings, <? 40 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, $ 27 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Espiritu Santo, Brazil; Province of St. Paul, Brazil.

PSEUDAPHELIA W. F. Kirby.

[Pswdaphelia Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I (1892), p. 771.]

[Aphelia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 61, preoccupied.]

Heniocha Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Auasereur. Schmett., p. 60; 1855 [not of Hiibner].

Imago. — <? . Head with the front as in Heliconisa, but more squarish, it is hairy, but
the hairs are not so long as in Hemileuca and Pseudohazis. Eyes moderately large. Antennae
of 3 subplumose as in H. maia, but the branches are rather slender, and the joints are unusu-
ally long and slender; there is only a single pair to a joint, and they are well ciliated. Palpi
moderately large, extending beyond the front; second joint broad, and the third distinct but
short, with long hairs beneath.

The wings are very thinly scaled, semitransparent; veins dark and distinct. Fore wings
rather short and broad, subrectangular at the apex; outer edge much shorter than the inner.
Hind wings round on the outer edge and on the apex; rather more produced at the inner angle.

Fore tibial sack large, naked, as long as and wider than the fore tibiae; arising from
the base.

The abdomen is rather slender, closely, finely scaled, only reaching halfway to the inner
angle of the hind wings.

Markings: Wings thin, whitish; veins very distinct; ground color whitish. Fore wings
with two ocelli. One common linear scalloped submarginal line. Abdomen with close finer
scales, with a dorsal and lateral row of black dots.

Geographical distribution. — Durban, Natal. [Abyssinia, according to Kirby].

This is a remarkable genus, the type of a group distinct from Heliconisa, and is the only
member of the family occurring beyond the limits of South America or the Neogaeic realm.
Although so aberrant, it seems to belong in the Hemileucidae, or at least may provisionally
be placed here.

If it should prove to be a Hemileucid, it affords another instance of the relationship of the
South American and South African faunae.

142 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

PSEUD APHELIA APOLLINARIS fBoisduval).

Plate CX, figs. f-j.

[Satumia apollinaris Boisduval, Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr., II (1847), p. 601.]

Heniocha paleacea Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur. Schmett., p. 60, <? , fig. 308, 1855.

Imago. — One <f . Antennae black, body and wings at base snow-white, clouded on the costa
and outer edge, two yellow discal spots in the center of the wing, each encircled with a dusky
smoke brown ring. No ocellus on the hind wing. A submarginal dusky linear scalloped line
common to both wings; six scallops in fore wing, and seven in hind wing. Edge of wing dusky,
with a distinct straw-yellow spot at each end of the vein in both wings, divided by the vein
and appearing as if double, there are seven of these spots on the fore wing, and seven on the
hind ones. The wings are marked below as above, but rather less distinctly so. Abdomen
white, with a dorsal and lateral row of black dots.

Expanse of fore wings, <? 58 mm.

Length of fore wing, <? 32 mm.

Breadth of fore whig, <? 20 mm.

Length of hind wings, <5 2S mm.

Breadth of hind wings, <? 20 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Durban, Natal.
Pupa. — Thick, short, with a remarkably long, slender, acute, straight anal spine.

Subfamily Saganik^! Packard.

Head broad in front, triangular, narrowing decidedly towards the mouth, the vestiture
long, shaggy, and partly concealing the eyes, which are rather small. Antenna? of male
broadly bipectinated to the tip, the joints (about 23-24 in S. sapatoza) are unusually long and
the pectinations are also unusually long, and are straight as in Or7niscod.es, Eylesia, etc., not
curved near the base as in the normal Hemileucidse; the distal pair of pectinations are as long
and large and densely ciliated as those of the basal pair; only the last joint without pectina-
tions ; those of the ? with short pectinations.

Palpi short, weak, porrect, not reaching the front; the vestiture long, thin, bushy and so
confounded with that of the front, that they can not be easily detected. No traces of maxillae
visible.

Body moderately thick; abdomen conical, short, not reaching much beyond the basal
two-thirds of the inner edge of the hind wings.

Fore wings in $ unusually falcate, the costa much curved toward the apex, which is much
produced, moderately rounded, not scmare as in Holocera, and not so narrow and pointed as in
Micrattacus. Outer edge deeply excavated; inner angle not rounded, unusually square. Those
of ? subfalcate, wide.

Hind wings distinctly triangular; costal edge full, convex; outer edge very slightly exca-
vated; inner angle rounded; inner edge straight.

Venation: Veins IL_ and II2 [IIL., etc., in revised nomenclature] absent, the discal A^eins
situated in the outer third of the wings. Hind wings: Vein III2 not forming an independent
vein, not being detached from IIIj. (For other details see the generic characters.)

Legs long and slender, no fore-tibial epiphysis.

Sagana is evidently a very much modified form, and should with our present knowledge,
there being only two species known, be regarded as the type of a distinct subdivision of the
Hemileucidae, although at first sight it seems to have no affinities with this family. The amount
of degeneration in the venation, the broadly pectinated antenna?, the lack of a fore-tibial epiphy-
sis, and the peculiar discal clear lunate or oval spots, the presence of an apical mark like that
of Saturnians, are noteworthy features. The subfamily characters are the same as the generic
ones, and are subject to future revision. The discovery of the larva and a knowledge of its
transformations are much to be desired.

Geographical distribution. — Neogaeic in its range. The only genus known occurring in
Mexico, Colombia, anil Venezuela.

no. i. BOMBYGTNE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 143

SAGANA Walker.

Sagana Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1235, 1855.
Sagana Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 754, 1892.

Imago. — 3 . Head rather narrow, with long spreading hairs concealing the small short
palpi. Antennas broadly pectinated to the tip; distal branches as long as the basal ones, except
at tip, which is hardly subfiliform. Legs very hairy; tarsi with long hairs on the outside.

Fore wings very falcate; costa much arched toward the apex; outer edge deeply excavated,
the apex being much produced, though not acute at the tip, but rounded. Hind wings reaching
much beyond the end of the abdomen, nearly a third of their length; triangular, as broad as
long, wider than the fore wings.

Venation: Very remarkable from its specialized and degenerate nature, there being no
veins IIj and II2; veins II3 and II4 arising at a point opposite the origin of the anterior discal
vein and also that of veins IIL. and III2; the stalk of veins II3 and II4 originates at about the
middle of the discal cell; veins IIL., IIL, III3 and IVj are all very short, the outer end of
the discal cell being situated near the outer third of the wing; the two discal veins taken together
form a long curved fine line forming the axis of the peculiar crescentiform discal spot, while
in Cyrtogone the origin of vein IV is remote from that of vein III3, in Sagana the two veins have
a common origin. Hind wings somewhat as in Micrattacus, but vein III2 is not detached from
IIIj, otherwise as in the fore wing, the discal cell being large, wide, and the outer side situated
at the outer third of the whig.

Markings: Very remarkable discal spots which are large, lunate, semiopake, alike on both
pairs of wings, traversed by the slender discal veins; a subapical triangular black and blue
spot edged with white.

Legs long and slender, fore tibia long and slender when denuded, and in <? with no trace
of a tibial epiphysis.

The 9 , judging by Felder's figure of S. semioculata (PI. LXXXVH, Fig. II), has antennas
with short pectinations; fore wings wide, subfalcate; the discal spots on the fore wings wide,
narrow, oval; fully half as wide as long on the hind wings; the apical spot present. The
abdomen only reaches half way to the end of the hind wings.

This is a remarkable generic form in which (S. sapatoza) there is a striking degree of
specialization of the discal spots. The wing membrane of these scaleless areas is dense and
rough like thin parchment, and they are of very unusual shape. The degree of specialization
and in some very important points of degeneration is striking also as regards the venation. Veins
IIX and II, being both absent, a unique feature in the Hemileucidse (except Pseudaphelia where
they are absent). They are also absent in the Saturnian genera Perisomena and Caligula,
Graellsia, and Callosamia. The other distinctions as regards the venation above noted, and
the absence of the fore tibial epiphysis, as well as the peculiar discal spots, are exceptional
features. The discovery of the larva is most desirable.

GeograpJtical distribution. — This genus ranges over Central America, extending from Mexico
to Colombia and Venezuela.

It represents in the Neogaeic realm the south African Holocera and Ludia.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Fore wings broad, not very falcate; discal spots oval, not lunate S. semioculata.

Fore wings very falcate; [discal spots] large, lunate, scaleless <S. sapatoza.

SAGANA SAPATOZA Westwood

Sagana sapatoza Westwood, Ann. Mag. N. H., 2d ser., XV, p. 299.
Sagana sapatoza Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., V, p. 1235, 1855
Sagana sapatoza Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 754, 1892.

Imago. — One i . Body and wings uniformly bright olive greenish with a yellowish hue.
The short hairs on the antennas and the legs are pink-red, except the hairs of the femora, which
are concolorous with the head.

144 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Fore wings with two narrow dark-brown lines, the basal one a little nearer the discal spot
than the base of the wing, slightly sinuous and curved in on the costa. The outer line somewhat
sinuous and irregularly scalloped, beginning on the outer third of the inner edge and ending near
the apex. Discal spot of singular shape and appearance; it is rather large, lunate, incurved,
about four times as long as wide, and square where it rests on the base of vein III3, and pointed
at the front end; the membrane is opaque, like thin parchment, with a median impressed line
(the discal veins) ; there are no scales upon it, and it is narrowly edged with brown. A small
triangular apical black spot, with a few scattered blue scales and still fewer bright Indian red
scales, and edged broadly behind with white. Apex and edge of wing clear olive green, base
of costa as far as the basal line ash-brown. Hind wings marked like the fore wings and of
exactly the same hue, but the extradiscal line is more deeply scalloped; the discal spot is as
large as on the fore wings, but more regularly curved at each end.

Under side of the wings with a reddish brown tinge; discal spots the same shape and struc-
ture; extradiscal line more deeply scalloped, and that on the fore wings with oblique scallops.
Apical spot about half as large as above.

Expanse of fore wings, 3 80 mm.
Length of a fore wing, d" 37 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, s 17 mm.
Length of a hind wing, <? 25 mm.
•" Breadth of a hind wing, <? 20 mm.
A very conspicuously marked species.
Geographical distribution. — Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia (Mus. de Hist. Nat. Paris).

SAGANA SEMIOCULATA Felder.

Sagana semioculata Felder, Reise der Novara, Zool. Theil, Bd. II, Abth. 2, Tab. LXXXVII, fig. 4, 1874.
Sagana semioculata Kihby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 754].

Imago. — One 9 . Antennae with short pectinations. Fore wings broad, costa not much
arched; apex not sharp, outer edge slightly excavated behind the apex. Hind wings more
rounded, less triangular than in s . Discal spots narrow, oval in fore wings, not lunate; in
the hind wings oval, about twice as wide as long, the outer side straight, inner side convex or
rounded. A basal and extradiscal line. An apical triangular spot with a much smaller one
behind it. Extradiscal line on the hind wings much scalloped and accompanied beyond with
a series of dark lunules. This is apparently the more primitive and generalized species of the
two thus far known.

Geographical distribution. — Venezuela (Felder).

Subfamdy Holocerin^e Packard.

Head of moderate size, rather large; the front rather narrow, narrowing somewhat toward
the labial region; vestiture uneven, shaggy; when denuded the front is flat, narrow, about twice
as wide across the vertex as at the oral edge.

Antennas of <? bipectinated, the joints in Henucha numbering 32; the distal fourth fili-
form. The pectinations are double, the distal pair very slender, thin and closely appressed to
those of the basal pair of the next joint. Antennas of ? well pectinated, nearly as widely as in
the s {Henucha and Ludia).

Palpi short, not very porrect, a little depressed and bushy, not reaching the front (Henucha,
Ludia and Holocera). When denuded very small, vestigial, pear-shaped and pressed against
the infra-oral region. Maxilla? not visible, obsolete, with no trace unless a microscopic oval
process on each side of the mouth be their vestiges.

Body moderately stout; thorax not very thick, abdomen tapering to the end (Henucha,
Holocera). The hind edge of the ninth abdominal tergite is armed with 10 uneven slender
acute spines, the shortest ones being those in the middle (Holocera).

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 145

Fore wings much more falcate than usual, the great elongation of the apex being carried
to an excess in Holocera; the apex itself is obtuse, roundish; the outer edge is below the apex
deeply excavated; the inner angle is somewhat rounded.

Hind wings short, distinctly triangular; the costal edge unusually convex; the apex much
rounded; outer edge deeply excavated especially in Holocera; abdomen not reaching beyond
the hind wings.

Venation: Vein III2 in wings of both pairs being entirely independent, as in Hylesia, the
discal veins taken together forming a line directed a little inward, or especially in the fore wings
of Holocera still more so and situated quite far out beyond the middle of the wing, so that the
veins beyond III2, III3, IV, are very short. In the hind wings the vein III2 forms an independ-
ent vein; the discal veins taken together forming a line either bent or curved outward. Vein
II, always wanting.

Legs long, slender, hairy, vestiture not dense and closely cropped, but sparingly hairy,
the hairs inclined to form a lateral fringe on the tibiae and tarsi. The fore tibial epiphysis is
large, long and sack-like, nearly two-thirds as long as the long, slender tibias (Holocera).

Genitalia exhibit no distinctive subfamily characters, but are quite closely related to those
of Anisota as regards the suranal plate (especially A. virginiensis) , which ends in two black
chitinous lobes, in the form of the claspers, of which there is but a single pair, and in the penis
and triangular upper plate.

Larva. — [See under Holocera smilax.]

[Geographical distribution. — South Africa to Cameroons (Ludia orinoptera Karsch).]

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.1

Fore wings moderately falcate; apex obtusely pointed; large ocelli on hind wings Henucha.

Fore wings remarkably falcate, costal edge concave; apex squarish, no ocelli on hind wings Holocera.

[A penciled note adds:] Ludia is a synonym of Henucha. [But in the fuller treatment beyond they are kept separate.]

HOLOCERA Felder.

Holocera Felder [Reise d. Novara, L6p., IV (1874)].
Bolocera Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1892.
Holocera AuRrvrxuus, Ent. Tidsk., XIV, p. 201, 1893.
Bolocera Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 50, 1895.
Holocera Karsch, Ent. Nachrichten, XXII, p. 252, 1896.

Imago. — ■ <? . Head in front subtriangular, not very narrow, moderately broad ; eyes
rather large. Antennas broadly pectinated at base, subfiliform or serrate on the outer third;
in ? nearly filiform; less widely pectinated than in Ludia or Sagana. The antennae are described
from Felder's figure, being lost in my male-
Palpi not distinct, the hairs loose and not distinguishable from those of the front, the
palpi not being long enough to reach the front.

Fore wings long and narrow, excessively produced, the apex being long drawn out, much
more so than in Ludia, the costa much arched toward the apex; the outer edge deeply exca-
vated; in 9 the wing is much broader, the apex wider but more pointed, and the outer edge
is but slightly excavated. Hind wings triangular, rounded on the apex, somewhat produced
at the inner angle, reaching as far as the end of the abdomen; in ? also a little produced and
reaching to the tip of the abdomen.

Venation: Near that of Ludia, vein II, as in Ludia, no vein II2, but differing in the follow-
ing respects: The origin of vein III, is close to that of the anterior discal vein, the latter arising
inside of it, not some distance beyond the origin of III,, as in Ludia; the posterior discal vein
is curved inward; in the hind wings the veins given off from the outer side of the discal cell are
longer, their origin nearer the middle of the wing.

1 [The genus Carnegia Holland (Entom. News, 1896, p. 134), from the Cameroons, looks like an extreme development of the Holocerine type,
with a wing form rather approaching that of the neotropical Tcratopteris. I have examined the type of Carnegia mirabilis Holl., in Dr. Holland's
collection. It is a very distinct and remarkable form; the antemedian band is of quite a different form from that of Holocera; wings of both pairs
multifenestrate; apex of primaries strongly falcate; anal angle of secondaries strongly produced; postmedian band of primaries strongly scalloped.
The thorax is wholly without the broad light collar of related genera. The venation is figured by Holland (1. c), as also the pupa. Strand (1910)
has described a second member of the genus, C. geniculipennis.]

83570°— 14 10

146 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Markings: A singular transparent discal spot on fore wings, which is subtriangular, scal-
loped on the outer edge and with a sinus on the inner side; a small obscure lunate discal spot
on the hind wings. In this genus the fore wings are still more produced toward the apex than
in Ludia; the outer edge more deeply hollowed out, while the hind wings are not so broadly
triangular, and the veins are beyond the discal cell shorter, and there are minor differences in
the venation shown in the figures.

Geographical distribution. — [South Africa.]

HOLOCERA SMLLAX (Westwood).

Plate XXXIII, fig. 9^ CXI, figs, a, b.

[Saturnia (Henucha?)] smilax Westwood [Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1849, p. 59].
[Bolocera smilax] Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 774].

LARVA.

[Fawcett, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XVII, p. 171, PI. VI, fig. 35.]

Imago. — 6*. Body and wings reddish chestnut brown, fore wings with two light pink
red lines close to the discal spot, the inner oblique, not wavy, the outer sinuous, approaching
near the inner behind the discal spot, and bent inward on the costa, the space thus inclosed
is darker reddish brown, as is the apical region. Discal spot large, transparent and of singular
shape, being subtriangular, with three scallops on the outer edge and a very deep or close nar-
row sinus on the inner edge. Hind wings with a small obscure curved narrow crescentiform
discal spot, white, broadly edged with dark reddish brown. Extradiscal line sinuous.

Under side of the wings a little clearer, so that the lunate discal spot on the hind wings
shows much more distinctly than on the upper surface.

Expanse of fore wings, & 55 mm.

Length of fore wing, s 26 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, <? 10 mm.

Length of hind wing, <? 16 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, s 10 mm.
Geographical distribution. — [Natal.]

Larva. — Last stage (one specimen in formalin): Length 45-50 mm.; thickness 11 mm.
Lieut. Col. Fawcett's figure, presumably of natural size, is 75 mm. in length.

Head of the same shape as in Automerisio. Hemileuca, etc., a little more than one-half as
wide as the prothoracic segment and narrowing above; surface smooth, without the groups of
granulations nearly always present in the Bunaeinae; chestnut brown, shining. Antennae
large and long as in American Hemileucidae.

Only six tubercles on each thoracic and abdominal segment. They are rather large, promi-
nent, rounded, conical, and do not give rise, as in the American genera, to a single spinulated
spine, but on the crown are 10 to 20 separate spiniferous warts. On the prothoracic segment
are two small low flattened tubercles bearing 9-10 warts, each giving rise to a slender, sharp,
spine-like seta, the setae radiating from the tubercle, as in all the others. The supraspiracular
tubercle (on the side) is large, prominent, and, like all the others on the body behind it, is red-
dish chestnut at base and blackish on the crown. It is as large as any of the dorsal ones on
the segments behind, and bears about 20 long sharp spine-like setae, which are dull reddish,
tipped with black ; the longer spines (in my single example) are about as long as the tubercle
is high. On all the succeeding segments, thoracic and abdominal, are similar rather large conical
tubercles, like haycocks in shape, each bearing about 10-15 setae. Those of the two dorsal
rows are all of nearly the same size and height, those on the second and third thoracic segments
being but slightly larger than the abdominal ones. A median tubercle on eighth abdominal seg-
ment, which is wider but not larger than those on second and third thoracic segments,
rounded conical, showing no signs of its double origin, except from above, where the spine-like

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 147

setae appear to be grouped into two lateral sets of about 8 or 9 each. The. two dorsal tubercles
on the ninth abdominal segment are wide apart and of the same size as those of the supra-
spiracular row; they bear 15 setae, arising as do those of all the other tubercles from minute
conical warts.

Suranal plate very short and broad, scarcely half as long as broad, the end very blunt, as
in Hemileucid larvae generally; on each side near the end is a tubercle bearing about six to
eight spiniferous warts, and farther in toward the base on each side and situated in the large
central black spot is a minute tubercle bearing three setae.

Body clothed with rather dense white hair-like setae; they are thickest on the sides, about
as long, some a little longer, than the tubercles are high. There is another set of remarkable
setae scattered sparingly especially on the sides of the body. They are long, slender, delicate,
finely spinulated setae, the spinules very slender and fine, and thrown off at an angle from the
main shaft, so that they are not exactly feather-like or plumose.

The body is (in my formalin example) orange-red with numerous irregular dark spots all
over each segment, like the spots on a leopard, the interior pale bluish gray, and the black edge
bordered with pale gray or pearl color; there are about 15 such spots, some of them mere dots, on
each segment between the spiracle and the median tergal line. Along the body is an inter-
rupted broken line of similar median spots. Spiracles black. Anal legs rather small, as in other
Hemileucidae, triangular, the center black, with numerous warts. Thoracic legs chestnut red;
midabdominal legs with a black shining spot above each planta.

Lieut. Col. Fawcett describes the larva thus: "Ground-color rufous with irregular pale
blue spots surrounded by a thin white line. On each somite a short tuft of black hairs, sur-
mounted by a tuft of longer and finer hairs of same color, and the first five and last somites
covered with short yellow hail's. Head, legs, and claspers brown." He states that the larva
"looks, through a microscope, like a piece of old chinaware in color," and adds that it "is one of
the most unpleasant larvae to handle that I have ever met with. The short black hairs on each
somite possess poisonous qualities, which produce on the hand a white rash akin to that pro-
duced by a bad stinging from nettles."

Judging from Fawcett's figure I referred the larva to the Hemileucidae, but on receiving
the specimen he kindly sent me for examination I felt in doubt, as I could not see the two or
three long hairs arising from the tubercles. In all the Hemileucid larvae from America which
I have seen the tubercles extend into a more or less high spinulated spine; those of Holocera are
probably more primitive or generalized hi this respect than any Hemileucid larvae yet known
to me.

At any rate the study of the larva of Holocera is of great interest as bearing on the diagnostic
features of the family and the value of the larval characters, which in this case are congruous
with those of the pupa, cocoon, and imago. The family characters of a median-sized head,
narrowing above, surface smooth, without granulations: large long antennae, a short broad,
not heavily tuberculated suranal plate, and anal legs of moderate size, are those which at once
separate the larvae from those of the Sphingicampidas (Citheroniinse, Agliinae, Bunaeinae), and
definitely establish the family rank of the Hemileucid as.

The African genus Holocera differs a good deal in the tubercles, these being rounded conical,
not sending up a branching spine, the 10-20 spines (much more numerous, three to four times,
than in any Bunaeinas) all arising separately from the crown of the tubercle. This sort of tubercle
may either be a generalized or primitive condition, or it maybe the result of reduction or extreme
specialization, as the moth in the shape of the wings and their markings appears to be.

That the insect is also a Hemileucid is shown by the very poisonous spines and by the fact
that the larva spins a cocoon. The pupa is not yet known.

Cocoon round, cylindrical, formed of its [larval] hairs. Food plant, oak, also feeds on the
jasmine (Jasminum pubigerum, D. Don).

Geographical distribution. — Durban, Natal (Fawcett,, Queckett).

148 . MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

HENUCHA Geyer.

Henucha Geybr, Sammlung exot. Schmett., Ill, ? 1837.
Henucha Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1331, 1855.
Ludia Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, 1874.
Ludia Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., V, 1886.
Henucha Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 774, 1892.
Henucha Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicse, II, 1895.

[Type of genus 77. grimmia Geyer.] Rothschild gives two species, 77. grimmia Geyer and
77. devritzi (Maas. and Weym.). [77. hansalii Felder is a Ludia, as originally described.]

Imago. — t? and ?. Head wide in front, much as hi Ludia, but the hairs longer and forming
a radiating mass, concealing the short feeble palpi (which are difficult to distinguish in the
specimens examined). Antennae broadly bipectinated; 20 sets of pectinations, which are
stout and densely ciliated; tip subfiliform, consisting of 10 or 11 joints, with minute vestigial
branches. No maxillae visible. Thorax stout; abdomen small, conical, both as hi Ludia.

Fore wings differing from those of Ludia in being much less falcate, though the costa is
but little less arched, the outer edge is entire, straight (not curved) not deeply excavated.

Hind wings not triangular as in Ludia, but broad toward the inner angle; apex much
rounded, and costa full and convex, much as in Ludia.

Venation: Vein IIt arises much as in Holoccra, beyond the origin of III, (or third subcostal
branch), otherwise the venation is much as in Ludia, the anterior discal vein from vein. in2
(fourth subcostal) a considerable distance beyond its origin. The minor differences can be
observed by an examination of the figures; the venation of the hind wings much as in Ludia.

Markings : Ground color brown and ochreous ; ocellus of wings of each pair of a very unusual
pattern, each one containing a circle of metallic silvery scales.

Geographical distribution. — Ethiopian realm, Cape Colony.

SYNOPSIS OF [SUB-]GENERA.

Fore wings very falcate, outer edge deeply excavated ; hind wings triangular Ludia.

Fore wings scarcely falcate; hind wings broad, apex much rounded; ocellus containing a silver circle Henucha.

HENUCHA DEWITZH (Maassen and Weymer).

Ludia dewitzii Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Schmett., Leif V, figs. 90, 91, 1885.
Henucha dewitzi Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 774, 1892.
Henucha dewitzi Rothschild, Novitates Zool., II, 1895.

Imago. — Two <? and one ? . Male: Head and body ochreous; hairs at the base of the
antennas and on each side of the front dull pink red. Legs brown above, dull pink red beneath.
Thorax yellow, with a transverse brown stripe in front, and three longitudinal ones, the patagia
being brown. Abdominal segments ochreous mixed with brown.

Fore wings brown mixed with olive scales; costal edge dull pink. Two very distinct pale
ochreous cross lines, basal line broad, sinuous, making two large scallops; the extradiscal line
nearly touching the ocellus, it is a little sinuous, and scalloped on the inner edge; edge of wing
also pale ochreous, interrupted by the veins. The ocellus is formed by an outer narrow ochreous
ring, within which the surface is black, inclosing a very distinct metallic silvery looking ring free
from scales, it is not quite circular and is sometimes open externally; the black within this
ring is centered with yellow.

Hind wings pink, but brownish beyond the extradiscal line; the edge and fringe pale ochre-
ous. Ocellus much larger than that on the fore wings, the ochreous ring wider, with black
outside, the silvery ring entire. A dark patch on the inner edge inside of the extradiscal line.

Beneath as above, but each of the four silvery rings are imperfect, open on the outer side.
Fore wings pink red at base and along the inner edge. Hind wings with brown and green scales,
but pinkish along the inner edge. The lines as above, but no basal lines on either wing.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 149

Expanse of fore wing, <? 52 mm.
Length of fore wing, <? 23 mm.
Breadth of fore whig, <? 10 mm.
Length of hind whig, s 15 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, s 12 mm.
A very beautiful and strikingly marked moth, with most highly specialized ocelli.
Geographical distribution. — Cape of Good Hope (Maassen and Weymer), Schaus collection,
(American Mus. Nat. Hist.) no locality given.

LODIA Wallengren.

Saturnia Boisduval [in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr., II (1847), p. 601].
Salurnia Westwood [Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 59, PI. 10, fig. 4].
Emucha Walker [Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1332].
Ludia Wallengren, Vet. Akad. Hansl., (2), V (4), p. 25, 1865.
Ludia Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, p. 50, 1895.

Imago. — <? and 9 . Head broad between the eyes, with dense short scales, Antennal
joints rather long, with about 14 pairs of pectinations, in o* filiform on the distal third of their
length; distal pectinations as long as the basal ones, but about half as thick, all densely ciliated,
the two pahs of pectinations are close to each other, gaping or diverging at the ends; on the
filiform tip the branches are represented by denticulations, the teeth ending in fine setas; hi the
9 (?)' the antennae are widely pectinated, with 14 pairs, the filiform tip is one-fifth as long as
the entire antennas, and only two ( ?) ether basal pectinations are present. Palpi short, not
distinguishable from the front, and not reaching it. Thorax stout, clothed above and beneath
with long hairs ending like a battledore or tennis racket.

Fore wings long and narrow, much produced toward the appex in s , much less so in 9 ;
costa well arched; outer edge deeply excavated in <? , but little so in 9 . Hind wings reaching
a little beyond the tip of the abdomen in <? , as far as the tip in 9 .

Venation: In most respects more aberrant than in Micrattacus; vein II, arises far beyond
the discal cell, and between the origins of III,, and Il4; no vein II2. Ill, is widely detached
from III,, and forms an independent vein; the two discal veins of the same length, not forming
either a curved or oblique line; the independent (II12) and vein II13 and IV, very short; the
outer side of the discal cell (along the median vein) being situated in the outer third of the wing.
Hind wings with the discal cell extending to the outer third, and the veins extending from it
very short; the posterior discal vehi incurved and long. The minor differences from Henucha
are shown in the figures.

Markings: The genus is at once distinguished not only by the narrow and very falcate fore
wings, but also by the singular upsilon-shaped transparent discal spot on the fore wings. On
the hind wings is a large discal ocellus centered with black, and surrounded with a wide black
circle; it is nearly obsolete beneath. Legs rather hairy, not very thick.

The peculiar markings, especially the upsilon-like discal spot and the long narrow fore
wings, which are produced toward the apex to an unusual extent, as well as the unusually
broadly pectinated antennas of the female, and the place of origin of vein II, are the distin-
guishing features of this genus. The 9 antennas are so broadly pectinated, so closely resembling
the male in this respect, that without examination of the genitalia, it would be mistaken for a
male. Westwood, however, says that the female antennas are not "very shortly pectinated
on each side;" indeed, they are unusually long, though shorter than in the male.

Geographical distribution. — So far as known the species are confined to Natal, or the coast
region of southeastern Africa. According to Rothschild, this genus is represented by four
species: L.delegorguei (Boisd.), L. hansali Felder, L. obscura Auriv., and L. dentata Hampson.2
[L. delegorguei is the type of the genus.]

1 1 don't understand why this female has antenna so well pectinated, if it is the same species as my male.

2 [Strand, in 1911, described L. limbobrunnea, L. nyassam, L. tanganyikx, L. pupillata, L. luciphila, and L. delegorguei ab. vetusta.]

150 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

LUDIA DELEGORGUEI Boisduval.

Plate XXXI, fig. 7; LXXX, fig. 8; CXI, figs. c-g.

[Saturnio] delegorguei Boisduval [in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr., II (1847), p. 601.]

[Henucha delegorguei Fawcett, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XVII (1903), p. 172, PI. VI, fig. 36. Larva.]

Imago. — One <? , one ? . Body and wings dark fawn brown, including the head, antennae,
palpi, and abdomen. Fore wings with the basal line oblique, not wavy; extradiscal line sinuous,
making a great curve before reaching the costa ; the wing between these two lines is darker than
the base or the outer edge of the wing, though the apical region is nearly as dark. In the 9
there is more gray in the basal part just beyond the extradiscal line and along the costa. A
slight oblique gray apical streak. Discal spot upsilon-shaped, or like a short T with long down-
curved arms; it is transparent, clear of scales, and of a most unique shape. Hind wings brown,
but pink at the base and on the costal region, but not on the inner edge of the wing. Discal
spot bright yellow, surrounded by a diffuse black ring, wider in 9 ; the yellow centered by a
much curved lunate black Line containing a narrow transparent clear lino; beyond, in the yellow
field, is a diffuse whitish streak.

Under side of the fore wings tinged with deep carmine pink on the inner edge, otherwise as
above, including the discal spot. The hind wings beneath are in <? the color of a dead leaf,
mottled with light and dark fawn brown; 9 the same, but grayer and somewhat frosted, with
faint traces of a discal spot, represented by a minute curved dark line, including a few white
scales.

In 9 the fore wings are much broader, with more gray scales on the costa and on the outer
side of the extradiscal line, and the pink at the base of the fore wings outside of the discal spot
is paler than in the cf , with more gray and white scales beneath and above, presenting a more
frosted appearance.

Expanse of fore wings, <? , 42 mm.; 9 , 56 mm.

Length of fore wing, o* , 22 mm.; 9 , 29 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, c? , 10 mm.; 9 , 15 mm.

Length of hind wing, o* , 14 mm.; 9 , 17 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, o* , 10 mm.: 9 , 15 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Natal.

Larva. — Length, 50-55 mm.; width of head, 5 mm. Head, dark chestnut red, rather
hairy; the hairs white. Body cylindrical, rather thick, ground color "yellowish white" (Faw-
cett) ; very hairy.

Prothoracic segment with two low conical setiferous tubercles, one above and one below the
spiracle, but situated on the front edge; the median dorsal tubercles are obsolete as such, but
there are numerous setiferous warts. The hairs are rather long and thick, unequal in length,
scattered among the tubercles. There are four tubercles (eight in all on each segment) on each
side of the second and third thoracic segments, and three on each side of the abnominal segments.
All the tubercles are low, rounded, conical and densely beset with setiferous warts ; the setae are
of two kinds, those arising from the center or middle of the crown being long, white, rather thick
hair-like setae of unequal length and forming a thin tuft, the longest hairs nearly half as long as
the body is thick; the others are stiff dark, sharp poisonous spines, about a dozen radiating
outward from the edge of the crown of each tubercle. The abdominal tubercles are very
slightly smaller than the thoracic ones, but the spines radiate, and do not stand erect as in the
tubercles of some American Hemileucids.

The two dorsal tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment are slightly higher than those
in front, but not so large as those on the ninth segment, and they are closely approximate, but
yet separate; they each bear from 10 to 12 black or pale radiating spines.

Suranal plate short and broad, the hind edge rounded, the surface hairy; the white hairs
are of different lengths, arising from pits and minute warts. Near the hinder end are four groups
or pencils of long white (three to four) hairs, the four pencils arranged in a line extending across

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 151

the posterior fifth of the plate. Spiracles black. Directly below the spiracles are two to three
conspicuous black spots, forming a broken lateral line of such spots. Another more connected
line of irregular black spots, along the base of the legs, both thoracic and abdominal. Thoracic
legs reddish, abdominal legs concolorous with the body. Anal legs pale, very hairy on hinder
edges.

The larval characters of this genus show that it is a Hemileucid, but the tuberc.es are
either primitive or reduced, at least much modified compared with those of the American genera.

[Larva received] from J. M. Fawcett.

Family SATURNIID^ Walker.

Attaci (Phalxna), in part, Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 5, p. 2400, 1767.

Larvx verticillatx, in part, Denis and Schiff, W. V., p. 49, 1776.

Bombycites Legitimx, pt., Latr., Gen. Crust, et Ins., IV, p. 217, 1809.

Bombycidx (Stirps II Verticillata), part, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., pp. 24, 27 [1828?].

Bombycidx Stephens, part, 111. Brit. Ins., Haust., II, p. 35, 1829.

Bombycida Duncan, pt., in Brewster, Edin. Eneyel., IX, p. 131, 1830.

Phalxnx et Phalxnites, Newm., Sph. Vesp., p. 45, 1832.

Saturnidcs Boisduval, Ind. Meth., p. 73, 1840.

Attacites Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des. Ins., II, p. 361, 1845.

Attacidi Stephens, Cat. Br. Lep. Br. Mus., p. 44, 1850.

Saturnidx Walker, List. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., pt. V, p. 1198, 1855.

Saturniina Herrich-Schaeffer, Lep. Exot. Sp., p. 60, 1858.

[The following discussion was published in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences (n. s.)
XX (1893), pp. 55-5S:]

The larval characters of the members of this interesting group, especially those features which are congenital,
tend to show that the family has originated from some spiny group, and most probably, when we take into account
the transformations of Aglia tau, from the Ceratocampidse, although none of the latter spin a cocoon. During the
evolution of the group they underwent a change in shape, from a rather long and slender form to a thick heavy body,
with a thin integument, the result perhaps of an unusually stationary mode of life. The imagines also underwent a
process of degeneration, as seen in the atrophy, total or partial, of the maxilla?, and in the loss of veins in their very
large but weak wings; though the loss of strength of flight is somewhat compensated for by the remarkable develop-
ment of the olfactory organs, or antennae.

This family also appears to be a closed type, viz, none of the higher or more specialized Bombyces appear to have
descended from it (unless possibly the Cochliopodidae), the type representing a side branch of the Bombycine tree
which late in geological history grew apart, and reached a marked degree of modification, resulting in the possession
of adaptive characters which were not transmitted to later forms. It seems probable that the type was a Miocene
Tertiary one, which has lingered on in eastern America (north and south), and in eastern Asia, as well as in Africa,
while it has become nearly extinct on the Pacific shores of North and South America, and in Europe.

Satumia (in its restricted sense) the most generalized genus of its family. — In the European Saturnia carpini and its
allies, and our Pacific coast species, Saturnia mendocino and S. galbina, the larva of the former species having been
described by the late Henry Edwards (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Dec. 17, 1877), we have perhaps the most generalized
and primitive members of the family. In the larva of Saturinia carpini, for a specimen of which I am indebted to
M. P. Chretien, of Paris, the setiferous tubercles are of the same size and shape on the abdominal as on the thoracic
segments, there being no differentiation in shape and size or color, such as occurs in all the other genera, except that
the second and third thoracic dorsal tubercles bear one or two bristles much longer than those on abdominal segments
1 to 7, and about as long as those on the eighth abdominal segment. There are six tubercles on this (eighth) segment,
being the same number as on the seven segments in front; on segment 9 there are four tubercles, and two on the tenth
segment, i. e., the suranal plate. The same number of tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment also occurs in
Saturnia mendocino ' of California. Likewise the same number is present in the European S. pyri, judging by the figure
and description in Duponchel et Guenee's Iconographie (II, PI. I), and the statement, "On ne compte que quatre
tubercules sur le premier anneau, de meme que sur le dernier, tandis que les interin&liaires en ont chacun six." It
is also figured in Hiibner's Schmetterlinge.

1 We copy Mr. Edwards's description of this larva, to show that the same characteristic of .fix tubercles on all the abdominal segments ). to 8
occurs in the Pacific coast species of the genus: " Full grown. Head small, rough, purplish brown, somewhat withdrawn into the second segment.
Ground color of the body, pale yellowish green. On the second and anal segments are four tubercles each, bright orange-red, with black hairs
springing from them, and on each of the other segments are six similar tubercles, those of the anterior four being the largest. Head and body
thickly clothed with whitish hair. Laterally thero is a pale yellowish fold above the spiracles, which are orange with a darker ring. Feet and
underside purplish brown. Length 2.25 inches. Food plant, Arctostaphylos tomenlosa."

152

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XII,

Indeed, the extremely generalized form of the larvae of this genus is clearly shown by the fact that in P. cecropia,
and all the other more specialized and hence later genera, there are only five tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment,
those corresponding to the two middle ones of Saturnia having, probably during embryonic growth, coalesced. The
embryos of these moths should therefore be examined shortly before hatching to ascertain whether this be not the
fact. Meanwhile it is not unreasonable to suppose that all the more specialized genera must have been derived from
a Saturnia-hke ancestral form, i. e., a larva of cylindrical shape, with all the tubercles, whether thoracic or abdominal,
of the same size, shape, and color on all the segments; those on the eighth abdominal segment being of the same number
(six) as on the segments in front.

The single median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment of the more specialized Saturnian larvae represents
the "caudal horn " of Sphinges, Bombyx mori, and the Notodontian genus Pheosia, and is evidently the result of fusion
before the end of embryonic life of what were originally two separate tubercles, like the two separate ones of Saturnia.
We are thus able to confirm the suggestion of W. Miiller, who first identified the "caudal horn" with the two dorsal
tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment of the Saturniidae.1

Thus as regards the tubercles the species of Saturnia axe on the same plane with the embryo, just before exclusion,
of the more highly specialized forms of the group Attacinae. The great size of the Attacinae, particularly Attacus atlas,
appears to be a sign of recent specialization, and the small size of Saturnia, aside from its other features, suggests that
it is a generalized form, not departing greatly from the normal size of the members of the superfamily Bombyces.

And here an interesting problem in zoogeography occurs. Are the species of Saturnia (in the restricted sense) —
three in Europe, and two in the Southwest and Pacific coast of North America, occurring where the Attacinae do not
exist at all, or only rarely — the relics of a Saturnian fauna from which the groui^ Attacina; has been eliminated by
geological extinction, as the sequoia, cypress, magnolia, and other Tertiary plants have been rendered extinct in

Europe, or may the view be taken that the Attacinae have never had a
foothold in Western Eurasia and North America?

Should we use the characters drawn from the number and arrange-
ment of the tubercles of the larva in classifying the Saturniidae, we
might divide the family into two groups, as follows:

A. Six tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment; the tubercles
in general over the body all of the same size. Generalized forms.
Subfamily 1. Saturniinx.

B. Five tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment, the median
one double; the tubercles in general more or less differentiated or
specialized in size and color. Specialized forms. Subfamily 2.
Attacinx.

An interesting series of parallelisms may be observed in com-
paring the early and later stages of the larvae of this family. For
example while the late embryos of the Attacinae are perhaps paral-
leled by the fully grown larva of Saturnia, the fully grown larva of the most or one of the most generfllzed Attacinx,
Samia, is on the same plane of specialization as the larva of Callosamia in its third stage.

[The following appeared in Psyche, March, 1902, p. 321:]

The subfamily Saturniinae, characterized by having six separate tubercles (the two median ones being separate)
on the eighth abdominal segment, comprise the following genera: Perisomena, Cricula, Saturnia (I can not see that
Calosaturnia mendocino differs from Saturnia), Heniocha, Loepa.

The following genera belong to [Attacinae] * * * beginning as heretofore with the most generalized forms,
the exact sequence being subject to further modification : Copaxa, Opodiphlera, Tagoropsis, Syntherata, Rhodia, Rinaca,
Neoris, Caligula, Graellsia, Argema, Actias, Tropxa, Antherxa, Telea, Metosamia, Callosamia, Samia, Epiphora, Philo-
samia, Rothschildia, Coscinocera, Attacus.

This subfamily is divided into several, at least five groups of genera in two series, for example, a Copaxa group,
an Antherxa group (Antherxa, Telea, Metosamia); a Samia group (Samia, Epiphora, Callosamia), a Tropxa group
(Graellsia, Argema, Actias, Tropxa), and an Attacus group (Rothschildia, Philosamia, Attacus).

Whether Rhodia, Rinaca, and Neoris belong with Loepa, which has six tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment,
or with Copaxa which in stage I has but five, the median one being double, remains to be seen after we know more
of their larval forms.

Fig. 16. — A, a dorsal view of the end of the body of
the larva of Saturnia carpini; B,the end of the body
of 5. pyri, copied from Duponchel.

i W. Miiller, Siidamerikanischc Nymphalidenraupen, 1886, pp. 249, 250. Miiller remarks:

" So erscheint os berechtigt, fur das Schwanzhora der Sphingidte die gleiche Genese anzunehmen wie fur den unpaaren Dora der Saturniada
auf 11. Beide sind entstanden aus den Stiitzgebilden dcr beiden Borsten 1 aui Segment 11. . . . Weiter finden sich bei einer Raupe, augen-
scheinlich den Saturniden angebbrig, in eincm friiheren Stadium Sds auf 2. 3, Ds 11; mit der niichsten Uautung verseh-winden die sammtlichen
Doraen. Bei Brahmen ledercri finden sieh im i. ( .) Stadium JOs 11, Sas 2-10. 12. Sst 4-11, von welchen Dorncn die Ds 11, Sds 2. 3 stark entwiekelt
dicanderen klein. unseheinbar sind. Im 4. (?) Stadium sind die Da 11, Sds 2,3 wohl entwiekelt. die anderen Doraen sind kaum nachweisbar.
Im letzten Stadium bieibt nur sine Warzc an Stelle des Be 11; es erhalt sich also der Rest von Ds 11. am langsten.

"Mir schcinen alle dicsc Griindc zur Annahmc zu drangen, dass das Schwanghom der Sphingiden der Rest einer reicher entwickelten Bedor-
nungist, jiner Bedornung.nic vielleichl mit der heutigen der Saturniden auf gleichen Ursprung zuruckzufiihren ist. so dass das Schwan-hom
der Sphingiden und der Ds dorn der Saturniden im vollen Sinn homolog sind."

See also E. B. Pouiton in Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 1SS5, p. 302, and in later papers; also A. S. Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. XXV
lS90,pp. )9. 103. foot-notes 1,2,3. Also compare our Figures 3-6, 8-10d', and the references to them in the text. Also Orote's N. A. Lepidoptera,
Bremen, 1880, pp. 16, 54.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 153

[Dr. Packard has since described the larva of Rhodia, showing that it has a single median
dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment. Mr. J. H. Watson (litt. 1912) states that in
Cricula trifenestrata there are two penultimate tubercles, but in C. andrei there is only one.]

[Mr. C. L. Pollard (litt. 1912) would restrict the Attacinse to Coscinocera, Attacus, RoihscliiMia,
Philosamia, Epiphora, Samia, CaUosamia, and Eupackardia. This includes the " Samia group "
and " Attacus group" of Packard.]

PERISOMENA Walker.

[Perisomena Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1276.]

PERISOMENA CjECIGENA (Kup.).

Plate XXX, figs. 8-9; XXXVIII, fig. 2; C, fig. 2.

[Saturnia csecigena Kup., Neuentdecktes Nachtpflauenauge, 1825, p. 1. A species of southeastern Europe and western
Asia.]

[Egg glossy, flat, and marbled with white and brown ; several deposited together. — Jordan.]

Larva. — (Zeller's collection; two blown specimens.) Small, two inches long; body cylin-
drical, hairy; six rows of tubercles, all small, rounded, and not prominent; the dorsal ones of
second and third thoracic segments only a little larger than the abdominal ones, and all four of
the same size; one on side low down, but none on dorsum of prothoracic segment. On eighth
segment six tubercles, the two dorsal ones remote from each other, twice as large as those on
the side. Body and base of legs covered with dense fine pilifcrous tubercles. Color uniformly
pale horn brown, with no bright markings, lines, or spots. Head darker than body. [Jordan
says: Larva first bluish gray, then green, more rarely reddish, the hairs white, the small warts
yellow, below the stigmata a raised longitudinal line.]

Cocoon. — Open, can see pupa through. [Color dark brown.]

Pupa (two broken pupa skins). — Rather stout, end of abdomen truncated-flattered, and
with a stout hook on each side, curving inward. [Food plant, Querents.]

Perisomena is near Opodiphtera astropJiela (Walker) (simplex (Walker)), from Australia.

Polythysana from Chili (P. rubrescens) I have from Paris Museum is near this Perisomena.
[Polythysana was however provisionally left in the Agliinas by Dr. Packard. The opinion
here given is from a small slip of paper, under the above description of the larva of Perisomena.]

CRICULA Walker.

Plate LXXXIV, fig. 3; CI.

Cricula Walker [Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V (1855), p. 1186.]

Euphranor Herrich-Schaeffer, Samml. Aussereur, Schmett., p. 61, no description: fig. 80; 1854.

[Dr. Dyar writes that Euphranor included trifenestrata Hell, and multifenestrala H.-S. ; the title page of the work is

dated 1S50-1858. Kirby gives 1858 for multifencstrata. E. multi/eneslrata is herewith designated as the type of

Euphranor, which thus becomes a synonym of Copaea.]

LARVA.

[Jordan, Nov. Zool., XVI (1909), p. 300; Stebbins, Entom. News., 1910, p. 101; Watson, Entom. News., 1910, p. 255;
Watson, Internat. Ent. Zeits., February, 1912, p. 343. J

Imago. — J , 9 . Head narrowing perceptibly in front, so that it is triangular and rather
narrow. Eyes large. Palpi well developed, depressed, the ends pointed, extending below the
edge of the front of the head. Maxillae not visible in specimens with the scales undisturbed.
Antennae of the male broadly pectinated to the tip, the joints long, the pectinations of both
pahs of the same length and with long cilia. Those of the female have but one pair of short
slender pectinations, the distal pair wanting, the vestiges of them appearing as slight teeth;
of the basal pair the inner ones are about one-fourth shorter than the outer ones, and all end in
three or four short setas.

Fore wings falcate, especially in the male; the costa is much curved toward the apex;
the outer edge is excavated in the s , scarcely so in 9 ; the inner edge is nearly as long as

154 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn;

the outer edge. Hind wings triangular, slightly produced toward the inner angle; the apex
well rounded; the outer edge full and convex; the inner edge nearly straight. Abdomen of
the 6* not extending much beyond the middle of the inner edge.

Markings: Ground color dull yellow ochre, more or less tinged with lilac brown. No
ocelli, but on the fore wings are two or three small irregular or round clear spots.

On the hind wings a minute dark solid discal dot. An extradiscal line common to both
wings ; a basal line on the fore wings, and on the hinder pair a submarginal scalloped line. The
species of a little less than median size.

Geographical distribution. — Northeastern India, Khasia Hills; Java: Burmah (Swinhoe).
[Jordan in his revision of the .genus (Nov. Zool., 1909) recognizes the following forms:
C. andrei Jordan. Sikkim, Bhutan, and Assam.

subsp. elaezia Jordan. Java.
C. trifenestrata (Heifer). Assam to Java, Borneo, etc. (syn. burmana Swinh.).
subsp. ceylonica Jordan. Ceylon,
subsp. agoia Jordan. Travancore.
subsp. luzonica Jordan. Northern Luzon,
subsp. andamanica Jordan. Andamans.
C. drepanoides Moore. Sikkim and Bhutan.
Watson (1912) adds 0. andrei var. vinosa Watson ( 9 ).

C. zuleika (Westw.) was described in Saturnia, and the name is preoccupied. It was
based on male andrei and male trifenestrata, the latter being regarded as the female.]

CRICULA TRIFENESTRATA (Heifer).

Plate XXXI, figs. 1-6; XXXVIII, fig. 3; CI.

Saturnia trifcn'estrala Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, VI, p. 45, No. 10, 1837.

Euphranor trifenestrata Herrich-Schaeffer, Sammlung Aussereur, Schniett., p. 61, fig. 80, 1854.

Imago. — Two 6" , two 9 . Body and wings tawny or dull yellow ochre, often with a slight
grayish or frosty and lilaceous tints. Head, antennae, and palpi concolorous with the body.
Fore wings with a brown zigzag line divided into four scallops. Extradiscal line brown, oblique,
distinct, but not wavy in its course, and ending in the costa near the apex. Besides the small
half-round transparent discal spot, there are two in front which are solid, opaque and dark in
the o* , with a tendency to become obsolete, but in 9 there are three larger transparent
ones only separated by the veins, and arranged in a slightly curved line.

Hind wings with a distinct straight basal line, and an outer submarginal diffuse zigzag
line situated a little nearer the outer edge of the wing than the basal line. A single half-round
discal spot in 9 , of the same size as on the fore wing, or reduced in the J to a dark dot.

Under side of the wings of the 6" lighter than above, with the extradiscal line pale grayish,
and scalloped on each pair of wings; the discal and other spots as above.

The 9 differs from the 6" in being darker beneath as well as above, and the thorax is
deeper ochreous.

Tho species may be recognized by the row of three transparent spots, of which the discal
one is the lowest, the oblique strong extradiscal brown band ending in the costa very near the
apex.

Expanse of the fore wings, 6* 70 mm.; 9 75 mm.
Length of the fore wing, d1 37 mm. ; 9 38 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, 6" 20 mm.; 9 21 mm.
Length of hind wing, o" 25 mm. ; 9 25 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, cf 20 mm. ; 9 22 mm.

Geographical distribution.— -Khasia, Hills (British Museum) ; mountains of Kawie, Java
(Donckier).

Larva. — Body cylindrical, long and slender, hairy, generalized in shape; segments not
convex; head small, bright reddish; prothoracic segment with a large hemispherical dorsal

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 1 55

plate, bright coral red, paler than head, the red extending down to lateral distinct tubercles.
Body dark brown, with numerous irregular whitish setiferous solid tubercles of varying size;
each segment with six large coral red conical tubercles, each bearing a central hair and six stiff
spimdes, which are much shorter than the hairs. On the eighth abdominal segment is a double
tubercle, resulting from the partial fusion of the original two tubercles; it is paler red than the
single tubercles, each half has a central hair, and six to seven spinules, long and sharp, spreading
out. End of body (tenth segment) deep coral red, including anal legs, and without the white
filiferous tubercles. All the legs deep coral red. More like an Attacine than a Hemileucid
caterpillar.

Cocoon. — Fenestrated, golden yellow. Pupa saturnian-like.

SATURNIA Schrank.
Plate XCIX (Saturnia a. str.); C. fig. 1 (Eudia).
[Saturnia Schrank, Fauna Boica, II )1(, p. 149 (1802).]

[Dr. Packard left a series of notes, which he doubtless intended to rearrange and amplify.]

Imago. — S. pavonia (carpini) [ = S. pavonia-minor (L)] is the most generalized form; red-
dish-brown fore wing, yellowish hind wing, and in male more yellow beneath. The male ia
more aberrant than the fe^nale, more plastic than in mendocino, where the sexes are very closely
alike. Antennae of female with shortest (conical) pectinations. Fore wing falcate, with four
bands, five on under side; hind wing with four bands, with a tendency for the fourth or submar-
ginal to be divided into two, the inner side specialized into a band (along discal venule). Ocelli
large, alike on both pairs of wings; a central linear or curvilinear mark; there is a tendency
for the white scales to fall off and leave nude space. An incipient subapical eye-patch (cf Samia
etc.) in second apical cell. Female abdomen of S. carpini and pyri banded with white.

In S. pyri [ = S. pavonia-major (L)] the incipient eye is wanting; no red scales, but a sub-
costal black spot; eyes on hind wing very slightly larger than on fore wing. In S. pyri the
sexes are colored and marked alike; the female antennae are well pectinated; the ocelli are
more diffuse and specialized than in S. carpini, also more elongated, the yellow ring replaced
by a pale Vandyke brown ring, the blue semicircle replaced by white, which absorbs the brown
semicircle of carpini, and between the white semicircle and the outer black ring is a half ring
of brown madder; thus the ocellus is less generalized, more specialized. In S. galbina {Agapema
Neum. and Dyar) the size is small, the colors paler than in pyri and carpini; the male has four
bands, two basal ones separate on under side of fore wings, only two outer bands present;
female antennae well pectinated. The ocelli of galbina show a yellow ring inclosing black,
crossed by vitreous lines; blue half ring, and outer ring black; the ocellus on hind wing is a
little smaller. In Calosaturnia mendocino there are no cross bands. In S. carpini on under
side are five bands or lines on both wings, so that this represents perhaps a more primitive
condition than the upper side, and the modification has taken place from beneath up (cf Eimer).

Larva. — [Stage I:] Eggs of S. pavonia-minor received from Switzerland; hatched out
March 25. Head and body jet black, also the hairs; at first after hatching the tubercles and
legs are livid greenish-white. Head dull shining black, not bright and smooth. Longer hairs
considerably longer than body. Body widest at thoracic segments, thence tapering to end.
Two dorsal tubercles on eighth abdominal segment, of the same size and shape as on all the
others.

Larva [mature]. — S. spini k'as four tubercles on eighth abdominal segment as in pyri; the
tubercles are red and large, with larger, stouter spines than in pyri; spini also is more hairy.
The tubercles of pyri are simpler, and spini is probably nearer to pavonia-minor.

[The species of Saturnia are listed as follows by Rothschild, Nov. Zool. II (1895), p. 49:]

1. S. pavonia-major (L).

2. S. atlantica Luc.

ab. numida Aust.

3. S. pyretorum Westw. [Jordan has recently placed this in a new genus.]

156 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

4. S. spini (Den. and Schiff.).

subsp. cephalonise Christoph.

5. S. stoliczkana Felder.

[syn. huttoni Moore.]

subsp. schenki Staud. fPiingeler (1900) has added a form galeropa.] [S. huttoni (the

type of Neoris) has priority of 12 years over stoliczkana, so it is necessary to write the

species Saturnia huttoni, with subspecies S. huttoni schenki.] 1

6. S. boisduvali Eversm. [Jordan refers this to Caligula.]

7. S. jonasi (Butl.) [Jordan refers this to Caligula.]

8. S. pavonia-minor (L).

9. S. anna Moore. [Jordan refers this to Caligula.]

10. S. lindia Moore. [Jordan refers this to Caligula.]

subsp. hockingi. (Moore). [A synonym of lindia, according to Jordan, who describes a
new subspecies bonita from Tibet.]

11. S. grotei Moore. [Jordan refers this to Caligula.]

12. S. bieti Oberth. [Jordan refers this Chinese species to Caligula.]

13. S. medea Maass.

[This species, from Ecuador and Peru, has more recently (.1911) been separated as a
new genus Satvrniodes Jordan.]

14. S. galbina Clem, [type of Agapema.]

[Watson notes that the larva of S. pyretorum has been figured by Sasaki (1910), and has
the tubercles longer and more heavily armed with spines than those of any other Saturnia
known to him; they are similar to those of Samia c-ecropia.]

[Jordan (in Seitz) regards S. pyri (pavonia-major) as the type of Saturnia, and proposes
a new genus Eudia for S. pavonia {pavonia-minor) and spini.]

SATURNIA ATLANTICA Lucas.

Algeria, two c? , one 9 (Paris Museum). Very near pyri; expands only 34 inches. Evi-
dently derived from nyri.

SATURNIA BOISDUVALII Eversmann.

Plate XXXVIII, fig. 1.

[At the Paris Museum Dr. Packard made the following notes, comparing Agapema galbina

with S. boisduvalii:] Saturnia galbina represents boisduvalii from Kiakhta, Siberie Orientale,

but is smaller, and without the zigzag submarginal lines of European and Asiatic species. It

comes a little nearer boisduvalii than spini. In boisduvalii the female antennae are with quite

long pectinations.

SATURNIA GROffEI Moore.

Saturnia grotei Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Company, II, p. 404, No. 926, 1858. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 2G5, No. 2,

PI. LXV, fig. 2, 1859.
Saturnia grotei Butler, Illustrations of Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V, p. 61, PI. XCIV, figs. 3 and 4, 1881.
Saturnia grotei Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 772, 1892.

A true Saturnia. Four large equal ocelli and apical mark; dark fawn-brown; hind wing
rose in middle, including discal spot.

Geographical distribution. — Darjiling (Lidderdale; British Museum).

[The following is referred above to Saturnia, but Jordan (in Seitz) leaves it in Caligula,
as a subspecies of C. boisduvalii Ersch.:]

SATURNIA JONASD. (Butler).

Caligula jonasii Putler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), XX, p. 479, 1877. Illustrations Lep. He*. Brit. Mus., II, p. 16,
PI. XXV, fig. 2, 1878.

Geographical distribution. — Yokohama, Japan (Jonas).

[Saturnia rubella Dogn. from Peru, is, Dr. Dyar remarks, evidently not a Saturnia. It
is described as entirely bright rose-lilac, costa pale, faint paler lines and a small faint black
discal spot.]

1 [However, Jordan (in Seitz) now places huttoni in Neoris. Mr. Watson agrees that shaduila is to be separated from NeorLi.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD 157

[Subgenus CALOSATURNIA J. B. Smith.]
CALOSATURNIA MENDOCINO (Behrens).
Plate XLII, fig. 8; LXVIII, figs. 6, 7.
Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Can. Ent., VIII, p. 149, 1876.
[('alosalwnia mendocino J. B. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX (1886), p. 432.]

[Smith's generic description is as follows:

Head very much retracted; eyes small, narrow, ovate; tongue and palpi entirely aborted;
vestiture thin and divergent. Antennae of male with two branches to each side of each joint,
as usual, the pectinations extending to the tip. In the female the antennas are stout, shortly
pectinated to the tip; a single branch only to each side of each joint. Body vestiture hairy,
thin, divergent, the thorax comparatively short. Legs short and weak, the posterior pah-
shortest and weakest; no visible spurs to any pair of legs. Genitalia of male very like those
of Saturnia, save that the joints of supra-anal plate are not so diverging and not so acute.
The side pieces are essentially the same. Primaries with but 9 veins, 5 and 6 together from
the upper end of the cell, 7 and 8 on a long stalk from the subcostal. The venation of the
secondaries is as in Saturnia.]

Generic characters. — Female antennae with long slender single pectinations, about one-third
as long as in male ; head narrower than in Saturnia; fore wing short ; broad, not falcate, outer edge
straight compared with Saturnia; outer edge of hind wing fuller, rounder, less bent ; abdomen not
banded with white. Markings differ in absence of bands, and in smaller ocelli. [From a separate
memorandum by Dr. Packard. It is uncertain whether he intended to recognize Calosaturnia
as valid, but as late as 1902 he published the opinion that it did not differ from Saturnia.}

Imago. — -One <$ , one 9 . Head, body, and wings reddish brown; a broad transverse white
band behind the head on the front of the thorax. Abdomen not transversely striped (as it
is in S. carpini.). Fore wings short and broad, scarcely falcate, slightly flecked with fine
white scales; no crosslines or bands; uniformly reddish-vandyko brown; the veins are distinct,
the squamation being rather thin. The basal third of the fore wing is dusky, the outer edge
of the shade being irregular and passing into the ground color of the wing. Discal spot (ocel-
lus) rather large, round, centered by a small nude white scaleless streak on a black field, the
latter inclosed by a snuff-yellow ring of varying distinctness and width; this ring is succeeded
by a broad black ring inclosing a fine blue semicircular line on the outer side of the eye; this
half circle is not quite half a circle, and is more distinct in the 9 than in <? of my examples.
On the inside of the ocellus is an oblong white patch extending from the one side to the other
of the discal cell (in the 9 the white patch is twice as wide on the left as on the right wing).
An apical vestigial indistinct spot filling two cells. An outer deep madder red irregular patch,
with a blackish irregular shade within, the red almost reaching the edge of the wing, and a
diffuse mass of blue scales (perhaps foreshadowing the subapical ocellus of Samia, CaUosamia,
and Philosamia).

Hind wings yellow-ochre, vandyko-brown at the base, the brown shade not reaching the
ocellus. An outer submarginal broad black band curving around to near the middle of the
costa, behind shading into the dark base, so as to inclose a roundish yellow central area, cen-
tered by the ocellus. Ocelli very slightly smaller than those of the fore wings (in <? of the
same size); the eye as in the fore wings, but in <? and 9 the yellow circle is smaller and the
outer black circle is wider, and there is no white patch on the inside of the eye.

Under side of the fore wings ocher-yellow, base and outer edge of the wing brownish;
ocellus as above; apical spot red and black with some blue scales between the red and black
(the subapical ocellus of Samia and CaUosamia in embryo). Hind wings nearly all brown,
paler than above; a faint yellow area surrounding the ocellus, which is as above. Costal edge
of the hind wings white to a point opposite the ocellus. Body brown, legs and antennas
madder-red, the latter paler than the legs.

Expanse of fore wings, S 55 mm.; 9 52 mm.
Length of body, £ 21mm.; 9 19mm.

Geographical distribution. — Sonoma County, Cal., (United States Department of
Agriculture) .

158 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xh,

AGAPEMA Neumoegen and Dyar.

Aga-pema Neumoegen and Dyar, Joum. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II (1894), p. 125.

Dr. Packard left no manuscript on this genus, but so far as he considered it in general
discussions, he did not separate it from Saturnia.]

AGAPEMA GALBINA (Clemens).

Plate XIV, fig. 6; XLII, fig. 7; LIX, figs. 3, 4.

[Saturnia galbinn Clemens, Contributions to American Lepidopterology, No. 4. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1860 (May), p. 156.

Clemens described the species as follows:

Antennse luteous. Body and head rather dark brown. Fore wings yellowish-brown, with a rather faint whitish,
angulated band at the base. On the discal nervure is a round, black ocellus having a central subvitreous streak,
containing a yellow circle, and toward the base of the wing a slender blue crescent. A whitish band crosses the
middle of the nervules, with a faint wavy one between it and the hind margin. In the apical interspace is a black
spot, with a crimson streak to the tip of the wing. The marginal portion of the wing is whitish, and is tinged on the
terminal edge with pale yellowish brown. Hind wings similar in color and ornamentation to the fore wings, the ocelli
being somewhat smaller. On the under surface, which is similar in hue to the upper, the faint wavy bands of the fore
and hind wings are very distinct.

Texas. From the Smithsonian Institution. Capt. Pope's collection.]

[The egg, young larva, cocoon, and pupa of A. galbina were described by Henry Edwards
in Entomologica Americana, IV (1888) p. 61. The newly hatched larva is black, sparsely
covered with long fawn-colored hairs; head very large, glossy.]

AGAPEMA ANONA (Ottolengui).
Plate LIX, figs. 5, 6; LXIII, figs. 9-13.
[Saturnia anona Ottolengui, Entom. News., XIV, p. 314.]

[ <J . Stalk and branches of antennse olive green with dark smoky brown feathers ; head
and legs clothed with rough black-brown hairs; thorax with long, pink-brown hairs overlying
shorter blackish hairs; abdomen dorsally clothed with short blackish hairs; mingled laterally
and ventrally with coarse pink-brown ones and with anal tuft composed of hairs of a similar
color. Primaries blackish (in faded specimens this color turns to deep brown); a white,
strongly outcurved antemedial band proceeding from costa near base of wing to the inception
of vein Cu2, thence to inner margin at about one-fourth from base; a slightly waved postmedial
white band, from costa before apex to just beyond middle of inner margin; this band may
pass entirely beyond the ocellus, or it may touch its outer margin, in which latter case it tends
to broaden and flow around the apical portion of the ocellus; in the median space between the
two white bands the cubital vein and its branches are more or less broadly outlined in white,
in cases where the postmedian band does not touch the ocellus the median branches between
ocellus and band are also tinged with white, and at times the anal vein is narrowly outlined
with the same color; at the end of the cell the interspace between median and cubital veins
is occupied by a large black ocellus, with orange-yellow annulus, the central portion more or
less filled with white scaling, and with a blue crescent-shaped line outside the annulus toward
base of wing; beyond the postmedian line at apex of wing a more or less distinct black, rather
diffuse patch, from the lower portion of which a curved crimson line extends to apex of wing;
a very faint waved white subterminal line; terminally the dark area of wing is very distinctly
defined by a broad white band forming scallops between the veins on its inner margin; the
outer half of this band is heavily shaded with olive brown, the two areas being sharply and
evenly defined. Secondaries with the basal two-thirds white, sprinkled broadly and rather
heavily along costa with blackish; from this blackish area an indistinct outcurved black sub-
basal band extends downwards as far as the inception of vein Cu2; a faint black waved post-
median line, shortly beyond which the subterminal area of wing becomes blackish with a broad
terminal border exactly as on primaries ; a faint white waved subterminal line may at times be
traced through the dark subterminal area; ocellus as on primaries, slightly smaller. Beneath,
prim.irips largely as above; subterminal white line more distinct; other markings fainter and

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 159

more diffuse; secondaries with the black costal area much more prominent, extending, except
at base of wing, to the median vein; subterminal white line distinct.

9 antennas paler than in <? . Primaries much as in the o" sex, except that the veins of
median area are not outlined with white; secondaries wholly blackish, except the border with
diffuse white outcurved subbasal band and slightly waved white postmedian stripe; terminal
border as in primaries. Expanse 50-62 mm. Described from a series of fresh bred specimens.
Several of Ottolengui's points of distinction between the two species (vide Ent. News., XIV,
314) do not always hold, although useful in many instances. The most evident point of dis-
tinction between the 6" S is that in galbina the basal and median areas of primaries are largely
white, whilst in anona they are blackish with distinct white banding and markings. Attention
might also be drawn to the secondaries of anona which have the costal portion shaded with dark
scales, from which a dark subbasal band arises extending one-half across the wing; in galbina
neither band nor dark scaling is present. The 9 9 , as Ottolengui states, are much more
similar than the <? o" ; fresh specimens may probably be separated by the difference in the
outer border, although this is at times not nearly as marked as he would have us believe, and
in faded or worn specimens of small use in separating the species; the diffuse while subbasal
band on secondaries of anona, giving a general lighter appearance to this portion of the wing
appears to be a good point of distinction, our two 9 9 of galbina showing no trace of this. —

J. McDUNNOUGH.]

[Larva on "Grease wood," fide Mr. Morris Chrisman. J. McDunnough, litt. 1912.]

[We have just bred a good series from cocoons sent from the neighborhood of Redington,

Ariz.; these emerged from the middle of October until the first week of November, emergence

taking place in the early afternoon. I secured two pairings the same evening and found that

the 9 9 had deposited their whole batch of eggs by the following morning; these I now have

outside and hope they will remain unhatched until spring. Ottolengui's lengthy description

of the points of difference from galbina do not always hold as we have specimens in which the

median band does not touch the eye-spot. Judging by the two <? <3 of galbina from Texas we

possess we should characterize it as a generally much darker local race of this species. — J.

McDunnough.]

[Plate LIX, figs. 5, 6, represents a race which may be called dyari, from Chihauhua. It is

remarkable for having the hind wings of the female pale, with the usual ocellus and single

broad dark band.]

AGAPEMA HOMOGENA Dyar.

Plate LIX, figs. 1, 2.

[Agapema homogena Dyar, Proe. Ent. Soc. Washington. 1908, p. 82. Mexico and Arizona.]

[The original description is as follows :

A specimen standing under the name Agapema galbina in the National Museum collection for the last 14 years was
long since recognized as a distinct species, but no mate to it had ever been received. Now a male specimen has been
sent by Mr. Roberto Miiller from Mexico City, which, while more brightly colored, appears to be certainly the same
species. It is accordingly characterized herewith:

Male. — Antenna? very broadly, doubly bipectinated, ocher-yellow. Body clothed with long blackish hair, paler
at the tips of the segments, the feet reddish. Fore winge grayish black, finely interspersed with whitish hairs, the veins
lined in carneous-ochraceous; inner line angled on the median vein, white, overspread with pink; discal mark ocellate,
black-edged and black-centered, containing an orange-ocherous annulus and a blue crescent on its inner side; outer
line white, rather broad and straight, with a narrow inner pink edging; outer margin white, shading to clay color on the
edge; a white subapical dash edged with crimson below and outwardly. Hind wing similar, the inner line wanting,
the. base broadly suffused with pink; discal mark with the lumen wholly or nearly occluded; outer line indented
slightly on the veins; margin as on fore wings, the wing veins only obscurely pale-lined. Expanse, 65 mm.

Female. — Similar to the male, but the lining of the veins much less distinct, except on vein 7 and the costa; all the
colore are somewhat paler than in the male and the pink tint is wholly wanting, but this may be due to age. In conse-
quence the basal space appears darker than the rest of the wing, while on the hind wing the base is whitish. The
ocellate discal spots are more widely centered and larger, that of the hind wing having a distinct central lumen.
Expanse, 78 mm.

One male, Mexico City, Mexico, March, 1908 (R. Miiller); one female, Fly Park, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz.,
10,000 feet, June 9, 1894 (United States Department of Agriculture).

Type. — No. 11871, United States National Museum. 1

160 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vot xn

[AGAPEMA COPAXOIDES Dyar.

Plate LXXVI, fig. 4.
Ar/apema copaxoichs Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1912.]

CERANCHIA Butler.
Ceranchia Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. [(5) II], 1878, p. 461.

Nearly allied to Saturnia, but antennas broadly pectinated in both sexes; radial vein emitted
in male (but not in female) from fourth subcostal branch, with which it forms a fork, starting
from an apparently independent footstalk at upper angle of discoidal cell; wings hyaline.

[The type is C. apollina, Butler, from Madagascar. All the species cited by Kirby are from

Madagascar, except C. ( ?) mollis Butler, from Mombasa. C. ( ?) mollis becomes the type of

Leucopteryx Packard.]

LEUCOPTERYX Packard.

[Leucopteryx Packard, Journ. N. Y. Entom. Soc, XI (1903), p. 248.]

Imago. — The head is partially concealed by the high overhanging thorax; it is not promi-
nent ; the front unusually wide between the eyes. The antennas are wanting in my specimen.
The vestiture of the front short, fine, and wooly.

Palpi not visible, apparently 1-jointed, short, feeble, and drooping. Body rather stout;
the vestiture short, the hairs very fine and rather short.

Fore wings short and broad, not falcate; costa straight, a little curved toward the apex,
which (though broken off) appears to be rather obtuse and subrectangular; outer edge shorter
than the inner and slightly convex. Hind wings rather long, costa not very convex, apex
rounded, outer edge full, well rounded, inner edge rather long, extending a little beyond the end
of the abdomen.

Venation: Closely similar to that of Heniocha terpischore; the first subcostal vein (IL_)
arising in the same position and ending just before the apex of the fore wing; the origin of the
semiindependent vein (III3) is the same, and the discocellulars collectively made a slight
inward angle; in the hind wing they make a straight line.

Markings: Ground color white and pearl ash gray; no definite lines on the wings of either
pair. On the fore wings a moderately large round discal spot, solid in the center except a narrow,
clear, linear cliink. On the liind wings no complete ocellus, but a subtriangular, dark, opaque
spot, with a slight linear chink or fissure.

The type of this genus is Ceranchiat mollis Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1889, p. 391,
PI. 12, fig. 5. I have had the opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. G. II. Dyar, of examining
a female from Tana River, East Africa, north of Mombasa, collected by the Chandler Expedition
for the United States National Museum.

Geographical distribution. — Etluopian realm, eastern Africa, Mombasa and Tana River
north of Mombasa in British East Africa.

This genus by its venation closely approaches the African species referred to Heniocha (H.
terpsichore) , but differs from any of that group in the shorter, wider fore wings, and the absence
of any transverse lines. The type of Mr. Butler's description is in the British Museum.

LEUCOPTERYX MOLLIS (Butler).
Ceranchia (?) mollis Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1889, p. 391, PI. 12, fig. 5.

Imago. — One ? . Ground color of body and wings snow-white. Head and legs sable
brown; thorax snow-white; abdomen pale slate clay color.

Fore wings on the basal third to half pale sable clay, dusted with white toward the
costa. Middle of wing including the discal spot snow-white shading toward the outer edge
into pale sable, the line of division between the clay and white very marked. Discal spot
(4 by 4 mm.) consisting of a large central black roundish spot, encircled with white, and an outer
reddish ring, in the middle a linear vitreous chink or crack.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 161

Hind wings snow white, pale sable hue on the outer edge. The discal spot one-half as large
as that on the fore wing, subtriangular, a little wider than long (2 by 2 mm.).

Under side of the fore wings with the discal spot square, with no ring, but faintly edged with
white. Hind wings as above; no line beneath, but the whole wing pale clay-white toward the
inner edge; toward the costa and outer edge slate.
Expanse of wings, ? 80 mm.
Length of fore wings, $ 40 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, ? 22 mm.
Length of bind wing, $ 30 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, ? 22 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Tana River, East Africa, south of Mombasa (Chandler Expedi-
tion, 1892-93, United States National Museum) ; Mombasa ( British Museum).

HENIOCHA Huebaer.

Heniocha Huebner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 157, 1822?.
Saturnia Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) II, p. 424, 1865.
Saturnia Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage z. Schmett., 1872.
Heniocha Butler, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XX, p. 462, 1877.
Saturnia Westwood, Oates, Matebele Land, p. 357, 1881.
Heniocha AuRrvnxrus, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXXVI (7), p. 50, 1879.
Heniocha Rogenhofer, Verb.. Zool. Bot. Ses. Wien, XLI, p. 565, 1891.
Heniocha Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 769, 1892.
Heniocha Rothschild, Novitates Zool., II, p. 49, 1895.

[According to Kirby H. apollonia is the type of the genus.]

LARVA.

AuRivrLLrus, Arkiv. Zool., II (1905), p. 34, pi. 2, fig. 1 (H. lerpsichore).

Imago. — 6" , 9 . Head moderately prominent ; the front moderately wide, slightly nar-
rowing toward the labial region; vestiture moderately close. Antennas of ? bipectinate,
distal parts about one-half as long as the basal, the latter a little thickened toward the end, very
sbghtly ciliated with minute very short filaments; consisting of about 32 joints, the last eight
without pectinations. Palpi short, porrect, not reaching the front. No vestiges of maxillae
in the undenuded example.

Fore wings with the costa straight to near the apex, where it is slightly curved, the apex
moderately rounded, the outer edge moderately full, not falcate. Hind wings with the outer
edge full and convex.

Venation: Differs decidedly from Vsta in vein 1^ of fore wing, arising much farther in
toward the base of the wing, so that the space between it and the common stalk of vein II2,
II3, and II4 is much wider; on hind wings the discal vein arises farther from the origin of vein
IV, (second median), the discocellular veins, as in Vsta, making a decided angle or a regular

curve.

Coloration: Ground color, white, with four brown bands on the fore wings and three on
the hind wings; a large complete ocellus usually on each wing, those of the fore wings much
larger than those on the hind wings in the type species (H. apollonia). A subapical oval spot
at the costal end of the extradiscal line and a reddish brown spot at the end of the submarginal
line; two of the lines or shades situated within the ocellus of the fore wing.

Geographical distribution. — This genus is confined to the Ethiopian realm, most of the
species being southeast African.

Rothschild, in Nov. Zoologicse, thus arranges the species:

1. H. apollonia (Cram).

nb.jlavida (Butler).

2. H . bioculata Auriv . [\ = marnois.]

3. H. marnois (Rogenh.) [Lake Victoria Nyanza.]

4. H. dryops (Maass. and Weym.).

5. H. terpischore (Maass. and Weym.).
83570°— 14 11

162 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

//. terpsickorina (Westw.) is Usta wallengreni (Felcler).

H. pyretorurn is referred to Satumia [but has since been made the type of a new genus
(Eriogyna) by Jordan. Dr. Packard actually designated //. pyretorurn as the type of a new
genus, without suggesting a name, in a brief memorandum].

[Henioclia lindti Griinberg (1910), from southwest Africa, has recently been added to the

genus.]

HENIOCHA APOLLONIA (Cramer).

(Fig. 17.)

Plate XXXVIII, fig. 5.

Phalaena Attacas apollonia Cramer, Papillons Exotiques, III, p. 97, PI. CCL, A. 1782.
Bombyx apollonia Olivier, Encycl. Meth., Ins., V, 31, 28, PI. 70, fig. 4, ?1789.
Henioeha apollonia Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 157, ?1822.
"Heniocha apollonia Angas, PI. Lep. Zoolu Country," ?1847.
Saturnia apollonia Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, p. 47.
Satumia apollonia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1272, 1855.
Heniocha apollonia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 771, 1892.
Heniocha apollonia Rothschild, Novitates Zoologicae, II, p. 49, 1895.

Imago. — One 9 , one o* . Head and body dull cream white. Fore wings white as a ground
color; base of the wing brown, with ochreous and white sclaes extending from the base along
the costa, forming a wide costal shade. Three lines beyond the base, of which the basal one
forms an oblique band in the discal cell near the discal spot and is characteristic of the species.
Two extradiscal wavy lines brown, edged within with ochreous; outer edge of the wing, including
the margin and fringe, pale sable brown. Discal spot or ocellus large, round, black, not clear,
but the scales have clear spaces between them; the balck center is inclosed by a linear white
circle, then a black brown circle edged externally with dull ochreous; 8 by 7 mm.

Hind wings white, with two broad lines beyond the discal spot as on the fore wings.
Discal ocellus smaller than on the fore wings, but without any ochreous ring; 6 by 6 mm.

Expanse of the forewings, s , 100 mm. ; 9 95 mm.

Length of a fore wing, s , 45 mm. ; 9 45 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, 6* , 23 mm. ; 9 24 mm.

Length of a hind wing, c? , 31 mm.; $ 32 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, c? , 24 mm. ; 9 25 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Cape of Good Hope (Layard; Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge,
Mass.; British Museum), Port Natal (British Museum).

HENIOCHA TERPSICHORE (Maass. and Weymer).
[Satumia (?) terpsichore Maassen and Weymer, Beitr. Schmett., V (1886), figs. 113, 114.]

Larva. — Last stage: Length, 60 mm. Body cylindrical. Head small, only slightly more
than one-half as wide as the prothoracic segment; surface smooth, with groups of from one to
five or six microscopic granulations; blue black, shining, sending off steel-blue reflections.
Prothoracic plate smooth, shining, with slight vestiges of two tubercles on the front edge of
each side of the median line low down, the lower one (infraspiracular) directly over the base
of the legs, the larger of the two, it is broad and flat, bearing five small tubercles, but no setae.
The two hinder thoracic segments each with eight tubercles, those of the dorsal and supraspi-
racular series about twice as high as thick, square at the end, being more or less truncated, and
bearing six stump-like tubercles, which look like the base of a broken seta. (I am not sure
whether the setas are really broken off or wanting.) Those of the dorsal and subspiracular
series of the abdominal segments are not quite so large and high and are more conical than the
thoracic ones.

On the tergum of the eight abdominal segment are two separate dorsal tubercles; they are
slightly larger and higher than those on the abdominal segments in front and are square at the
end; they are quite wide apart; those of the ninth segment are of the same size, but much
farther apart.

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOL. 12.

FIRST MEMOIR.

Fig. 17. — Heniocki apollonia (Cramer). [Type of genus.] Cape of Good Hope (Layard); Museum of Com-
parative Zoology. (Dr. Packard has added a pencil note: "Very near Heniocha dyops.")

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 163

Suranal plate regularly triangular, the surface rather rough, the edges with minute conical
tubercles and two small ones, one on each side of the middle of the upper surface. Anal legs
large, triangular, and with scattered stiff setce arising from the surface. Skin smooth, with
scattered short microscopic stiff setas. Pale yellow (in formalin), with broad irregular dark
rich steel-blue bands, one on the two liinder thoracic segments, two on each abdominal one,
the two bands becoming confluent on the tergum. Prothoracic segment and tenth abdominal,
including the suranal plate and anal legs, steel-blue, thoracic and abdominal legs steel-blue.

Young larva, when 24 mm. in length (third stage?).

It is almost exactly in shape and style of coloration as described under the last stage, but
the tubercles are a little larger in proportion to the body than in the final stage.

In this stage the conical square-tipped tubercles on the main tubercles look like the stumps
of setae; they are either broken off or are not developed. It is a singular case of the total
reduction of the setag, showing that the genus Heniocha is a widely divergent member of the
Saturniinae.

Young larva in a succeeding stage, length 28 mm. ; the head is considerably larger than in
the previous stage, otherwise the caterpillar does not differ from that of the preceding stage.

This must be a very conspicuous larva. It is either probably poisonous or bad tasting,
its bright conspicuous colors being warning hues.

It can not be a Ceratocampid, since there are six tubercles on the eighth abdominal seg-
ment, the two tergal ones being widely separate on both the eighth and ninth segments. This
feature would indicate that from its larval characters Heniocha belongs with the Saturniinae.

[ERIOGYNA Jordan.]
[Eriogyna Jordan, Seitz, Macrolepidop. World, Division 1, p. 221.]

ERIOGYNA PYRETORUM (Westwood).
Plate XXXVIII, fig. 4; XCVIII, fig. 2.

[Geographical distribution. — "From the Amur to Hainau, Tonkin and north India" (Jordan).
Subspecies cognata Jordan in East China, and luctifera Jordan hi West China.]

LOEPA (Moore).
[Loepa Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. E. I. House, II (1859), p. 399.]

[Type L. katinka (Westw.).]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1895, recognized three species. Additions have since (1911-12)
been made by Jordan.

(1) L, katinka (Westw.).

ab. sikkima Moore. (Jordan now regards this as a valid species.)
subsp. megacore Jordan (Sumatra).

(2) L. miranda Moore.

(3) L. damartis Jordan. (Central and western China.)

(4) L. oberihuri (Leech).

(This has been referred to Saturnia.)
syn. dognini Sonth. ( ? ).

(5) L. anthera Jordan (Tonkin and Assam.).]

LOEPA KATINKA (Westwood).

Plate XXX, figs. 6, 7; XXXVIII, fig. 6; CV, figs. a-d.

[The larva of L. sikkima Moore is known. Cocoon dense, pointed at both ends. Food
plants, Cissus and Leea.]

164 MEMOIRS NATIONAL, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. xu,

COPAXA (Walker).1

[Copaxa Walker, Cat Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., V (1855), p. 1235.]
[Type according to Kirby, C. decrescens Walker.]

Notes on Copaxa trotschi Druce (Biol. Centr.-Amer.); fore wing very falcate; three lines,
basal widely dislocated; extradiscal straight, broad, dark, bent outward toward apex; & median
line, scalloped and ending on the ocellus, no such line in hind wing, but latter has a basal and
two distinct extradiscal lines. Ocelli more or less pear-shaped, being produced backwards,
i. e., toward the median vein, each with a pear-shaped clear space.

Is this a primitive or specialized genus ?

[Venation: Various species have III2_3 joined to end. C. disjuncta has III2 and III3

separate.]

COPAXA MDLTIFENESTRATA (H. -Schaff).

Plate XXX, fig. 5; XXXIX, fig. 1.

COPAXA CHAPATA (Westwood).

Plate XXXIX, fig. 2.

COPAXA DENDA Druce.

Plate XXXIX, fig. 3.

COPAXA DECRESCENS Walker.

Plate XXXIX, fig. 4.

COPAXA DISJUNCTA.

Plate XXXIX, fig. 5.

COPAXA CANELXA Walker.

Brazil; three <? , one 9 in Paris Museum. Fawn color; ocelli alike on each wing; three
bands on both wings; female antennae well pectinated. One male from Mexico is deep orange
red, with the ocelli on fore wing larger than on hind wing.

[COPAXA (?) LAVANDERA (Westwood).]
Plate CV, figs. e-f.

[At the Paris Museum Dr. Packard examined an example from Mexico (the species name
credited to Boisduval) and noted "Very near Saturnia."]

[SATURNIODES Jordan, 1911.

Based on S. medea (Saturnia medea Maass.) from Ecuador, of which Jordan describes three
subspecies from Peru, carina, charila, and miles; the last from an altitude of 12,000 feet. Dr.
Dyar adds to the genus 8. oclcendeni (Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVII, p. 411, 1906).
In the United States National Museum is a male of this genus from the mountains of Peru;
Dr. Dyar notes that it looks a good deal like Agapema.].

[OPODIPHTHERA Wallengren, 1859.2
Plate CXII, figs, a, b.

A genus of the Australian region. 0. astrophela (Walker, 1855) and 0. fervida Jordan,
1910, are from Australia. 0. papuana Rothschild, 1904, 0. albicera (Roth, and Jord., 1907),

1 [Copaxa maTona Schaus, of which I examined the typo in the U.S. National Museum, has fasciculate antennae, and can not belong to Copaxa.
It is a most singular species; a sort of purplish red, with dark lines crossing the wings, part of them on the veins, part modified transverse bands,
but all narrow and similar. No discal ocelli or spots. A chalky-white subapical mark on primaries.)

2l Wallengren's original description of Opodiphlhera (6fv. Kgl. Akad. for 1S5S, published 1S59), kindly supplied by Mr. Watson, is as follows:
" Antennas utriusquo sexus pennatas, maris latiores; pecten utrinque duplicatum, radiis tequalibus. Palpi brevissimi, hirsuti, articulis indi-
stinctis. Caput retractum, in thorace intrusum. Frons hirsuta, per medium perpendiculariter haud canaliculata. Thorax antice declivus, supra
depressus, dense vQlosus scapulis brevissimis. Abdomen villosum, crassum. Pedes usque as apicem tarsorum dense hirsuti, prassertim apud
marem. Villositas tibiarum et femorum longissima. Alarum forma fere ut in genere praecedente, sed apex anticarum nunquam falcatus, et alse-
magis tenues, pragsertim in feminafere subdiaphanos. Angulus anticusal. posticarum fere rotundatus. Costae alarum omninout in Saturnia, sed
cellula! in partes 3 per plicam furcatam divisae. Fam. Satumides. Species typica: O. varicolor n. sp., e Nova Hollandia." O. varicolor is a syno-
nym of O. astrophela.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 165

0. venusta Roth, and Jord., 1907, and 0. inversa Rothschild, 1896, are from New Guinea. Good
figures of three species are given in Nov. Zool., 1908, Plate IX. Jordan (1908) calls the genus
Opodiphthera, but Kirby writes Opodiphtera.]

TAGOROPSIS Felder.

Drexta Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XXXII, p. 373, 1865.
Tagoropsis Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lep., IV, Taf. 88, fig. 2, 1874.
Tagoropsis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 755, 1892.
Tagoropsis Sonthonnax, Annales Lab. d'Etudes de la Soie, X, p. 69, 1900.

Imago. — <? . Head moderately prominent ; front moderately wide, not much wider than
one of the eyes; vestiture moderately long, though not shaggy, the hairs in front nearly con-
cealing the small short feeble drooping palpi, which can only with difficulty be detected with
a lens. Antennae not very long, subplumose, with about 36 joints, those toward the base
shorter than broad, those toward the end about twice as long as thick; but a single pair of
pectinations to a joint; they are very long and slender, overlapping each other at the end;
the distal pectinations are atrophied and represented by minute scales. Body moderately
stout; the abdomen only reaching to the outer third of the hind wings.

Fore wings decidedly falcate ; costa straight on the basal two-thirds, toward the apex much
curved; the apex decidedly produced, though somewhat blunt at the tip; outer edge equal to
the inner in length, well excavated behind the apex; inner angle rounded.

Hind wings with the costa not very full; apex not much rounded; the outer edge moder-
ately full, the inner angle squarish.

Venation: Near that of Copaxa and Syntherata (S. insignis), but nearest to Caligula; from
the latter it differs; three branches of vein II are present and much as in C. helena, the origins
of veins III2 and III3 and of the anterior discal veins are all at the same point, vein III3 showing
no signs of detachment from its stalk, as it does in Caligula and Syntherata; the discocellulars
form a slightly incurved line; in the hind wings vein III2 is much less detached and the dis-
cocellulars form a decided oblique line, while the origin of II is nearer the middle of the discal
cell than in Syntherata.

Legs rather large and long, the tarsi well developed. Coloration: Ground shade bright
lemon-yellow, with reddish brown fine lines and a very small oval ocellus on the fore wings,
with a small narrow clear central space. Hind wings with no ocellus. The same markings on
the under side of wings of both pairs. This genus by its venation comes nearest to Caligula
japonica and especially C. helena, and is also closely allied to Copaxa and Syntherata.

Geographical distribution. — The species spread over western and especially southern Africa,

and thence to Delagoa Bay, Victoria Nyanza, and four species are reported as inhabiting

Madagascar.

TAGOROPSIS FLAVTNATA (Walker).

Plate XXX, fig. 4; XLI, fig. 2.

Drexta Jtavinata Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., XXXII, p. 373, 1865.

Tagoropsis natalensis Felder, Reise d. Novara, Zool., Th. Bd. II, Abth. 2, Tab. LXXXVIII, fig. 2, 1874.
Tagoropsis natalensis Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., IV, figs. 57 3 , 58 9 , 1881.
Tagoropsis fiavinata Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 755, 1892.
[This is the type of the genus, according to Kirby.]

Imago. — One <? , one 9 . Body and wings above and beneath clear lemon-yellow, the
female more ochreous. Head, front of collar and breast reddish pink, legs pink and yellow,
the longer hairs yellow.

Fore wings with an irregular zigzag basal brown line, broken and spreading widely on the
costa, and dislocated on the median vein. Costa reddish brown to base of the wing. An
eight-scalloped faint narrow extradiscal line nearly touching the ocellus ; a third narrow line passing
straight from the outer third of the inner edge to about the outer seventh of the costal edge,
being situated about halfway between the ocellus and outer edge. Ocellus small, oval, forming
a simple brown ring with a few scattered white scales inclosing a minute oval-lanceolate clear
or (on the left wing) white spot.

166 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF .SCIENCES. vol. xn,

Hind wings with a scalloped basal, and a faintly marked extradiscal line, while halfway
between the extradiscal line and the outer edge is a series of about five little obscure brown
spots which are larger and heavier in the female.

Under side as above, but the ocelli less distinct.

Expanse of the fore wings, 6* 80-85 mm.

Length of a fore wing, c? 45 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, s 25 mm.

Length of a lrind wing, o* 32 mm.

Breadth of a hind wing, $ 25 mm.

Discal spots of fore wings, 3 3 X 2 mm.
Geographical distribution. — Natal (J. Queckett) ; Zanzibar (collection of W. L. Abbott,
United States National Museum).

Larva. — Length 50-52 mm. Head rather small, smooth, unarmed, considerably narrower
than the pro thoracic segment, and of the same width as the prothoracic plate; pale chestnut
or reddish honey-yellow. Prothoracic plate armed with four tubercles, but the two c each
side of the median line are nearly fused at the base. From the inner or median tubercles arise
two, and from the outer four conical warts or tuberculets, giving rise to long slender setae, and
on the posterior edge of the plate are two minute setiferous tubercles, one on eacli side of the
median line. Over the surface of this plate, as well as the rest of the body, are scattered short
minute clavate setas. The prothoracic tubercles (one on each side of the body) of the supra-
spiracular series are distinct and bear seven conical setiferous secondary warts; those of the
infraspiracular series being situated directly over the base of the legs.

The dorsal thoracic and abdominal tubercles are large, high, and much alike. Those of
the second, tliird thoracic, and first to seventh abdominal segments are alike in size, height,
and shape; there are eight tubercles on each thoracic, and six on each abdominal segment.
Those of the three dorsal rows (supraspiracular and subdorsal) are nearly aUke in size, those of
the supraspiracular row a little smaller than those above. Of the submedian dorsal row (one
on each side of the median line) those on the second thoracic segment are fused together at the
base; those of the third thoracic segment are less so, a ridge connecting them; those of the
first abdominal segment are entirely separate. Each tubercle is stout, cylindrical, about tliree
times as long as thick and bearing four to five conical warts (one in the center), each of which
give rise to a long stout seta. The median abdominal tubercles differ from those of the thoracic
segments in the crown, being more oblique, less flat, and regular. On the abdominal segments
the infraspiracular tubercles are reduced, becoming small, low, flattened, and bearing from two
to four setiferous warts or tuberculets.

The median tubercle on eighth abdominal segment is about twice the size of those on each
side and is forked or divided nearly halfway down, showing the late fusion of the originally
two separate dorsal tubercles, which will probably in stage I be found to be entirely separate;
each fork is capped with three setiferous tubercles. On the ninth abdominal segment are four
dorsal tubercles (two supraspiracular), the two on each side fused at the base.

Suranal plate triangular, a little broader than long, the end conical, stout, solid; the surface
with a pair of low double-headed stout tubercles, with two simple and several smaller ones on
each side, while the edge is rough with setiferous tubercles, both coarse and fine. Anal legs of
moderate size, the lateral subtriangular thickened area with setiferous tubercles around the
edge; the setae long, bristlelike. Thoracic legs reddish honey-yellow; abdominal ones a little
paler, with a number of setiferous warts at the base.

The body is striped somewhat like a Datana larva from the first thoracic to the ninth
abdominal segment with coarse black-brown and pale yellowish green (in formalin) stripes. A
black median dorsal stripe, and also six on each side and underneath, except on the leg-bearing
segments; the dark stripes broken up into irregular spots along the base of the abdominal but
not of the thoracic legs; thus the black lines are more broken on the abdominal than on the
thoracic segments, the process of formation of spots beginning from behind forward, as in larvx
of other lepidopterous groups.

no. i. BOMB YCINE MOTHS OF NOETH AMEKICA— PACKARD. 167

This is a very conspicuous caterpillar; and like most of the African species of Bunaeinae,
those which are very spiny are also very showily ornamented, with black, black and white, or
red, or black and yellow, or red and brown marks. Like Vanessa larvae, being protected by
their spines, they are decked in bright, conspicuous colors.

The larva above described is from Natal, kindly loaned by Lieut. Col. J. M. Fawcett.

SYNTHERATA Maassen.

[Syntlierata Maassen, Beitr. Schmett., Ill (1873), figs. 42, 43.]

[S. weymeri Maassen is the type.]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, 1895, thus arranges the species:]

(1) S. janetta (White). [Australia.]

ab. melvilla (Westw.). [Melville I.]

ab. disjuncta (Walk.). Amboina and German New Guinea.

ab. weymeri (Maass.). [Australia.]

(2) S. godeffroyi Butler. [New Britain.]

(3) S. loepoides (Butler). Java, and Mount Kina Balu, northern Borneo.
[Sonthonnax (1900) has described a species from Madagascar as S. madagascariensis.]

SYNTHERATA INSIGNIS (Walker).

Plate XLI, fig. 3.

RHODIA Moore. [RHODINIA Staudinger, 1892.]

[Rhodia Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 578; nom. praeocc. (Bell, 1835).]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II (1895), p. 45, lists the species as follows:]

1. R. newara Moore. [Nepal.]

2. R.fugax Butler. [Japan.]

subsp. diana (Oberth.). [Manchuria.]

3. R. jankowskii (Oberth.). [Askold.]

4. R.davidi (Oberth.). [Thibet.]

[R. thespis, royi and olivacea are referred to Salassa.]

[Venation: R. newara (type of genus) has III! separate at end, III2 +3 fused. R.fugax
(both sexes) has III2 widely separated at end from III3.]

RHODIA FUGAX Butler.

Plate XXVIII, fig. 6; XXIX; XXX, figs. 1, 2; XL, figs. 2, 3; CII, figs. a-d.

Rhodia fugax Butler, Annals, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XX, p. 480, 1877. Illustrations of Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., II,

p. 17, PI. XXVI, fig. 1, 1878.
[Rhodinia fugax (Butler).]

" cf , allied to the Indian R. newara, but much smaller, the primaries less falcate; the trans-
verse bands darker, grayer, more dentated; the hyaline spots of primaries much larger, those
of secondaries much smaller, the rosy tints replaced by rusty reddish, which also suffuses the
greater part of the external area of the secondaries; antennae much darker. Expanse of wings
4 inches, 3-4 lines. Yokohama, Jonas." (Butler, Illustr.)

The eggs, received from Japan, were hatched April 27, and the larvae described on the 28th.
It feeds on the poplar and dwarf willow.

Larva. — Stage I: Length 6 mm. Head largo, wider than the body, with long scattered
hairs; brown-black with a transverse whitish patch on the clypeus-anterior, while the base of
the antennas is of the same color, so that across the front of the head extends a broken whitish
inconspicuous Line. The body, as usual in freshly hatched Saturnian larvae before the larva
has taken food, tapers to the end.

The dorsal tubercles are distinct, a little longer (or higher) than thick, those on the thoracic
segments larger than the abdominal ones; those on the prothoracic segment about half as large
as those on the second thoracic segment, which are very slightly larger and longer than those

168 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

on the third thoracic segment. The prothoracic dorsal tubercles each bear four curved setae,
while the second and third thoracic tubercles each carry six setae. The abdominal tubercles
are nearly as long as the thoracic ones, but much slenderer, and they are rather high, contract-
ing in diameter in the middle; they each bear two or three long curved black stiff bristles,
and two minute ones, the long ones being curved backwards, and before the larva has begun
to feed they are longer than the body is thick, so that it appears to be rather thickly clothed
with fine black bristles.

The single median dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is a third thicker than
the others in front, bearing three long black setae on each side.

The two dorsal tubercles on the ninth abdominal segment are quite large, larger than
those on abdominal segments 1-7. Two dorsal tubercles arise from near the middle on each
side of the suranal plate; they are only a third smaller than those on the ninth segment; around
the edge of the suranal plate arise long grayish stiff straight hairs, and the bristles on each
lateral tubercle are grayish and directed downward.

The body is dull straw-yellow on the sides and black above. The wide black dorsal band
is irregular in width, varying at the end of the stage.

It gives off on each side behind the middle a straight black rectangular line forming a
black half-ring extending down to near the spiracles; the hinder edge of each segment is black.
The color variations of the larva in this stage are marked; in the most extreme the entire upper
part of the body is black below the spiracles, the black pigment extending down from the main
mass to the infraspiracular tubercles, the under side only of the body being yellow. There is
low down on the side of the body a narrow worn somewhat broken black line, situated below
the infraspiracular tubercles. Spiracles small, inconspicuous, black. Thoracic legs black ; abdom-
ianl legs in general yellow, when freshly hatched black, the planta slightly purplish livid. In
this stage the larva is very pretty and interesting, but with the true Saturnian shape of body
and tubercles. They molted May 24 or 25.

Stage II: Length 12 mm.; toward end of stage 18 mm. Now very different from stage I.
The body is pale straw-yellow, and no black on it hi my examples (while one of those reared
by Mr. Joutel is black on the sides and on the first, third thoracic, and eighth abdominal seg-
ments, and he found that there are all stages from the wholly yellow to the dark form).

The head is smooth, pale-green, black behind the eyes, the black extending up toward
the back of the vertex; it is nearly as wide as the first thoracic segment, which is considerably
narrower than the two following. The tubercles are now more prominent and are green and
pale turquoise-blue. The four dorsal ones on the first thoracic segment are well developed
and higher than before, the two middle ones nearly a quarter larger than the outer ones, each
bearing six stiff straight black setae. The spiracular one is pale turquoise-blue, as all the others
of this series to the end of the body. The two dorsal tubercles on the second and third thoracic
segments considerably (about one-sixth) larger than those on the abdominal segments and
those on the third thoracic considerably larger than those on the second segment; they each
bear eight black stiff setae, seven on the crown with an eighth in the center; these are yellowish
at base, beyond turquoise-blue; in the examples I bred the tubercles on the second thoracic
segment were green. The setae on the thoracic tubercles are not more than a quarter larger
than the tubercle itself. All the dorsal abdominal tubercles are green (or yellowish green,
Joutel), bearing each four black stiff and straight setae, one of them being usually small; the
longest setae are about one-third longer than the tubercle itself. The dorso-median tubercle
on the eighth abdominal segment, unlike all the other abdominal ones, is turquoise-blue; it
is fully twice as thick as those on the seventh segment. It does not show its double origin
as there is a central seta, and one behind it on the median line, with three on each side of the
two ; they are not arranged on each side of the median fine.

On the side low down are two or three, minute black dots below each of the turquoise-
blue tubercles of the lowest series.

Suranal plate and its tubercles pale straw-yellow, concolorous with the rest of the body,
with a large black roundish spot in the center. In those reared by Mr. Joutel, the two tubercles
on this plate are turquoise-blue. Spiracles black, fairly conspicuous. Anal legs green, centered

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 169

on the outside by a rather large and conspicuous black spot; the midabdominal legs are green
or yellowish green ; thoracic legs black.

On June 2 the larva had become 18 mm. in length, otherwise it did not differ from its
appearance directly after hatching.

Mr. Joutel's figures illustrate the wide colorational differences exhibited in the same brood
of caterpillars. Some represent an entirely yellow individual, except the 11 turquoise
dorsal tubercles, and those of the infraspiracular row; and the black lateral line, which is wanting
in some of his specimens and mine. He found all variations between these and the very dark
larva. In the second stage of the larva the body and tubercles are black, with the exception
of the yellow dorsal portion of the second thoracic and abdominal segments 1-7, and the under
side of the bodjT, including the midabdominal legs. He tells me that other specimens have
as much black pigment on the body, but that the dorsal tubercles on the second and third
thoracic and eighth abdominal segments are as blue as in the light-colored caterpillars.

The larva I had in Providence molted for the second time about June 4 or 5.

Stage III : Length 20 mm. The head is now wholly pea-green. The two median pro-
thoracic, and the two dorsal tubercles on the third thoracic segment, and those of the lateral
row are turquoise-blue, but the two dorsal tubercles on the second thoracic segment are greenish.
The two third thoracic dorsal tubercles are thicker than those on the second thoracic segment,
and about twice as thick as those on the first abdominal segment. The medio-dorsal tubercle
on the eighth abdominal segment is much thicker than those near it. The proportionate size
of all the dorsal tubercles is as in the previous stage. Spiracles pale brown, not conspicuous.

The black dots low down below the lateral ridge are now nearly obsolete.

Anal legs with no external black spots, and entirely green. The thoracic legs green, with
a few black spots.

Mr. Joutel, who had more larvae under inspection than? I, says, "All the larvae are gradually
losing the black pigment; the dark ones have only the base of the dorsal tubercles on the third
thoracic and eighth abdominal segments black, with the tips blue; also the lower half of the
face is black."

It was found to have molted for the. third time June 23.

Stage IV: Length 23 mm. (when underfed)-42 mm. The body is now thicker at the third
thoracic segment, and in fact somewhat so throughout, while the tubercles are smaller, and
all but those on the back of the third thoracic and eighth abdominal segments are decidedly
reduced in size. The slcin is now covered with minute rounded warts or granulations. The head
and body are pale greenish straw-yellow (more yellow than green). The tubercles are of the
same hue as in stage III. The six tubercles on the front edge of the first thoracic segment are
turquoise-blue.

The two dorsal ones on the third thoracic segment are turquoise-blue. The medio-dorsal
one on the eighth abdominal segment, and the four on the side of the ninth segment are tur-
quoise-blue, but the two dorsal ones are yellowish, of the same hue as the skin. The lateral
series of tubercles are turquoise-blue, as before. On all the tubercles the setae are black, and
shorter than the tubercles themselves are high.

The two dorsal tubercles on the front edge of the first or prothoracic segment are as large
as those on the second thoracic segment, while those on the third thoracic segment are nearly
twice as high as thick, also slightly smaller than in stage III. Each bears six black setae, and an
odd seventh bristle in the center. The setae are not quite so long as the tubercles are thick.

The dorsal tubercles on abdominal segments 1-7 are now small, slender, scarcely half as
high as the two on the third thoracic segment, and evidently undergoing reduction ; each bears
three setae of unequal length, two of which are short, and one generally longer, though they
vary in length, the longest one being about as long as the tubercle is high. There are six setae
on the medio-dorsal tubercle of the eighth abdominal segment.

Suranal plate with a rather stout turquoise-blue tubercle on each side near the middle,
each bearing seven short black setae; end of the plate armed with five small setiferous tubercles,
and an irregular row of black setae on the edge of the anal legs.

170 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

The tubercles of the supraspiracular row are minute, yellowish, and not quite twice as long
as thick.

In the few reared by Mr. Joutel the larvae were all alike, no matter what their color was in
the previous stages.

Stage V, and last: Unfortunately my single larva died before assuming its final stage of
growth, and I shall have to depend on Mr. Joutel's drawing for the following description. Up
to this stage the caterpillar was in all its stages a remarkably striking and exquisitely beautiful
one, especially in stages III and IV, where the tubercles were of such a soft and delicate turquoise-
blue, contrasting so markedly with the yellow or green hues of the body.

Length, when at rest, head down, 63 mm.; when extended in the act of walking, 78 mm.
The body is now thick and fleshy, destitute of tubercles with the exception of the two rnedio-
dorsal ones on the third thoracic segment, and the medio-dorsal one on the eighth abdominal
segment, otherwise the body is entirely unarmed, with apparently no traces of the tubercles
present in the previous stages. The tubercles on the third thoracic segments are (united into
one), stout conical, nearly twice as high as thick at the base, and with a conspicuous dark spot
in front. When at rest, head down, this horn projects up in a very conspicuous way. The
posterior tubercle (medio-dorsal) is small, low, button-like, not conspicuous; on neither of the
tubercles are there any setae.

The body is now greenish yellow, with the sutures bathed with yellow. The lateral ridge
is also yellowish, and along this ridge is a series of small blackish spots, one to each thoracic and
abdominal segment, there being one on the side of the suranal plate. The head, all the legs,
both thoracic and abdominal legs, and the under side of the body are pea-green.

Such differences between the last and the preceding stages as are seen in this caterpillar
are very unusual. It is evident that the tubercles and bristles were undergoing reduction in
the fourth stage, but one was hardly prepared for the loss, without apparent vestiges, in the last
ecdysis, of all except the dorsal ones on two of the segments. The cause, if it could ever be
explained, would be most interesting.

This case reminds us of a member of the same family, Rothschildia betis, but in that form
all the tubercles are atrophied, and the change from the penultimate to the last is otherwise
probably slight. A more striking resemblance is that to the larva of Cercophana frauenfeldi of
Chili, of which there is a colored drawing in the British Museum. In this case the third thoracic
segment is prolonged into a long curved fleshy horn which projects over the head when the latter
is retracted. It has no tubercles, and a yellowish stripe extends from the tip of the horn along
the side of the body to the end of the acutely prolonged suranal plate.

Its resemblance to the last fourth stage of Aglia tau should also be noticed, though the latter
at its final molt discards every trace of the armature of its earlier stages. This larva has what
Poulton believes to be a terrifying spot on the side of the first abdominal segment. The question
arises whether the spot on the front of the thoracic tubercles of Rhodiafugax is of this psychologi-
cal nature, and also whether the dark patch on the front of the body under the horn of Cerco-
pTiana is deterrent to other animals. All three of these larvae have a conspicuous yellowish or
(on Aglia) reddish lateral stripe.

Sound produced by the larva. — Mr. Joutel informs me that this larva in its last stage ' ' makes
a squeaking noise by moving its head up and down on the prothorax."

RHODIA NEWARA Moore. [RHODINIA NEWARA].

PlateaXXX, fig. 3; XL, fig. 1; CII, fig. e.

RHODIA JANKOWSKH (Oberth.). [RHODINIA JANKOWSKH].

One 6* (Paris Museum). A remarkable form, with clear ochreous yellow [subcircular,
somewhat reniform] spaces on fore and hind wings; bands nearly obsolete.

[PARARHODIA n. n.]

[Eurhodia Rothschild 1905; nom praeocc. (D'Arch. Haime, 1853). New Guinea].

[Type, Pararhodia gyra (Eurhodia gyra Roths.)- also includes P. meeki (Eurhodia meeti Jordan, 1908).]

no. i. BOMB YCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 171

RINACA Walker.

[Rinaca Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI (1855), p. 1274.]
[Type, R. zuleilca (Hope).]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, 1895, thus classifies the species:]

(1) R. zuleika (Hope).

(2) R. thibeta (Westw.). [syn. extensa Butler.]

[Jordan (1911) has proposed the name R. zuleika subsp. writes for the common form at
Sikkim, generally called zuleika.]

[Geographical distribution. — Northern India; Thibet.]

RINACA EXTENSA Butler.

Plate XCVIII, fig. 1.

Rinaca extensa Butler, Illustrations Lep. Het., V, p. 61, PI. XCIV, fig. 2, 1881.
Rinaca extensa Kieby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 761].

Imago. — " o* . Near to R. thibeta, but considerably larger; the primaries more elongated and
considerably more falcated in form; the ocelli larger, that of the secondaries circular; the two
dark bands across the primaries darker, more regular, oblique, not incurved toward the costa;
the gray area beyond the zigzag discal lines of only two-thirds the width and less rosy in color;
the outer border darker; the subbasal band of the secondaries dark brown, strongly dentated
below the middle; the discal lines wider apart, the inner one paler, the outer one dark brown;
the discal belt considerably darker; the submarginal stripe olivaceous instead of gravel-yellow.

Expanse of wings 5 inches 9 lines.

' ' Darjiling (Lidderdale) .

"Mr. Moore possesses the female of this species, also from Darjiling; it differs from the
female of R. thibeta in the same way as the male does."

NEORIS Moore.

Plate CII, fig. f .
[Neoris Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3) I (1862), p. 321.]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II, 1895, recognizes a single species, which he considers the type
of the genus.]

(1) N. shaduUa Moore.

[However, N. huttoni Moore is the type of Neoris, as stated by Kirby. N. shadulla was
not described until 1872. Rothschild referred N. huttoni and N. jonasi to Satumia. More
recently Dr. K. Jordan has used Neoris as the proper generic name for huttoni, which is said to
have, in addition to the typical subspecies from northwest India, three other forms: (1) stoliz-
kana Fldr. (shahdulla Moore), from Ladak and Yarkand, at over 12,000 feet altitude; (2) galerope
Pung., from Persia; (3) schencki Stgr., from Saisan, Alexander Mountains, and Ferghana.]

CALIGULA Moore.1

[Caligula Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3) 1 (1862), p. 321.]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1895, p. 44, has listed the species as follows-.]

1. C. simla (Westw.). [Northern India.]

subsp. japonica Butler. [Japan.]

2. C. cachara Moore. [Cachar.]

1 [Jordan (in Seitz, 1911) uses Caligula in an entirely different sense for the following species:
C. thibeta Westw. Northwestern Himalayas.
C. extensa Butler. India.
C. boisduvalii Ersch. South of Lake Baikal.

subsp. fallax Jordan. Vladivostok, Askold, Ussuri to the Amur.

subsp. jonasi Butler. Japan.
C. lindia Moore. Himalayas.

subsp. bonita Jordan. Tibet.
C. bieli Oberth. Western China.
C. anna Moore. Northern India, souLhenx China.
C. grotei Moore. Northern India.]

172 MEMOIRS NATION AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

3. C. Jielena (White). [Australia, Tasmania.]

4. C. intermedia (Luc). [Gippsland, Brisbane.]

5. C. eucalypti (Scott). [Sydney, N. S. W.]

[Mr. J. H. Watson (litt. 1912) writes: "Caligula has its type thibeta (Moore)", a species not
included in the above list.]

[Venation: In the Asiatic C. simla and japonica (Dictyoploca Jordan), III lra, are all joined
to end. In the Australian C. Jielena, IIIj, III2, and III3 are all separate. The Australian
species are to be placed in a new genus Austrocaligula, type Austrocaligula helena (Saturnia
Jielena White, 1843).]

CALIGULA [DICTYOPLOCA] JAPONICA Moore.

Plates XXVIII, figs. 1*, 2-5; XL, fig. 4; XLII, figs. 1-4.

Caligula japonica Moore (pupa case), Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3) 1, p. 322, 1862. Technologist, No. 37, p. 7. imago

1862.
Caligula japonica Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XX, p. 479, 1877. Illustrations of Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., II,

p. 16, PI. XXVI, fig. 2, 1878.

9 . Differs from 9 Antheraea pernyi and yama-mai by the less acute fore wing, which is
less falcate, and the antennae with shorter feebler pectinations. No extradiscal broad band,
but instead two zigzag parallel faint brown lines. Ocelli on fore wing one half as large as in
yama-mai, the yellow center of ocellus of hind wing of yama-mai replaced by fawn brown. Its
primitive character is seen in the fine transverse lines, two near base, one extradiscal, in one of
the females passing through the ocellus, and two halfway between eye and edge of wing. The
lines less distinct beneath. Subapical black spot present. A white oblique streak on first
apical cell. Two females from Japan, Clark collection (Brown University).

A large number of the eggs of this species were received through the kindness of Prof. C.
Sasaki of the Agricultural College, Imperial University, at Tokio. They began to hatch March
31. Many of the eggs contained Pteromalid parasites in the pupa state; these emerged at the
same time as the larvae, and probably stung them, since they all died before completing their
transformations, though several molted five, and one six times.

It being too early for the natural food, which Prof. Sasaki informs me is the chestnut
(though the buds were given them), they ate sparingly at first of willow buds, and afterwards
the leaves, so that after stage II the larvae were apparently undersized, and the measurements
here given will probably not apply to those raised in the air in their native country.

Egg. — Cylindrical, more so than usual; each end obtuse and well rounded; the shell is of
a peculiar dull whitish-gray hue, irregularly mottled with blackish. The surface is seen under
a strong lens to be finely pitted. Length 2 mm. ; diameter 1 mm. The hole eaten by the larva
for its exit is situated at the extreme end.

Larva. — Stage I: Length when hatched 5-6 mm.; width of head 1.01 mm. The head is
nearly as wide as the body, jet black. The larva is of the usual Saturnian type, and appears
much as in that of Telea and Tropaea; the body cylindrical, rather thick, though a little slenderer
than in Telea, etc., and with two separate dorsal tubercles; and is armed with large tubercles,
which give rise to radiating dark setae. The tubercles are black like the body.

On March 31 all were black, but on the next day (Apr. 1) in three examples the tubercles
were livid white, as also the midabdominal legs; while the hairs on the back from the dorsal
and supraspiracular tubercles are black, those on the side of the body are pale. Yet these
individuals had not freshly hatched, as there were no egg shells in the box with them.

The tubercles and their size relative to the body much as in other Attacine larvae in their
first stage; they are high, well developed. Those of the tergum of the prothoracic segment
are minute, arising from a pale plate or area, and are about a fifth to a quarter as large as those
on the segments behind. On thoracic segments 2 and 3 and on the abdominal segments all
the tubercles of the two dorsal rows are a little higher than thick, giving rise to eight to nine
dark radiating unequal hairs, one or two of which are longer, sometimes nearly twice as long
as the others; they are on the average about one-half as long as the body is thick. They are

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 173

minutely barbed, the barbs being short. The two dorsal tubercles on the eighth abdominal
segment are no higher than those in front, all being of uniform height. There are hairs on the
supraspiracular tubercles.

At the end of this stage (Apr. 16-17) the larvae became 8-12 mm. in length, though the
head is no larger than at first.

The body is livid brown-black, but paler on the imder side, almost glaucous-green, with
a yellowish tinge, so that the lateral or pleural fleshy ridge becomes a faint greenish-yellow line.
The tubercles are jet-black, and the hairs black, with gray ones intermixed.

Other examples before molting have a pale dull whitish band extending across the labral
region of the head, and a lateral row of livid pale whitish spots.

Stage II: Molted April 16-17. Length of body 11-12 mm., width of head 1 mm., about
twice as great as before. Directly after molting the head, legs, and tubercles are all white.
The lateral broken line or series of pale greenish-yellow lateral linear spots is much more distinct
than before, being now conspicuous, while the body is dull livid blackish. Now there are
scattered over the body long white hairs, and similar ones form the central one or two setae, in each
tubercle; they are about one-third as long as the whole body, but in the lateral or infraspiracular
row of tubercles all the radiating hairs are long and whitish. The white hairs are most abundant
on the prothoracic plate and head. The short hairs on the body are still black. Under side
of the body livid.

Stage III: Molted the second time May 1. Length 24 mm.; head larger, width 2.5 mm.

The most decided change is in the prothoracic hairs and those on the sides of the body,
which are straw-yellow, while the anal legs are edged with straw-yellow. The longest dorsal
hairs are about a quarter to a third as long as the entire body. The body is still rather long
and slender, and much more hairy than in the larva of Antheraea. The tubercles are still more
prominent, black, the ends and the tuberculets livid. The hairs are long, not stiff, but a little
crinkled, and they partially conceal the tubercles. The latter are still all of the same size.

Stage IV: Third molt occurred May 17-20.

Length of body 22 mm. ; width of head 3 mm.

There is now a decided change in coloration and markings. The head is nearly as wide
as the body, black, the clypeus-anterior white; lab rum yellowish; the head armed with long
uneven yellow hairs.

The body is still only moderately thick, and is long and slender, not at all like Antheraea
in shape; the segments are not convex, but flat, and of the same thickness to the end of the body,
but the anal legs arc large and triangular.

The tubercles are larger and more prominent than before, and very conspicuous, as they
are white or yellowish white. The prothoracic plate bears long hairs, and on this segment there
are no decided dorsal tubercles, the vestiges being low and flattened, while the lateral ones are
fairly prominent and black.

The second and third dorsal thoracic tubercles are no larger than the abdominal ones;
those of the third thoracic segment a little larger, however, than those on the second thoracic
segment; and those on the sixth abdominal segment a little larger than those on the seventh
and eighth segments (one on the sixth is larger than its mate).

The two dorsal tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment are separate, like the others,
and show no signs of coalescence; they are slightly larger than those on the ninth segment,
which are also separate.

Each dorsal tubercle gives rise to about four radiating stout, sharp, slightly dusky sets,
while from the center rises a very long yellow hair, or more often two or three, usually three
such hairs; the skin between the tubercles bears on the top and sides of the body long fine white
hairs. The longest yellow hairs are about one-third longer than the body is thick. The area
around the base of the tubercles is white, due to crowded flattened snow-white warts, which
are crowded around the base of the tubercles and scatterred between so that the dorsal region
is white, though interrupted; the sides of the body are black, inclosing the dull livid spiracles.

174 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

The oval flattened tubercles are scattered along just above the pleural swollen yellow line and
beneath on the under side, where they become straw-yellow. The tubercles of the ninth abdom-
inal segment bear setae which are mostly black or dark. The tubercles of the supraspiracular
row are prominent, but small, pale, and bear eight to nine short pale setae, with a very long
yellow one (sometimes two) arising from the center. Those of the infraspiracular row are about
twice as large as those of the supraspiracular series, and bear about nine seta? arising from
prominent warts, while the setae assume the shape of long uneven yellow hairs.

The thoracic legs are black; the mid-abdominal ones pale greenish-yellow -with the plantae
reddish; anal legs large, broad, triangular, black, spotted in the center with yellow and with
yellow hairs around the edge, but none arising from the central portion. Suranal plate broad,
triangular, a little shorter than broad, roundish at the end, with setiferous white warts, the
hairs around the edges yellow ; two groups of seven to eight setae, one on each side near the edge,
arising from distinct warts; each group, representing a primitive tubercle, is situated a little
nearer the base of the plate than the end.

The setae on the supraspiracular tubercles of the eighth abdominal segment are also dark.

In this stage it is a rather conspicuous larva and a very beautiful one.

Stage V: It molted again June 3. It is now a most beautiful larva.

Length of body 35-40 mm. Width of the head 4-4£ mm.

Head nearly as wide as the prothoracic segment, greenish straw-yellow, spotted with
brown, the sides brown; a V-shaped dark line in front, each side of the clypeus being black.

The body of a beautiful tint of pearly greenish-white; the top of the body being broad
uniformly flattened, the sutures between the segments being shallow. The tubercles are
distinct, but of uniform size, and about as high as thick, bearing seven rather stiff setae, one
rising from the center; the setae of the lateral tubercles are twice as long as the dorsal ones.
Behind the tuberdes each segment is crossed by two transverse impressed lines. On the ninth
abdominal segment a few of the radiating seta? are blackish or entirely black.

The body is very hairy for a Saturnian, being clothed with long pale whitish-yellow uneven
hairs, the longest nearly twice as long as the body is thick ; those on the side of the body bright
straw-yellow. The lateral ridge and the tubercles of the two lateral rows are straw-yellow.
Around the base of each infraspiracular tubercle is a reddish ring.

The spiracles are large, conspicuous, of a rich delicate turquoise-blue. Around each
spiracle are several irregular small linear black spots and streaks, which are directed more or
less upward and broken up into dots. The thoracic segments are black on the sides low down
and on the under side. The separate warts on the sides of the body and on the outer sides of
the midabdominal legs are rather large.

The suranal plate is rounded, as in the earlier stages, and with the anal legs spotted with
black, and clothed with short curly pale yellow hairs.

Thoracic legs brownish; midabdominal legs yellow ochre, like the under side of the body,
but above the planta greenish-yellow.

Stage VI: It molted for the fifth time June 12-13.

Length of body 40 mm. ; width of the head 4^-5 mm.

The head is now entirely black, except the base of the labrum. The sides of the body (what
before was straw-yellow) are now all black, this tint extending far above the blue spiracles. The
upper edge of this black region is irregularly dotted with white; the under side of the body is
also black.

The top and middle of the prothoracic plate is white, divided into two halves by the median
line. The dorsal or upper side of all the segments to the end of the eighth abdominal segment is
cream-white. The tubercles are also greenish- white ; each bear six to seven long setae and one
or two central ones, which are greenish and as long as the body is thick.

The suranal plate and anal legs greenish-yellow, with black dots and streaks. Thoracic
legs chestnut brown: midabdominal legs dark green with dark plantae. Mr. Joutel tells me
that some of his larvae had an extra stage.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 175

CALIGULA SIMLA (Westwood).

Plates XLI, fig. 1; XCVIII, fig. 3.

CALIGULA [AUSTROCALIGULA] HELENA (White).

Plate XL, fig. 5.

GRAELLSIA Grote.

Satumia Graeixs, Annales Soc. Ent. France, PI. 8, 1850.

Attacus Rambur, Cat. Syst. Lep. Andalousie, p. 378, 1858.

Saturnia Milliere, Annale Soc. Linneenne Lyon. (Nouv. SeV.), XVIII, p. 1, 1872.

Actios Maassen and Weymer, Beitr. Schmett., Ill, figs. 40, 41, 1873.

Tropaea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 765, 1892.

Graellsia Grote, Die Saturniiden, Mitth. a. d. Roemer Museum, VI, p. 26 (no descr.), 1836.

Imago. — <? , <? ■ Head moderately wide between the eyes, the front being covered by long
irregular hair-like scales; <s antenna? very broad, pectinated to the tip, the joints unusually
long; those of 9 primitive in structure, the distal pectinations less than one-half as long as
the proximal ones, the branches ending in a few scattered setae toward the end and at tip.
Palpi small, not visible, being concealed by the hairs of the front; they are depressed, and are
more vestigial than in Actias.

Fore wings equilaterally triangular, not falcate, the outer edge a little longer than the
inner, and only between one-fourth and one-fifth shorter than the costal edge. Hind wings in
S with a short narrow pointed tail, less than one-half as long as the entire wing and also shorter
than the wing is wide; in 5 the tail forms only a broad angle or projection turned outward,
and less than half as long as tail of <? . The wings are thin, the squamation being comparatively
sparse.

Venation: In fore wing vein IIt and II2 wanting. (For other details see PL XLIII, figs.
3, 4.) The discal cell short, spur of vein VIt being the vestige of vein VHj is longer than in any
of the group Actianae or any Saturniid known to us.

Hind wings; S vein III3 and IVX arise very near together, in Actias they are far apart at
their origin; the discal cell is short, the discal veins being situated at or only just beyond the
middle of the wing.

Markings: Discal spots or ocelli all four alike and extending to the veins on each side of the
discal area; they are round, those of the fore wings free, not connected by a band with the costal
band; the distal veins pass through the middle, and on the outer side is a crescentic irregular
clear space, the outer edge not being well defined. The rings of the ocellus are not continuous
except the outer black one, the others are discontinuous; the middle semicircle blue inside,
and represented on the outside of the discal veins by a much broader yellow semicircle. Three
submarginal dark brown bands on the fore wings, two on the hind wings ; no definite intradiscal
lines. The costal band is lilac reddish, and the veins are widened in appearance by red scales,
producing a very unusual effect. The wings are thin, not densely scaled, and of a delicate
pea-green, but with more reddish brown than in the other genera. The body is clothed with
loose wooly hairs, those on the thorax with scattered tufts of ochreous hairs. Abdomen reddish-
brown, banded with pale ochreous fawn.

That the imago is a primitive ancestral form is strongly indicated by the very long vestige
of vein VII (and part of the lack of veins Hj and II2), by the short tails, especially those of
the $ , the free ocelli of the fore wing, and especially by the Samia-like reddish body and the
whitish ochreous bands of the abdomen, as well as the loose irregular squamation.

The great disparity in shape and markings between the sexes only affects the hind wings
with their tails and the antennas.

Larva. — In its generic characters the larva differs remarkably from those of the other
genera of the group. The shape of the body is very primitive, mucli as in the Noctudiae and in
Perisomena caecigena, the body tapering toward each end, and being round and cylindrical.
It is not ornamented with tubercles bearing spines, but the tubercles are low, flattened, button-

176 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

like, of nearly if not quite the same size on all the segments, and bear a few rather long fine
hairs, those of the second thoracic and eighth abdominal tubercles being a little longer than the
others. This is only a slight indication of a process of differentiation which is so marked in
the more specialized genera. The number of tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment is
apparently six, the same number as in Saturnia and allied genera. The lateral tubercles are
small and are drawn in the figure as bearing but a single hair.

Cocoon. — Pear-shaped ; with no stalk.

Pupa. — Of moderate thickness, the abdomen ending in several short and black points.

GRAELLSIA ISABELLA (Graells).

Plate XLIII, figs. 3, 4; LXXIII, figs. 3, 4; XCVII.

Saturnia isabellx Graells, Annales Soc. Ent. France, PL 8, 1850.
Attacus isabellx Rambur, Cat. Syst. Lep. Andalousie, p. 378, 1858.

GffiARD, Metamorphoses Ins., p. 263, figs. 211 et 212.
Saturnia isabellx Milliere, Icon. et. Descr. Chenilles et Lep., Annales Soc. Linn. Lyon. (Nouv. Se>.), XVIII, p. 1, 1872.
Actias isabellx Maassen and Weymer, Beitrages Schemtt., Ill, figs. 40, 41; 1873.
Tropaea isabellx Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 765, 1892.
Graellsia isabellx Grote, Die Saturniiden, Mitth. Roemer Museum, VI, p. 26, 1896.

LARVA.

Girard, Metamorphoses Ins., p. 263, figs. 211, 212.

Milliere, Icon, et Descr. Chenilles et Lep., Annales Soc. Linn. Lyon (Nouv. S6r), XVIII, p. 1, 1872.

[Chapman, Entom. Record, 1902, p. 126.]

Moth. — One a* , one 9 . (Others seen.) Body brown madder-red, abdomen striped or
banded with pale ochreous fawn. Wings delicate pea-green ; veins widened by madder. Discal
ocelli with an outer black ring, and on the inside of the discal veins a wide pale steel-blue semi-
circle, within red-pink and outside of the vein a broad yellow semicircle. No intra and extra
discal lines, but three submarginal brown lines, of which the inner is about one-half as wide as
the middle one. Edge of wings all around madder red-brown. Beneath exactly as above,
including the ocelli, though the blue is less distinct.

Expanse of fore wings, c? 80; 9 82 mm.

Length of fore wing, o* 44; 9 45 mm.; length of hind wings <? 52 mm., of 9 37 mm.

There is a slight variation in the size of the ocelli, those of the 9 not reaching the median
vein.

Larva. — It is described by Milliere as cylindrical, the body being provided with button-
like tubercles bearing brown hairs which are longest on the second thoracic and eighth abdominal
segments. He does not refer to the number of tubercles on this segment.

The markings are interesting as being protective like those of other larvae which feed on
the pine, such as those of the sphingid moth EUerna and certain Noctuidae. The ground color of
the body is apple green. The dorsal band and the cross-bands are reddish, while the two series
of lateral square white spots give it the checkered appearance seen in other caterpillars which
live among pine leaves. There is a wide reddish brown dorsal band edged with whitish on
each side. Abdominal segments 1-S transversely faintly banded with reddish brown, each
band or circle on each side being regularly divided by two diagonal yellowish-white spots.
Over the body is scattered numerous yellowish-white spots. The anal legs are of the same
shape as the other abdominal ones.

Cocoon. — Pear-shaped, without a stalk, spun among the needles, varying in color from
reddish brown to whitish blonde.

Pupa. — Moderately thick, oval, with the last segment ending in several short, black points.

Food plant. — Pinus maritima.

Geographical distribution. — This interesting form is restricted to a single small area or locality
on the heights around Madrid, Spain. [Sierra de Guadarrama, north and east of Madrid.]
The fact of its being limited to such a circumscribed spot in southern Europe, as well as its prim-

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 177

itive character, suggests that it is a survival possibly of rniocene tertiary times, and that it
once ranged over at least the whole Eurasian continent and possibly north Africa, and may
have been the stem or ancestral form from which the group of green-tailed Attaci originated.
[Mr. J. H. Watson writes (litt. April 30, 1912): "I have 4 3 and 3 9 £. isalellse from
Spain, alive. I shall photograph these on a spray of Pinus maritima which I have growing in
the garden. The green-brown outlined nervures exactly harmonize with the pine needles. It
is as though two eyes were looking at you through them."]

ARGEMA Wallengren.

Argema Wallengren, (Efv. Vet. Akad. Forh., XV, p. 140, 1858.
Angas Wallengren, Vet. Akad. Handl. (2), V, (4), p. 24, 1865.
Argema Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 766, 1892.

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II (1895), p. 47, lists the species thus:]

1. A. mimosse Boisduval. [Type of genus according to Kirby.]

2. A. mittrei (Guerin).

3. A. msenas (Doubleday), of which A. leto (Doubleday) is the male.

4. A. ignescens Moore. [Genus Sonthonnaxia Watson.]

Imago. — Front of head moderately broad; the scmamation close. Antennae of o* broadly
pectinated, but with the tip nearly filiform; the joints short. In 9 well pectinated, but the
pectinations only about half as long as in s ; the distal pectinations but a little more than one-
half and less than two-thirds as long as the proximal ones, and with a few scattered setae at
or near the tip.

Palpi small, depressed, nearly reaching the front. Tongue not visible.

Fore wings broadly triangular, outer edge one-fourth shorter than the costa, the latter
inclined to be much curved towards the apex, which is sharp; outer edge straight or a little
falcate; outer edges of both wings either entire or slightly scalloped. Hind wings with extremely
long tails, the latter being twice as long as the main portion of the whig, the edges along the mid-
dle are turned or rolled up, and the end widens out oar-like or like a scalloped paddle; the tail
is either decidedly contracted in width (A. mimosse and leto) or slightly so in msenas.

Venation: Fore wings, veins IIj and II2 are present in A. mimosse, but in leto and msenas
IIj is wanting. Vein II2 is remarkably short. Vein II arises near the end of I. The discal
cell is very short. Hind wings; origin of IV2 remote from discal vein; the distance from the
origin of IVj is twice as great as that between the origins of IIL and TV ,.

Markings: Ocelli of varying shape, being perhaps most generalized or primitive in A.
mittrei; they are in this species round, and on the fore wings free from the costal band, not
being stalked; and those of both fore and hind wings are similar in shape and size; in the two
more specialized species, A. leto and msenas, those of the fore wings are crescentic and are fused
with the costal band. Two lines on the fore wings, retained so to speak from Graellsia or a related
extinct form, beyond the ocellus are present, and are better developed than in Actias, where
they tend to disappear. The moths are of great size, on the whole comprising the largest species
of the group.

Thus far the transformations of these magnificent moths are unknown.

Geographical distribution. — Of the five species known three are confined to the oriental
region of the Arctogseic realm, one to the eastern coast region of Africa (Ethiopian region),
and a single species to the Malagasy region.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

4. Ocellus of fore wings crescentic; extradiscal line and basal line, no submarginal lines, or the heavy broad bands

of A. leto; tails broad .4. msenas [?].

3. Ocellusof fore wing crescentic; two submarginal lines, both heavy and extending to the costa. ..A. leto [msenas <?].
2. Ocellus of fore wing round ovate, connected by a stalk with costal band; two submarginal lines, the outer broad

and extending only half way across the wing A. mimosse

1. All four ocelli large, round, those of fore wings either free or stalked; two scalloped slender, submargina.

lines A. mitlreil

83570°— 14 12

178 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

ARGEMA MITTREI (Guerin).

Bomhyx mittrei Guerin, Revue Zool., p. 230, 1847.

Aclias eometes Guer., Vinson, Voy. Madag., Lep., p. 46, t. 7, 1864.

Actios eometes Maassen Beitrage Schmett., 1, fig. 9, 1869.

Tropsea madagascariensis Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 336, 1873.

Actios idx Felder, Reiae d. Novara, Lep., IV, Tab. LXXXVIII, fig. 1, 1874.

[Argema mittrei Kirby], Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 767, 1892.

Argema mittrei Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett, IV, fig. 65, 1881.

[Geographical distribution. — Madagascar.]

Imago. — (Paris Museum.) With three well-marked reddish-brown bands; ocelli large,
round, and on fore wings connected with costa.

ARGEMA MIMOSA (Boisduval).

Plate LXXIII, fig. 5.

Saturnia campionea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1845, Journ. Proc, XCVII [no description].

Saturnia mimosx Boisduval, Deleg., Voy. Afr. Austr., II, p. 600, 1847.

Saturnia mimosx Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 47, No. 11, 1849.

Saturnia mimosx Angas, Kaffirs Illustr., t. 30, fig. 18, 1849.

Tropxamimosx Waiker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1261, No. 3, 1855.

Actias mimosx Maassen, Weymer, and Weydlng, Beitrage Schmett, III, figs. 35, 36, 1873.

Argema mimosx Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 766, 1892.

One o" , one 9 . Fore wings decidedly falcate, wings of both pairs yellowish green. Costa
of fore wings much curved, apex sharp, outer edge slightly scalloped. Costal gray, madder or
wine-red band unusually broad and spreading behind vein II at base of wing and also toward
the apex. Ocellus round, slightly ovate, the transverse diameter greater than the longitudinal,
the clear space a very narrow oval area or slit situated on the outer side of the discal vein, and
about one-third as long as the entire ocellus. An outer dark-brown ring, wide on the inner side,
very narrow on the outer, succeeded by a steel-blue narrow semicircle, followed by a dull reddish
orange-ochre semicircle, the outer edge of which is ochreous brown ; the innermost ring is fawn
brown, wide, and inclosing the clear area, and paler beyond than within the discal veins. On
the outer side between this and the outer ring the outer hemisphere of the ocellus is filled with
a delicate greenish yellow. The discal veins are unequally developed, the anterior one is thick,
ending before reaching the middle of the discal cell, while the hinder vein is very narrow, almost
obsolete. Extradiscal line situated near the ocellus, not continuous but broken, represented
by spots on the veins, being obsolete in the interspaces. A second parallel line beyond, obsolete
on the front half of the wing, but widening towards the hinder edge, and becoming several
times as thick as the extradiscal line. Edge of the wing scalloped with red brown; fringe
reddish brown; no submarginal line.

Hind wings ending in very long narrow tails, longer than the rest of basal portion of the
wing; the tails are very narrow in the middle and widen at the end; grizzly red-brown on the
basal half, this shade extending up along the outer edge of the wing. Discal spot situated
unusually near the outer edge of the wing, rounder than that of the fore wing, the inner brown
circle smaller, but the clear area slightly wider. No bands on the hind wings except faint traces
of an oblique one at the base of the tail.

Beneath, the venular spots are larger than above. Ocelli as above, but faded.
Body whitish, a lateral short broad brown band on each side of the abdomen. Side of
the head, legs, and palpi deep claret-red, legs white on the inside of the femora.

Expanse of forewings, 6" 108 mm.

Length of forewing, 6" 58 mm.

Breadth of wing measured across ocellus, 6* 31 mm.

Length of hind wing, 6* 100 mm.; to base of tail, 46 mm.; tail, 54.

Breadth across ocellus, <? 32 mm.

Ocellus of forewing 6 J by 5; of hind wing, 5£ by 6* mm.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 179

The 9 differs from the $ in the forewings being wider, though the ocellus and lines are
the same. Both wings, however, are more distinctly scalloped, especially the hind wings.
Ocellus of forewings measures 6 by 7 mm. The hind wings are shorter, the tail being much
shorter, and flaring more at the end. The ocelli of the hind wings (8£ by 7 mm.) are larger
than in the S , more oval or elongated, and the brown center is about twice as large, though
the clear space is of about the same size; the orange-brown (Mars orange) semicircle is. how-
ever, wider, more pronounced than hi the other sex.

On the underside the outer semicircle of the ocellus of the forewing is Mars brown instead
of yellowish ochre, and the ocelli of both pairs of wings are larger than in the c? .
Length of forewing, 9 60 mm.
Breadth of forewing, 9 34 mm.
Length of hind wing, 94 mm. ; of tail, 46 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 35 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Natal; Abyssinia.

Cocoon. — (Paris Museum.) Dense, oval, with no stalk. Surface on outside somewhat
rough. Close dense, bright, shining silvery white, with a zone of roundish openings in two
alternating row's in front near the end. It is quite regularly oval, each end nearly alike. It is
not stalked, and is spun as a leaf. Length, 45 mm; diameter, 20 mm.

The natives of Natal make anklets of the cocoons. According to Dr. L. 0. Howard, they
"collect the cocoons after the moth has issued, put one or more small stones into each cocoon,
and sew them onto a broad strip of monkey skin, side by side, so as to cover the surface of the
skin. They are sewn to the raw side of the hide, the fur being on the opposite side. The ank-
lets received [from Mr. Claude Fuller, Government entomologist of Natal] are 10 inches long
by 4 inches wide and are attached to the strips by means of thongs of the same hide. The
cocoons are tough and dry, and the stones within them rattle in a most delightful way. * * *
The use of these ankle rattles has become quite general in Natal since the introduction of the
rickshaw from China and India. The rickshaw bearers wear the anklets very generally, and
their rattle on the streets is almost as familiar as sleigh bells in a New England town in winter."

(Sci. American, 1900.)

ARGEMA [SONTHONNAXIA] MANEAS Doubleday.

Plate L, fig. 8; XCVI.

Actios maenas Dotjbleday, amn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 95, PI. VII, fig. 1, 1847.
Actios maenas Westwood, Cabinet Oriental Ent., p. 45, t. 22, 1S48.
Tropaea maenas Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., p. 1253, No. 3, 1855.
Actios maenas Maassen and Weymer, Beitrago Schmett., II, figs. 25, 26, 1872.
Argema maenas Butler, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1 p. 767, 1S92.

One 9 . The largest species of the genus. In my single 9 , the original type of Double-
day, now entirely faded out, the lorewings are broad, the costa quite convex, the outer edge
of wings of both pairs distinctly scalloped. The tails are unusually broad, being twice as wide
in proportion as in the other species, and widening but little toward the end.

It will be seen by reference to the figures of the venation that each species differs struc-
turally as well as in shape and coloration. In the present species, compared with A. mimosae,
the discal cell is noticeably shorter, broader, and rounder at the outer end, the discal veins are
very thick and curve outward; as in A. leto, there is no vein II2; on the hind wings the ocellus
is nearer the middle of the wing, and there are other minor differences. The ocellus of the fore-
wings is situated beyond the discal veins and is crescentic, somewhat asini. leto.

Doubleday describes the moth as greenish yellow, with the costa ferruginous sprinkled
with cinereous, with a basal and an extradiscal flexuous line. The ocellus nearly black inter-
nally, marked with a delicate white line. That of the hind wings being a small lunule divided
by a white line resting on a faint cloud, darkest on the inner side.

Expanse of forewings, 200 mm.

180 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

Length of forewing, 94 mm.; breadth across the discal spot (ocellus), 54 mm.
Length of hind wing, 165 mm.; to base of tail, 62 mm.; tail, 103 mm.; width of tail at nar-
rowest point, 9 mm.

Geograpldcal distribution. — Silhet .

[Rothschild and Jordan (1901) have described a form as A. moenas latona.]

ARGEMA LETO Doubleday [=male of A. maenas].

Plate XLIII, fig. 2; XCVI, fig. a.

Satumia leto Doubleday, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, V, p. li., PI. 15, 1848.

Tropaea leto Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mud., VI, p. 1263, No. 6, 1855.

Actios leto Maassen, Beitrage Sehmett., 1, fig. 10, 1S69.

Actios diana Maassen, Wetmer and Weyding, Beitrage Sehmett., 11, fig. 12, 1872.

Actios leto Maassen, Weymer and Weyding, Beitrage Sehmett., V, figs. 106, 107, 1855.

Actios leto Preiss, Abbild, Nachtachmett., p. 5, 6, fig. 1, 1S88.

Actios leto Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 767, 1892.

Imago. — One o" . Head as in A. mimosse, in front as wide as and much as in A. mimosse,
forewings, costa rather more curved, the hind edge of the wing straight, not so full and convex
as in A. mimosse, the outer edge less convex, straight. The costal band is limited to the costal
edge, not spreading backward over vein II. Ocellus crescentic or sickle-shaped, one horn
resting directly on the costal band; it is about three times as long as broad, the convexity
facing inward, dull orange red-brown edged externally with darker red-brown, then a blue
semicircle inclosed in a dark tan-brown semicircle; no clear space. Wings lemon yellow; fore-
wings yellow at the base, beyond is a very broad, dull "brown-pink" band reaching to the
grizzly brown costal band and inclosing a triangular post-costal yellow spot. Extradiscal line
brown-pink, rather sharply zigzag, coarse, and heavy, succeeded beyond by a broad zigzag
concolorous band, which is very wide on the costal edge, and reaches to the apex, becoming
very wide on the hinder angle of the wing, reaching to the outer edge from vein IV backward.
There is no vein TH\. The discal veins are nearly straight and very slender. Hind wings with a
remarkably long tail, twice as long as the rest of the wing, very narrow in the middle, and
spreading out in a spatulate way at the end; basal three-fourths brown. Outer margin of the
wing lilac pink-brown; and the base pink-brown, extending back to the base of the tail. Ocel-
lus round, small, with a dark outer semicircle in front.

Beneath are three lines, one within and the two others beyond the ocellus; they are nar-
rower than above. Base of wings of both pairs lemon-yellow, as well as the rest of the wings.

Expanse of forewings, 160 mm.

Length of forewings, 73 mm. ; breadth, 40 mm.

Length of hind wings, 140 mm; to base of tail, 50 mm.

Length of tail, 90 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 32 mm.

Width of tail at narrowest part, 3 mm.

Ocellus of forewing above, 10 by 4h mm.; beneath, 4 by 2£ mm.

Ocellus of hind wing above, 5 by 5$ mm.; beneath, 4 by 3 J mm.
Geographical distribution. — Restricted to the oriental region. Eastern India (Swinhoe)
Silhet (Doubleday); Java (Maassen). Specimens from Java do not appear to present impor-
tant differences from the Indian ones, the lines only varying in distinctness and width.

ARGEMA [EUANDREA] DUBERNARDI ^Obertoiir).

[Tropaea dubernardi Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1897, pp. 131, 174.]
Tropaea dubernardi Joannis, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1898, p. 326.

This is allied to but very different from A. ignescens Moore, the Javanese form or race of
A. leto. It differs very much from A. msenas. The ocellus of the forewing is connected with

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 181

the costa. The forewings are very narrow and the apex rather sharp, while the apex of the
hind wing is much rounded. The tails are very long, nearly three times as long as the wing
itself. There is no trace of an ocellus on the hind wings. The outer margin of the forewings
for a quarter of an inch is dull orange-red, as is the outer edge of the hinder pair. The tails are
entirely dull orange-reci, except the ends, which are green.

Geographical distribution. — W. China. [Type of Genus Euandrea Watson.]

ARGEMA BESANTI Rebel.

[Argema besanti Rebel, Verh. Ges. Wien., 1895, p. 69.]

This species is congeneric with A. mimosx. The example in the British Museum is from
a point 150 miles northeast of Mombasa, East Africa. It is a singidar, small species, expanding
2f to 3 inches. Fore wings short, triangular; ocellus not connected with the costa, but a broad
tooth or projection extends toward it from the costa. Ocellus of hind wings small, venetian-
red in the middle, an outer brown ring, no vitreous line or spot. A broad lilac-brown extradiscal
band, edged broadly witliin with white, winch crosses the discal veins. The extradiscal band
on the hind wings is faintly marked. The tails are expanded at the ends, mostly lilac brown,
and green at the end.

ACTIAS Leach.
Actios Leach, Zool. Misc., II, p. 25, 1815.
Tropaea Hubner, in part, Verzeichniss, 152, 1816 (1822?)

(selene is mentioned by Hubner after luna.)
Plectropteron Hutton, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 60, 1846.
Tropaea Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1262, 1264, 1855.
Actios Maassek and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., II, fig. 16, 1872.
Actios Preiss, Abbildungen Nachschmett., p. 6, t. 6, fig. 2, 1888.
Actios Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 766, 1892.

Imago. — Head as in Argema, the front of the same width and smooth; S antennae not so
suddenly subfiliforrn at tip as in Argema; with short joints; pectinations long. In 9 A. artemis
the antemial joints are very long, in their middle the distal pectinations are about one-half
as long as the proximal, becoming gradually shorter toward the tip; the pectinations are clavate,
with four to six setae near and at the end. Labial palpi rather large, distinct, 3(?) jointed,
broad, the third joint not distinct, longer than in Tropaea. Maxillae separate, but distinct, tliick,
not quite reaching to the middle of the palpi, those of artemis not quite so long as in T. luna.
In A. selene the palpi are well developed, broad, curved up and nearly reach the front of the
head, and the third joint is just visible; [the palpi] conceal the tongue unless depressed.

Fore wings longer, outer edge longer, a little more pointed at the apex and the costa is
inclined to be more curved than in Argema and much more so than in Tropaea; outer edge long,
not scalloped, and the wing tends to be more falcate, though this is not a generic character.

Hind wings with much shorter and broader tails than in Argema and Tropaea, and the tip
of the tail is not so wide, or scarcely so, than the middle.

Venation: This genus differs from Argema in the longer discal cell and in the longer stalks
of veins IIIj, III2. In the hind wings the distance between the origins of III3 and IV is twice
that between TVt and IV2, being just the reverse of what obtains in Argema.

From Tropaea it differs in the discal cell of the fore wings being longer; in the subcostal
area being narrower, though it varies in this respect, that of selene being narrow, and that of
artemis wide, more as in Tropaea. The discal veins are remote from the origin of the vein IIL. ;
vein VII tends to be longer than in Tropaea, indicating in selene a more primitive origin for the
genus, though in A. artemis it is shorter. In the hind wings the discal area is also longer than
in Tropaea, and the ocellus is much nearer the outer edge of the wing, while the three veins of
the tail originate much farther from the discal veins.

Markings: Discal spots of moderate size {selene) or small {artemis), those of the fore wings
free from the costal edge, having no stalk.

182 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

[Dr. Packard, without comment, has copied Rothschild's remark (Nov. Zool., 11 (1895),
p. 47): "I can find no character to separate Tropaea from Actias." He has also copied Roths-
child's list of the species, as follows (I add a subspecies more recently described)]:

1. A. isabellse, (Graells).1 [Spain.]

2. A. sinensis (Walker). [China.]

3. A. luna (L.). [Genus Tropaea. American.]

ab. azteca (Pack.),
ab. rossi (Ross).
■ subsp. dictynna (Walker).

4. A. selene (Hubner).

subsp. ningpoana (Felder). [China.]

ab. maasseni (Kirby).
subsp. artemis (Brem.). [Amur.]
ab. gnoma (Butler). [Japan.]
ab. dulcinea (Butler). [Japan.]
ab. aliena (Butler),
[subsp. caUandra Jordan 1911. Andamans.]
[Dr. Packard examined Maassen and Weymer's account of Kirby's maasseni from China
(a 9 ), and reached the conclusion that it was a true Tropaea, with venation as in luna, differing
from luna in markings and shorter tails only. "A brown band connects ocellus with brown-red
costa as in luna, but there is a distinct straight extradiscal brown band," and tails are only
about half as long.]

ACTIAS SELENE Macleay. [Hubner.]

Plate XVII, fig. 2; L, figs. 6, 7; XCV.

Attaeus luna Cramer, Papillons Exot., 1, p. 51, t. 31, Figs. A, B. 1775.

Tropaea selene Hubner, Sanimlung Exot. Schmett., 1, 1806?

Actias selene Macleay, Leach, Zool. Miscellany II, p. 25, pi. 70, 1815 (Macleay).

Tropaea selene Hubner, Verzeichniss bek. Schmett., p. 152, 1816.

Plectropteron dianse Hutton, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 60; 1846 (no descr.); Trans. Ent. Soc. London.,

V, p. 45, 1847.
Plectropteron selene Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 85, 1848.
Actias selene var. ningpoana Felder, Wiener Ent. Monstschrift, VI, p. 34, 1862.
Tropaea selene Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1262, No. 4, 1855.
Actias selene Hutton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 5, 1856.
Actias aslarte Maassen and Weymer, Beitrage Schmett., II, fig. 16, 1872.
Actias selene Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, p. 123, 1883.
Actias selene Preiss, Abbild. Nachtschmett., p. 6, t. 6, fig. 2, 1888.
Actias selene Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 766, 1892.
[Actios selene Watson, Wild Silk Moths of the World, 1912, PI. II. Colored figures of selene from Assam and subsp.

caUandra from Andaman Is.]

LAEVA.

Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, V, PI. V, 1848. Full fed larva. Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. East India House, p. 400, PI.
XIX, figs. 1, 3 (stage IV), 3a, (last stage), 1858-59.

Imago. — Three o* , three 9 . Head wbite, thorax and abdomen wliite, a transverse pro-
thoracic pink madder-red band connecting the costal edges of the fore wings; sides of the front
of the head narrowly edged with pink-red. Palpi rather slender, reaching nearly to the front,
red.

Fore wings acute, decidedly falcate, the costa much curved toward the apex; the outer
edge distinctly incurved. Body and wings pale soft pea-green, tinged with yellow; fringe
yellow and ends of the tails yellow. A faint greenish brown basal fine which is not visible
beneath; it is straight in its course and is rather far from the insertion of the wing. Two sub-
marginal fines, the inner (extradiscal) being broader and more distinct than the outer. The
extradiscal is present on the hind wing, but is bent at right angles at base of the tail.

1 [This is now generally known as Oraellsia isabellse, and is so described above. \

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 183

The four ocelli much alike, oval round in the fore wings (those of the Indian form are
swollen a little externally), the central clear area mostly situated on the outside of the discal
veins, very narrow oval. On the inside of the ocellus is an outer separated by [from ?] an inner
narrower shorter black semicircle by a slender blue semicircle; the inner black semicircle is
edged within with pink-red. A yellow innermost line next to the clear area. On the outside
is a hemispherical soft salmon-colored area, bounded externally by a broad straw-yellow ring
(dimensions 6 by 6.5 mm.). Those of the liind wing are as in the fore wings but larger and with
the outer edge bent, i. e., a little sinuous (breadth 6.5 by length 7.5 mm.). On the underside
of the wings the ocelli of the anterior pah are rounder than above, very slightly smaller, and
less distinctly marked. Those of the hind wings are also less distinct, being slightly faded.
The tails pink in the middle, the pink shade extending backward and forward along the outer
edge of the tail. Legs pink-red.

Expanse of fore wings, 157 mm.

Length of fore wing, 73 mm. (a small <? 63).

Breadth of fore wing (through ocellus), 39 mm.

Length of hind wing, 95 mm. (a small S 76 mm); length to base of tail 50. Length
of tail, 45 mm (small <? 32 mm) ; breadth 9 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 36 mm.
In two small 9 from northern China, and a large one presumably from China, the fore wings
are not falcate, and the outer edge of the wings is convex rather than concave. The large 9 is
intermediate in the shape of the ocelli between normal A. selene and the Chinese subspecies
ningpoana (Hongkong, Felder), as suppose this Chinese form to be.

This form is pure green, with no yellow tinge; the fore wings are broad, but the costa is
much curved. It differs also in the inner side of the ocellus of the fore wings being rounder,
more convex or swollen, and with more red next to the clear space; those of the hind wings
being perfectly round (orbicular). The outer edge is neither angular or sinuous; there is no
pink at base of tail which is green throughout, the fringe being white. (Is this a truly local
Chinese form, or a seasonal form ?) The following measurements were taken from this individual :

Expanse of fore wings, 1S5 mm. (7£ mches.)

Length of fore wings, 91 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 53 mm.

Length of hind wing, 120 mm. ; length to base of tad, 68 mm. ; of tad, 52 mm. ; oreadth,
11 mm.

Dhnensions of ocedi of fore wings, 7 by 8 mm. ; of hind wings, 7 by 7 mm.
The oceUi are not so wide as the discal cells, i. e., they do not extend so as to touch either
vein III3 or IV.

In the small 9 from North China, an old bleached example, but white, the ocelli are round,
and instead of the red on the outer side of the discal veins the scales are, in both wings, all
yellow.

On the under side is a distinct sinuous narrow thread-like dark submarginal line (probably
also present in the Indian form) common to both wings. The pink semicircle is much wider
and more distinct than above, and the soft pale straw yellow of the large 9 is here white and
fades into the general white tone of the wing. The ocelli of the fore wings are not swelled out
on the inside as in the large 9 .

Expanse of fore wings, 100 mm.

Length of fore wing, 50 mm.

Breadth of fore wings, 25 mm.

Length of hind wing, 66 mm.; to base of tail, 34 mm.; of tail, 32 mm.

Ocelli of fore wings, 3J by 3J mm.

Ocelli of hind wing, 4 by 4 mm.
Geographical distribution. — The localities on the labels in the British Museum are: For
China, Hongkong, Ningpo and Kiukiang (about lat. 29t° and long. 116°). Those for India and
Thibet are Nepal, Sdhet, Ceylon. It does not appear to occur on the lowlands of India, but is

184 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

restricted to the mountains of Nepal, Silhet, the Himalayas, at elevations of about 5,000 feet and
upward. Hutton state that "This species, I believe, is confined to the hills from 5,000 feet
upward to 7,000 feet, and perhaps higher; it also occurs in Silhet." (Horsfield and Moore's Cat.
Lep. Insects of Museum East India House, 11, p. 404.) In the Paris Museum are examples
of A. selene from India, Java (one very large), Silhet, Macao, and northern China. In China it
ranges from the tropical coast to Shanghai and westward to the interior, and also in Yunnan.

Climatic races. — My notes made while examining the specimens in the British Museum are
as follows :

The males from Ceylon, India, and Thibet appear to have more pointed fore Avings than
those from China.

Three small males from Thibet are smaller and have more acute fore wings than three males
from China (Kwei-chow or Kui-cb.au, on the Yang-tze-Kiang River, about 800 miles west of
Shanghai. In one of the males the hind wings are more pointed at the apex than the two others ;
they have the basal line. The ocelli are a little smaller. In these examples from Thibet and
in a pair ( c? and 9 ) from Omei-Shan, elevation of 3,500 feet,1 the ocelli are smaller and less
black on the inner edge than in those from Ceylon. Also three males from Kanagra, Thibet,
have sharp apices of the fore wings. In one S from Kanagra the ocelli of the hind wings show
some aberration, being excavated on the outer edge; the same variation was noticed in a pair
( c? and 9 ) from Mussooree, Himalaya Mountains.

It would appear from these facts that the Chinese form, ningpoana (Felder), is probably a
climatic race, with slight though constant differences from the Indian and Tibetan form selene
given by Cramer in 1775, who states that his examples came from the coast of Coromandel
and also from Ceylon. The name selene was Hiibner's. Hiibner gives no locality, while the
plate has no number and no text.

[A later penciled note gives the result of examination of ningpoana at the Paris Museum,
as follows:]

Fore wings with two parallel faint slightly wavy dark lines, and one on hind wings; ocellus
disconnected from costa; male fore wings pointed, female much less so.

Larva of A. selene. — From a blown specimen in British Museum. [Length about 78 mm.]
Shape as in Moore and Horsfield's figure; head rounded, chestnut brown with a few long hairs
in front; body cylindrical, segments as in T. luna, deeply incised, angular; prothoracic segment
small, narrow, no tubercles, but in place of each of two dorsal ones are four slender spines, dark,
arising from green conical bases, and a pink spine on each side low down, giving rise to two hairs.
A pair of large dorsal tubercles on second and third thoracic segments, of the same size, green
at base, then a black ring (red in Moore's drawing) and end orange-yellow, giving rise to five
or six sharp slender spines, and two to three hairs, and a third or fourth very long hair, about
three times as long as the tubercles. Two rows of lateral orange-red small rounded tubercles,
one above and one below spiracular line on third thoracic segment. Abdominal segments 1 to 7
with a pair of orange-red similar tubercles, those of the lateral rows much smaller, those of the
supraspiracular row about half as large as those of infraspiracular row. The single dorsal
[tubercle] on eighth abdominal segment large, high, all green, and bearing four to five sharp
small spines like those on thoracic segments and also giving rise to five long unequal hairs.
Spiracles orange-red, with whitish lips. Lateral line orange-red above and yellow beneath.
Anal legs brown along end or plantula (whitish edge of brown portion seen in Moore's figure,
not seen in blown specimen); long black hairs arise from all and body has scattered shorter
hairs.

Cocoon. — Oval, alike at each end, 1 J inches long and f inch thick; no stalk. [The cocoon of
A. selene is reddish, but A. callandra (A. selene caUandra Jordan) has the silk pure white; both
have been figured by Watson, Wild Silk Moths of the World.]

1 As we understand it, Omei-Shan is a mountain 11,100 feet high, situated east of Thibet in China, north ot Yunnan, in lat. 29" and long. 102J°,
near Kia-ting, and on the head waters of the Yang-tze-Kiang River. [Watson has described a subspecies omcishaTia.]

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 185

ACTIAS ARTEMIS (Bremer).

Plate XLIII, fig. 1; L, fig. 5.

Saturnia artemis Bremer and Gray, Beitrage Schmett fauna Noerd. China's, p. 76, 1853.

Tropaea artemis Bremer, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Petersburg, III, p. 566, 1861; Lep. Ost. Sibiriens (Mem. Acad. Imp.

Sc. St. Petersburg, VII e Ser., T. VIII, No. 1), p. 44; PI. II, fig. G J, 7 ?, 1864.
Tropaea artemis Motschulsky, Etudes Ent., 1, p. 64, n. 28, 1862.
Tropaea artemis var. gnoma Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. HiBt., (4) XX, p. 480, 1877; Illustr. Lep. Het. Br. Mua., II,

p. 17, t. 25, fig. 1, 1878.
Tropaea artemis var. dulcinea Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 14, 1881.
Tropaea artemis var. aliena Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat., (5) IV, p. 355, 1879.
[Tropaea] artemis C. Oberthur, Etudes d'Entomologie, V, p. 39, 1880.
[Tropaea] artemis Kjrby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 765, 1892.

Imago. — One 6* , four 9 • Body of the same color as in J., selene. Palpi of the shape of
those of A. selene; as well developed, being fully as large and long, projecting a little beyond the
lower edge of the front. The tongue (the maxilla? being separate) extends slightly beyond the
lower edge of the front, and as long as the lower edge of the front is wide. Maxillary palpi
visible, darker red than the labial palpi, about one-third as long as the latter, and situated
directly above them. Head behind the base of the antennae red, but each side of the front is
white. Apex of the fore wings not so acute as in A. selene.

Wings whitish pea green; the squamation very thin. No traces of a basal line; a single
yellowish olive-green or brownish narrow faint line crosses both wings, in a straight course on
the fore -wings, but on the hinder pair the line is curved outwards opposite the ocellus; the line
is, on the fore wings, situated half way between the ocellus and the outer edge of the wing, and
in the hind wings nearer the outer edge. The costal band of the fore wings is redcUsh-madder
but white on the extreme edge on the basal two-thirds of the wing. Ocellus of the S fore wing
narrow oval, of the same width as the discal cell, with a central narrow oval clear space; on the
inside of this clear space yellow, succeeded by a very narrow pale-blue semicircle, and an outer
narrow black semicircle; on the outer side of the central clear space, i. e., the discal veins, the
ocellus is edged externally with greenish yellow. In 9 the ocellus is smaller, not extending to
either side of the discal cell; it is broader oval, and the blue semicircle is more distinct.

Ocelli of the hind wings large, round; a short, inner black semicircle and the black ring
of which it forms a part interrupted at the origin of the discal veins, otherwise the colors are
as in the ocelli of the fore wing. On the underside of the wings the ocelli are distinct, but a little
duller in hue. They are white on the outer side, while in A. selene there is a pink-red semicircle
edged externally with white, and there is more black brown on the inside of the ocelli of the
fore wings. Fringe short, yellow, ochreous, or varying to white. Legs claret red. The tail of
the 9 is about one-half as long as that of the 3 , broad at the base and sharp at the end which
is directed outwards; it varies in width and length.

Expanse of fore wing, s 110 mm.; 9 120 mm.

Length of fore wing, S 55 mm. ; 9 60 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, o* 32 mm. ; 9 39 mm.

Length of hind wing, S 70 mm.; 9 66 mm.

Length to base of tail, S 45 mm.; 9 56 mm.

Length of tail, <3 30 mm.; 9 10 mm.

Breadth of tail, S 5 mm.
This species, though plainly congeneric with A. selene, differs remarkably from that species
in the shorter broader fore wings and the very short tails; the difference between the sexes as
regards these appendages being very marked. Although all authors have apparently unhes-
itatingly referred this species to Tropaea, we have seen that in the venation and also the head
characters it is undoubtedly an Actios; moreover, the ocelli are not stalked as they are in
Tropaea.

186 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

After an examination of the types of gnoma, aliena, and dulcinea of Mr. Butler in the British
Museum, I am disposed to consider them as synonyms of artemis. Whether they are examples
of local forms or races, or seasonal forms, or simply individual variations remains to be seen.
[Dr. K. Jordan recognizes three subspecies: (1) artemis proper, from Amurland and Askold,
with an ab. caeca Stgr., without ocelli; (2) aliena Butler, from Yezzo and the Main Island of
Japan; (3) xenia Jordan, from Okinawa, Liu-kiu Island. Jordan gives the name ab. flavicollis
to a specimen in which the wine-red color of the costal margin, collar, and legs is replaced by
pale yellow.]

The tail of the 9 artemis is variable in length and width. The extradiscal line is more or
less distinct; in some S s and 9 s obsolete. There is a single line on the hind wings; in one 9
are to be seen faint traces of a submarginal line.

In Butler's type of dulcinea there are no lines; the fringe is pale yellowish. Maassen also
asserts, to quote Mr. Butler, that dulcinea is no tiling else than T. artemis (p. 15). In his type
of gnoma the fringe is white. Of his type of aliena, there are in the British Museum three s
and one 9 . I was unable to perceive any notable differences between these and the examples
of normal artemis {gnoma). In one 9 the extradiscal Line is much nearer the outer edge than
in the others. The tails of the d are longer and the lines are heavier than in any artemis.
The ocelli are a little larger and shghtly rounder, but the coloration is the same. The fringe of
the outer edge is yellow. The 9 s are the same as 9 artemis, the ocelh being of the same size
and shape, and the shape and length of the tail are the same.

Geographical distribution. — Pekin, China; Bureja Mountains (Bremer); Yokohama, Japan
(Swinhoe); Tokio, Yokohama, Nikko (British Museum), Island of Askold, Siberia, near Vladi-
vostock (Oberthur). Apparently ranges over northern China, Japan, and probably extends
into Manchuria and southeastern Siberia.

"Tropaea dulcinea. S . Form of T. gnoma, excepting that the primaries are rather more
elongated; most nearly allied to T. artemis, but differing hi the absence of the white costal
margin to the primaries, of the plum-colored band at the back of the head, and of the band on
the under surface of the wings; the front wings are also decidedly longer; wings pale green,
white at the base, and with white internal fringes; fringe of outer margin pale stramineous;
ocelh small, oval, stramineous, with slender linear transparent pupil, and bounded internally
by a white-edged black-curved litura; primaries with plum-colored costal border; body white,
back of collar plum-colored; antennas testaceous; expanse of wings, 5 inches 3 lines. Male,
Tokei (Fenton)." [Dr. K. Jordan makes dulcinea a synonym of gnoma, which he considers a
valid subspecies of A. selene. Staudinger's mandschurica is a link between gnoma and ning-
poana, as it is now restricted by Jordan. It comes from the Amur and Ussuri districts.]

3 Tropaea gnoma. "Allied to T. artemis, but smaller, of a bluer green; the veins brown
instead of white; the fringe whitish, and the tails of the secondaries much narrower, longer,
and more divergent. Expanse, 3 inches 9 lines. Yokohama (Jonas)." On comparing my
o* specimen with Butler's figure, the veins are partly brown, and the fringe partly whitish; the
tails are slightly longer and narrower than in Butler's figure. The discal spots are more distinct;
they are represented by Butler as being very faint, with no dark semicirclar hne, or any decided
yellow, but he says nothing of these spots.

"Tropaea aliena, n. sp. (No. 323). 3 . Wings above pale yellowish green,1 white at the
base and along the abdominal border of secondaries; the usual small oval ocelh closing the
discoidal cells; a shghtly sinuous yellowish olivaceous discal stripe from costa of primaries to
abdominal margin of secondaries; fringe pale sandy yellow; primaries with a. second, irregular,
oblique, subbasal, yellowish olivaceous stripe; costal border sordid plum color, densely irrorated
in front with white scales, and bounded behind by a black stripe; body white; the head, collar,
margins of the thorax, and abdomen shghtly yellowish; a broad belt of dark plum color across
the pro thorax and tegulae; antennae bright testaceous: hind margin of eyes red. Wings

i Probably emerald green when fresh from the chrysalis, as there are traces of this color on the undersides of the wings.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 187

below with an undulated discal line in place of the sinuous stripe of the upper surface; body
below sordid white, palpi and legs rosy. Expanse of wings, 5 inches, 10 lines."

Mr. Butler remarks that this species most nearly agrees with the Mexican T. dictynna, but
differs in the lack of the stalk of the ocellus of the fore wings, etc. But as we have seen, dictynna,
even if a local race of T. luna, differs generically from Tropaea [Actias], and naturally enough
Linnaeus confounded these two forms, which do not appear to be separate.

ACTUS SINENSIS Walker.

Tropaea sinensis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1264, No. 7, 1855.
Actias sinensis Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 766, 1892.

Imago. — Two <$ . The following notes were made during an examination of Walker's
types in the British Museum: It is a very distinct species, the ocellus of the fore wings being
connected by a broad triangular brown stalk with the brown costa. It also has a regular deeply
sinuous brown line common to both pairs of wings, situated half way between the ocellus and
the outer edge of the wing.

The ocellus on the fore wing is large and centered with pink brown. The wings are much
more ochreous yellow than usual. The inner line is distinct. A broad interrupted submarginal
brownish band on the fore wings, which on the hind wings is nearer the outer edge; joining it
at the base of the tail, which is purplish brown at the base and toward the middle.

Expanse of wings about 4 inches; Walker says 48 lines.

Geographical distribution. — Kiukiang, China, north of Thibet. Leech collection.

This is the only Asiatic species in which the ocellus of the fore wing is connected with the

costa by a stalk.

ACTIAS FELICIS Oberthur.

Saturnia (Tropaea) felicis Oberthitr, Etudes d'entomologie, livr., XX, p. 67, PI. IX, fig. 61, 1896.

This very interesting Chinese species is, so to speak, a tailed artemis. Judging by the
excellent figure, the fore wings are short and broad, the apex very obtuse; the outer edge full
and convex; while the small ocelli are remote from the costa and not stalked. The hind wings
are prolonged into a tail, which is considerably wider at the base than near the rather acute tip,
and is a little more than half as long as the main portion of the wing. The ocelli are consider-
ably larger than in the fore wings. There is an extradiscal scalloped dusky line common to
both wings. Compared with the o" artemis the tails are considerably longer, but similarly
pointed at the tip; the outer edge of the fore wings is much fuller, more convex. The ocelli
of the fore wings are a little rounder, and those of the hind wings less so than in artemis.

Length of fore wing, 45 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 25 nun.

Length of hind whig, 65 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 23 mm.

Length of tail, 30 mm.
Oberthur describes it as pale sea green, with the costa and collar violet brown; fringe yel-
lowish ; a grayish extradiscal line ; ocelli a little elongated and -with a black internal crescent and a
central hyaline part surrounded by a rose-white nappy pad.
Geographical distribution. — -Siao-Loft.

Another unnamed species inhabits Leon-Fang, China. The tails of the <? are very long
and roseate; the wings are green with the edge broadly washed with rose color; the body is lemon
yellow, with the collar violet gray ; the costa of the fore wings violaceous, scattered over with white
scales. There is no white part between the collar and the head. A ? from the same country,
but hi which the edge of the whig is not roseate; only the very long tails are rosy hi the middle
and yellowish at the end.

188 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

TROPAEA Hiibner.
[Tropaea Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. (1822?), p. 152.]

[Tropaea] luna differs [from Actias] in the shorter, broader, wings; antennae pectinated to
tip; palpi shorter; front with large scales; fore wing with outer edge only slightly longer than
inner ; tails inclined to be longer than in Actias; lines faint. [From some notes which were never

completed.]

TROPAEA LUNA i Linne).

Plate XV; XVI; XVII, fig. 1; L, figs, 3, 4; LXV, figs. 1 {luna), 2 (azteca), 3 (didynna); LXXIV, fig. 3.
[Bombyx luna Linne, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, I (1758), p. 496.]

Imago. — Eight c? , eight ? . Head and body white or pale yellowish ; at the base of the
antenna and on the extreme side of the head pink-red-brown. A continuous costal deep reddish-
brown or lilac band on the fore wings passing across the front of the thorax, behind the white
collar. Fore wings somewhat falcate, varying a little in this respect; uniformly delicate pale
pea green, varying to pale yellowish or white. Very faint traces of an extradiscal line parallel
with the outer margin, which in most cases (in 7 out of 12) is wanting. This line is divided
into about seven long slight scallops, one in each cell.

Ocellus connected by an oblique brown stalk with the reddish brown costal band; this stalk
follows the common stalk of veins II3 and II4, arising from the main vein II, and is about as
long as the ocellus is wide. (In two ? it fails to reach the ocellus, ending at the origin of veins
II3 and II4; sometimes it grows slightly wider toward the ocellus, but more frequently narrows
toward the ocellus.) It is brown at base; the black extension of the black inner edge of the ocellus
extends forward to the base of vein II4; the pink ring of the ocellus unites and sends a pink-red
dash into the middle of the stalk, while a shorter line arises from the yellow ring of the ocellus.
The ocellus itself is rounded oval, and, as in all others of the group (Actiasiae), it extends from
vein II to IV (cubitus); it is constant in size and coloration; the vitreous center is narrow oval,
varying in width, but at the most not more than three times as long as wide, and situated on the
distal side of the discal vein, which is not visible; it is edged externally with white. A narrow
pink-red ring, which is narrower externally than on the inside, which is situated next to the vit-
reous area. Beyond on the outer side is a broad yellow semicircle which extends forward along
the outside of the distal end of the stalk to the origin of vein II3, and this semicircle is edged
externally with either white or brown, the latter edging containing on the outside a few white
scales. The inside half of the ocellus is formed of four bands; next to the innermost red band is
a yellow one, then a very narrow steel blue curved line situated within the limits of the rather
wide black semicircle. (In all the group the discal vein is on the inside of the vitreous spot.)
T. luna has the most specialized ocellus in the group when we add also the stalk.

Ocellus of the kind wing larger than that of the fore wings and nearly perfectly orbicular;
the vitreous area slightly larger than in the fore wings; the white and yellow semicircles much
wider than in the fore wings; the outer linear black line is more distinct, also edged externally
with whitish scales; the inner side as in the fore wings, but the black portion is wider.

The hind wings are invariably scalloped (not so in Graellsia isabellse and Tropaea selene,
though in some examples they are). The tails are wide, of the same width throughout, not being
contracted in width in the middle, and the tip is well rounded.

Fore and hind wings of exactly the same delicate pea green. The outer edge of the fore
wings is pink red (winter form), this hue extending from the II2 cell to the second IV cell, the
red border being narrowly edged with yellow scales; apical region straw yellow. In some exam-
ples the yellow scales of the fringe are wanting. In others (summer form) the border and fringe
is yellow. Hind wings yellow at the apex, pink red from vein II4 to base of the "tail." The
latter is concolorous with the wing, with no tendency to pink or brown (as is seen in Tropaea and
Argema). In both wings there is a faint delicate turquoise-green shade on the edge of the wings.

Under side of the wings considerably paler than above; ocelli much less distinct, the stalk
obsolete; there is no yellow semicircle on the outside, the yellow being replaced by white scales.
The costal region of the fore wings is white, the extreme edge pink red or all pale pink.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 189

Legs of a rich reddish brown ; the hair-like scales on the outside white. Abdomen and thorax
white, in some specimens tinged with yellow.

Expanse of the fore wings, c? 81-12S mm.; length of wing, S 42-60 mm.

Expanse of the fore wings, 9 80-140 mm.; length of wing, 9 41-65 mm.
Mr. W. L. W. Field informs me of the very interesting fact that directly after emergence
examples of T. luna reared in Milton, Mass., as soon as the wings are expanded after emergence
from the pupa have at first distinct extradiscal lines, which disappear within an hour. The
phylogenetical bearings of this phenomenon will be noted in another place.

Variations. — Besides the ordinary or normal pale pea-green color, others are whitish.1 One
9 from Louisiana is whitish green with wide and deep pink borders; one <? from Florida has a
reddish border, which, however, is much paler and narrower than in the Louisiana example.
Of six specimens bred by Mr. II. L. Clark in Rhode Island, two are whitish green in hue and four
are yellowish green. There seems to be a tendency in the New England individuals to have
yellow borders, and to be paler throughout; Maine ones are paler than more southern ones.
Specimens raised in Texas in 1870 differ from New England examples by the broad reddish pink
border of both wings, by the larger ocelli, while the markings are more distinct, the ocelli of the
fore wings being more distinct, especially on the outer edge. These notes were written during
an examination of the collection in the Cambridge Museum.

Seasonal dimorphism. — As is well known, some individuals have a reddish and others yellow
edges and fringes to the wings. Mr. L. H. Joutel has explained to me the cause of this, i. e., that
the pinkish-red bordered individuals are the winter form, and the yellow-edged ones the summer
form. This of course applies only to regions where T. luna is double-brooded. In northern
New England we should expect, as there is but a single brood, the moths emerging in the early
summer from pupae which have wintered over, that the effect of cold on the wings would be to
produce red borders, and not yellow. The difference between the winter and summer forms
may be brought out by descriptions of two males, one a winter and the other a summer male,
kindly given me by Mr. L. II. Joutel, who informs me that they were bred at about the same time
(i. e., year) and fed on hickory leaves. From one cocoon of the lot that yielded the individual
of the summer brood here described the moth emerged a year after the others. The male of the
winter brood has decidedly falcate fore wings and is pea green, but with no yellow shade; the
middle of the outer edge of the fore wing is pink red, but on the apical region and along the inner
angle the red is replaced as usual by yellow. The ocellus is round and rather large (4 by 4£ mm.
wide) ; the stalk is well developed.

The hind wings are unusually scalloped, the hinge yellow on the scalloped or anterior portion,
the edge behind red, this hue extending along the outer edge of the base of the tail. The apex
of the hind wings is unusually sharp. The tails are very long and narrow. Ocellus of hind
wings a little larger (4 A- by 5 mm.) than on the fore wings, and round.

Length of fore wing, 50 mm.

Breadth of fore wing, 27 '\ mm.

Length of hind wing, 70 mm.

Breadth of hind wing, 32 mm.

Length of tail, 38 mm.

Breadth of tail, 5 mm.
The male of the summer brood (which emerged a year after birth) has broad scarcely
falcate wings, thus assuming the shape of the 9 . The apex of the hind wings is very slightly
scalloped, and the tails are unusually short and broad. The wings are pale green, almost
frosted over with white, and the ocelli and costal bands are paler than in the winter form.
The ocellus of the fore wing is much smaller (3 by 4 J mm.) than in the winter form, with no
red semicircle on the outer edge of the white crescent (as there is in the winter form). The
discal end of the stalk is partly obsolete, the ocellus tending to be partly free from the stem.

> [I noted in the U. S. National Museum that yellow-green specimens were males, light bluish green females. Dr. W. T. M. Forbes assures
me that this is a regular sexual difference.]

190 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The edge of the hind wings is yellow, but on the inner angle the fringe is whitish. Ocellus
not so long as wide (4£ by 5 mm.), with no traces of red scales either inside or outside of the
discal veins.

The under side of both pairs of wings whitish, and the ocelli of both pairs of wings are
much smaller and paler than in the winter form, those of the hind wings being no larger than
those of the fore wings.

Length of fore wings, 50 mm.
Breadth of fore wings, 31 mm.
Length of hind wing, 70 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, 33 mm.
Length of tail, 28 mm.
Breadth of tail, 7 mm.
In neither of the two forms are there any traces of an extradiscal line.
Climatic varieties or races. — While T. luna from Maine to Texas and Florida and through-
out the United States north of Mexico offers so far as yet known no local or geographic races, the
case appears to be different in Mexico and Central America. There, on the southern outskirts
of its range, it seems to have been affected by climatic agencies, and to have varied locally in
different directions and to have been differentiated into perhaps three local races or varieties,
i. e., T. luna var. 1, dictynna; 2, azteca; and 3 truncatipennis.

(1) Tropaea dictynna Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1264, n. 8 (1855).

Walker's description gives no locality for his specimen, which was contained in Mr. Saun-
ders's collection. He remarks:

"This species much resembles T. luna, but may be distinguished by the band on the wings,
by the not empurpled exterior border, by the fore wings, which have a less oblique and more
straight exterior border, and by the hind wings, which have shorter tails."

A 9 in the Oxford Museum, which agrees with Walker's description, was examined by
me, thanks to the courtesy of the attendant in charge. In this specimen the fore wings are
broad and obtuse at the apex; there is a pale greenish-brown distinct extradiscal line, situated
a little more than half way from the base to the aj)ex of the fore wings, being nearer the outer
edge of the wing than to the ocellus, and the line reappears on the hind wing.1 The ocelli are
quite as in T. luna and those of the fore wings are nearly separated from then- stalk. The
edge of the wings is ochreous yellow. The tails are longer than in T. luna (Walker says the
tails are shorter). The hind wings are a little scalloped. The impression made upon me was
that this form is not distinct from T. luna. I also examined with more care and deliberation
the 3 , labelled T. dictynna in the British Museum, from Orizaba, Mexico, "at or near the
volcano," with the following results:

It differs from four a* and five 9 of T. luna, in the same drawer, in the distinct extradiscal
brown band, which is wide and crosses the fore wings, not quite reaching either the costa or
the hind edge. The shape of the wings and the length of the tails as in T. luna. Outer edge
of both wings yellow and pale brown, as in T. luna. In the hind wings the outer edge is not
so much scalloped as in most of the examples of T. luna. The wings are ochreous green, rather
more so than in the examples of T. luna, and the squamation is rougher. Ocellus of the fore
wing as in T. luna, but there is less white next to the vitreous center, but more red, otherwise
the shape and coloration of the ocellus is the same. In the ocellus of the hind wings the yellow
ring is deeper ochreous than in some T. luna, but of the same hue as in some others; the red
ring is distinct. The ocelli in fact show no varietal differences. The moth is not quite so
large as the largest T. luna.

At the time of examination I concluded that T. dictynna is hardly a climatic variety of
luna.

That dictynna is only a banded form of luna, and liable to occur anywhere, is probable
from the fact that the late Mr. S. L. Elliot has bred it in Brooklyn on the walnut, having raised

1 Mr. W. L. W. Field informs me that in examples bred by him at Milton, Mass., the bands appear after emergence from the coeoon as soon as
the wings expand, but that after about one hour they disappear.

)
no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 191

from 400 to 500 of this species. He once remarked to me that the tail in the banded individ-
uals is on the whole inclined to be shorter than in the unstriped individuals. On the other
hand, he said, the pale thin green ones bred on leaves of the sweet gum (Liquidambar) have
very long tails, no bands, and the fore wings edged with reddish-pink. Are there food varieties ?

Mr. Field informs me that in examples bred by him at Milton, Mass., bands appear after
emergence from the cocoon as soon as the wings expand, but that after about an hour they
disappear.

[The following was evidently written by Dr. Packard at a different time:]

Mr. A. G. Butler, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., fifth series, IV, p. 356, 1879, remarks as
follows concerning this form:

"Linnaeus evidently confounded T. dictynna with T. luna; for although in the tenth edition
of his 'Systema,' he quoted Catesby's figure of the North American insect and Petiver's rep-
resentations of the same species as illustrations to his brief diagnosis, yet for the fuller descrip-
tion given in the 'Museum of Ulrica,' he quoted Clerck's 'Icones' first of all; and the figure
in the latter certainly represents the Mexican species, inasmuch as the wings are crossed by a
well-defined discal stripe. It is probable that both descriptions are taken from the northern
type."

It would seem, since dictynna is scarcely a local race of luna, much less a "Mexican species,"
that Linne did not confuse the two forms, for individuals with wings crossed by a well-defined
discal stripe, are Hable to occur anywhere, north or south, or in Central America.'
(2) Tropaea azteca Packaed, Guide to Study of Insects, p. 298 (1869).

[The original description is as follows :]

"In the museum of the Peabody Academy is a closely allied and undesciibed species from
the west coast of Guatemala, which we would call Actias azteca. It differs from A. luna on
its much smaller size, expanding only 3i inches, and in the shorter fore wings, the apex being
much rounded and with shorter veins, while the 'tails' on the hind wings are only half so long
as those of A. luna. It also differs in having the origin of the first subcostal venule much
nearer the discal spot than in A. luna, being very near that of the second subcostal venule.
It is whitish green, with markings not essentially differing from those of A. luna."

Originally described as a new and distinct species, I have again examined the single 9
type specimen, which has been discovered in the collection of the Cambridge Museum, pre-
sented to that museum by the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass.

It was described as quoted above as differing from A. luna in its much smaller size, and in
the shorter fore wings, the apex being much rounded, "while the 'tails' on the hind wings
are oidy half as long as those of A. luna." It is whitish green, with markings not essentially
differing from those of A. luna. What we then said regarding the supposed difference in the
venation does not now seem of much weight, as there do not seem to be any perceptible differ-
ences.

A reexamination of the type has resulted in the following observations : The type of azteca
is similar in shape of wings and in the discal spots with their stalk to the summer form of an
ordinary T. luna from New York, but it has decidedly shorter tails than any specimen I have
yet seen, while the apex of the fore wings is much more rounded. There are no traces of a
submarginal line, as seen in var. dictynna. The discal ocellus of the fore wings is small and
narrow, in the center is a narrow lanceolate oval clear space, edged within with a pink semi-
circle, succeeded by a broader black crescentiform semicircle, containing a linear strip of pale
blue scales. It measures 4 by 3 mm. The stalk is well developed. The blue fine in the discal
ocellus of the hind wings is not distinct; the spot measures 4£ by 4$ mm.
Expanse of the fore wings, 9 90 mm.
Length of a single fore wing, $ 45 mm.
Breadth of a single fore wing, 9 26 mm.

i [Dr. W. T. M. Forbes informs me that all the specimens of T. luna from southern Florida in the American Museum of Natural History are of
the dictynna type, and on the average quite different from the northern form. They have the banded wings and shorter tails, but differ from
Walker's account of dictynna in having more crimson color than the ordinary luna. This last character may be seasonal.)

192 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Length of a hind wing, 9 52 mm., including the tail, which is 21 mm. long and 5 mm.
wide in the middle.

Breadth of hind wing, 9 24 mm.
Geographical distribution. — This form was collected at Polvon, occidental department,
West Nicaragua, near the Bay of Realejo, but inland between Corinto and Leon, near Cor-
cuera, by John A. McNiel.

Whether this is even a local race peculiar to Nicaragua or not remains to be seen, when
more specimens are discovered; the tails vary greatly hi length, though it is noteworthy that
both truncatipennis and azteca occur hi Central America, forms in which there is so much diverg-
ence as regards the length of tail.

(3) Tropaea truncatipennis Sonthonnax [Lep. Soie, II (1903), p. 19, PI. VII, Jalapa]; PI. L,
fig. 2.
One 3 , one 9 . This form differs in the smaller ocelli of both pairs of wings ; the ocelli
of the fore wings are so small that they do not reach vein IV. Beneath, the ocelli are notice-
ably smaller than in luna. The shape of the wings is also different from luna of Texas north-
ward, the fore wings being a third smaller and rounder, the hind wings being less rounded and
more elliptical. This is the chief and only tangible difference between the two forms. The
stalk, its size, shape, and coloration is just as in T. luna. The general hue is the usual delicate
pale pea-green shade, as seen hi most of the northern specimens. The outer edge of the wings
of both pairs is deep reddish pink. The hind wings are less scalloped than hi the normal
T. luna, and the fore wings tend to be slightly more falcate. There is, as in most of the exam-
ples of T. luna, no trace of an extradiscal band or line or any other markings. It is of the same
size, the same expanse of wings, and the legs and body as just as in T. luna.
Truncatipennis:

Expanse of fore wings, 3 123 mm.; 9 126 mm.

Length of fore wings, 3 60 mm.; 9 63 mm.

Length of hind whig, including tail, 86 mm.

Length from discal vem to tip of tail, 3 9 62-64 mm.

Ocellus of fore, wing, 4 by 4.3 mm.

Ocellus of hind whig, 4.3 by 5.5 mm.
Luna:

Expanse of fore wings, 3 125 mm.

Length of fore wings, 3 60 mm.

Length of hind whig, including tail, 3 85 mm.

Length from discal vein to tip of tail, 3 64 mm.

Ocellus of fore wing, 3 5 to 5.2 by 4.5.

Ocellus of hind wing, 3 5.6 by 5.1.
If these characters hold good hi a larger number of specimens, truncatipennis may safely
be regarded as a climatic variety of T. luna.

[An apparently more recent note on T. truncatipennis, based on a female in the Godman-
Salvin collection (British Museum), from Jalapa, indicates that this is probably a valid species.]
Fore wings falcate, outer edge curved in, but no more so than in some 9 luna, which
varies much, some being falcate and others with outer edge not excavated at all. Hind wings
pointed at apex and outer edge not full, but straight and not scalloped. Outer edge of both
wings broadly margined with reddish brown (magenta?), but two of luna as much so. Tails a
little longer than hi luna; considerably longer than breadth of the hind wing. Third median
vein arises nearer base of wing than in luna. Venation of fore wing as in luna. Ocelli of fore
wing as in some luna, well pronounced, red, yellow, blue semicircle and black. Ocellus of hind
wing not so large as in some luna, but well marked; black is heavy, as is red, the yellow outer
portion is pale green, less ochreous than in Mexican (Orizaba) specimen. Outer edge and apex
of hind wing is less scalloped and more acute than in any luna. All four ocelli beneath are
larger than hi Orizaba luna and United States luna. It seems quite distinct from the Mexican

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 193

c? dictynna. Sir George Hampson thinks it is a good species; as the larva differs from luna
(Schaus), it may be regarded as a distinct species.1

A new climatic race (?) hred in Europe. — Tropaea luna, var. bollii (Wagner); Saturnia
bolli Wagner, Tijdschr. voor Entom., 1875-76, XIX, p. xcvii-xcviii; Isis, etc.

The <$ specimen in the Cambridge Museum reared in Switzerland differs from the Texan
normal luna S in the antennae being very narrow, but little more than half as wide as usual;
the submarginal brownish line on the fore wings is distinct; ocellus small, its outer edge indis-
tinct; that of hind whig is much smaller than in natives of Texas, about one-fourth less in
diameter, and the pink line is wanting in the ocelli of the hinder wings. The tail is rather
short, and the moth is a little smaller than other Texan luna. The edge of both wings is yellowish
as in the summer form of T . luna.

[Other varieties of T. luna have been described as follows:

(1) Variety rossi (Ross). Male pure white, expanding 3§ inches; female white with a
light yellowish tinge. Near Toronto, Canada. (Classif. Cat. Lep. Canada, 1872.)

(2) Variety rubromarginata W. T. Davis. A spring form hi New York State, having the
costa red or reddish, and the outer margin of the wings "of a reddish or scarlet hue." (Psyche,
June, 1912, p. 91. )]2

Life history of Tropica luna (Linne).

The eggs were received from Mr. James Angus.

Egg. — Oval-cylindrical, somewhat flattened. The shell is thick and tough, dark brown
externally, but in places the brown is worn off, leaving a dull, sordid chalky whitish surface; the
inside of the shell slightly bluish gray. The surface of the shell is seen under a Tolles triplet
to be rough and finely granulated, and under a half- inch objective, the surface is seen to be
closely granulated, the pits between the granulations being often confluent; rarely the raised
bosses appear to be polygonal. Length 2.1 mm., breadth 1.8 mm. Eggs laid at Providence,
June 14; hatched June 22-25.

Larva. — Stage I. Length 6-8 mm. Some were observed hatching out between 11 and 1
o'clock p. m., June 15. Before entirely breaking out of the eggshell the tubercles on the anterior
segments become erect, and the hairs radiate from them, but behind along the third thoracic
and abdominal segments the tubercles were seen to be soft and flattened or appressed to the
body and adhering in flaccid bundles. In S. cecropia, on the other hand, all the tubercles and
bristles are flabby for perhaps hah an hour after the creature frees itself from the egg.

One was seen to emerge at 1.15 p. m., and by 1.25 p. m. all the tubercles had become filled
out and erect, with stiff, radiating bristles.3 On hatching, the body is entirely green, except
the bands on the head. Some larva? on hatching are (a) entirely yellowish green, while the
dorsal hairs are darkish, and the head is twice banded. Others (b) have a very broad blackish
lateral band, inclosing one lateral row of greenish tubercles, the band ending on the eighth
abdominal segment, and nearly meeting above. The prothoracic segment is dark on the hinder
edge, and the second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments are entirely dark above.

The following description is drawn up from individuals which had been hatched for about a
week (May 24-26), and were near the end of this stage. The body was larger, fuller, and
less tapering posteriorly than at first. The head is small, about half as wide as the body,
rounded, and at rest can be retracted within the prothoracic segment. There is a transverse dark

i [The U. S. National Museum has eight specimens of T . truncatipennis; the localities are Jalapa, Guadalajara, and Orizaba. They all have the
outer margins of the wings narrowly red. The costo-apical angle of the secondaries seems normally much more acute than in luna, and from here
to the base of the tail the margin is straight, whereas it is distinctly convex and wavy in luna. None shows any traces of dictynna bands. The
sexes seem not to differ in color.]

2 [Dr. W. T. M. Forbes suggests that the account of rossi could apply to newly emerged examples of typical luna, with the descriptions of the
sexes reversed. Excellent specimens of rubromarginata are in the National Museum, and also a more extreme ab. rubrosuffusa, of which a male was
taken at Washington, D. C. (Knab). This is like rubromarginata, but has the red of outer wing margins, especially of the hind wings, broader and
suffused, on hind wings at base of tails fully 5 mm. broad, and this is bordered within by a pallid, almost bluish suffusion. The ocelli on the hind
wings are unusually large.]

8 It is evident that before and at the point of hatching the setse or bristles are filled with blood, which distends them. While thus distended,
the fluid may ooze out of the ends, and thus they may be called glandular hairs. In those which are full and bulbous at the end, the fluid may
be retained through stage I, and in rare cases through the second or even the third stage.

83570°— 14 13

194

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XII,

brown band in front just below the vertex, making two scallops, and ending on the sides; on each
side (below) of the front edge of the clypeus is a dark spot around the base of the antennae,
which sometimes sends a short line inward, as in Mr. Bridgham's figure.

The body is thick, full, cylindrical, each segment, except the prothoracic and last two
abdominal ones, with six thick, smooth conical tubercles, those on the sides above the spiracles
smaller than those below, and about one-half the size of the dorsal ones, and bearing fewer
bristles than the others. Prothoracic segment with only four tubercles, the two dorsal ones
low, flattened, and small, with about 14 radiating bristles. The lateral tubercles are like
those of the other segments; the rest of the dorsal tubercles are large, full, nearly touching
at their base, and bearing about 8 to 10 bristles, which are one-half to one-third longer
than the tubercles themselves; they radiate and are dark purplish, pale at base, those on the
back darker than those arising from the lateral tubercles. The second and third thoracic dorsal
tubercles are slightly larger than the abdominal ones. Each of the dorsal abdominal tubercles
bears about six bristles. The body is delicate pea-green, nearly like the under side of the
Carya leaf on which they feed. The tubercles, especially the dorsal ones, are tinged with faint

straw or lemon yellow, while the lateral supra-
spiracular tubercles are greenish, scarcely
tinged with yellow.

The bristles are longer in proportion to
the tubercle than in the larva of C. promethea;
most of them are three times and some four
to five tunes as long as the tubercle. The
bristles are sparingly and minutely barbed,
tapering acutely, but they are clear, and per-
haps glandular.

The median dorsal tubercle on the eighth
uromere shows traces of its double origin, but
they are not so marked as in C. promethea and
T. polyphemus, but more so than in Platysamia
cecropia. It is much broader than long at base,
and on the tip bears five setae on each side.
The ninth uromere bears four tubercles of equal
size, which are large and well developed, the
lateral ones scarcely smaller than the dorsal ones. The suranal plate is broad and short, more
so than in T. polyphemus, not tubercled, but bearing two tufts of bristles which are but a little
shorter than those arising from the lateral tubercles of the rest of the body.

The anal legs are large and squarish, as in the group generally; all the legs, both thoracic
and abdominal, are pale green. The abdominal legs bear each 20 crochets. The three tenant
hairs of the thoracic feet are rather longer than usual. The spiracles arc slightly chitinous, not
colored.

The shape of the double dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is shown at figuro
18, d'; sd, the subdorsal ones; a, a seta much enlarged, which, unlike T. polyphemus, is finely
and minutely barbed; a', a", ends of other setae.

Stage II: Molted May 26, in the daytime. Length at first 9 mm., afterwards 10 mm. In
one larva all the tubercles are of the same yellowish hue; in the other, those of the second and
third thoracic segments are brownish at the tip, thus greatly contrasting with the others. In
another larva the median dorsal tubercle on the eighth uromere is also colored in the same way.
The head in one is all green, not yet banded with brown; but in another the head is partly
banded, i. e., in place of the two-scalloped band are two separate short scallops.

The tubercles are now higher than before, and rough with slender conical warts which give
origin to the setae. The prothoracic tubercles are now longer than before, and all four are deep
amber-yellow at the end, the setae being black; two out of the five spines of the second and third
thoracic segments are dark brown at and near the ends and give rise to black bristles, rendering

Fig. 18. — Tropsea luna; larva, first stage.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 195

them very conspicuous ; they are a little larger and higher than those on the abdomen, and bear
about twice as many bristles; eight in all, all of which are black, while on the yellow tipped
tubercles of the abdominal segments there are about five bristles, one of them minute; two of
the five are black, the others pale. The two lateral rows of tubercles are, as before, with pale
bristles.

The median dorsal tubercle on the eighth uromere is not quite so dark as those on the second
and third thoracic segments, and some of the latter are scarcely darker than the other abdominal
ones. The spiracles are of the same pale color as before. The suranal plate still bears the two
terminal tubercles, as before. The thoracic legs are now darker than before.

In this stage the larvae sometimes assume a sphinx-like attitude.

Stage III: Molted June 1. (I am not sure that it was the same larva; one molted May 31.
Described three days after molting.) Length 13 and finally 15 mm. The head is either banded
as before, or all green, only the ocelli being black. The body is now thick, though differing
very slightly from the preceding stage. The four prothoracic, the two dorsal second and third
thoracic tubercles, and the single median dorsal tubercle on the eighth uromere are either deep
crimson red at the end, or much paler, and in the largest one yellowish, the tips of these tubercles
varying a good deal in color; these tubercles are now nearly twice as long and thick as those on
abdominal segments 1 to 7 and 9. The tubercles of the two lateral rows are of the same size
as before; those of the upper (supraspiracular) row are stUl green and small; those below,
situated on the lateral ridge, are salmon-colored and provided with black setae, like those arising
from the dorsal tubercles; near, and on the base of and between the tubercles, are white, delicate
clavate hairs (glandular?) which are not observable in the preceding stage; they are mostly
confined to the abdominal, few, only one or two, on the thoracic region.

The thoracic legs are dark brown, pale at the tip; the abdominal legs except the anal pair,
are green, with a transverse lilac line near the ends; beyond yellowish, while the plantae are
tinged with lilac. There is as yet no lilac tinge on the edge of the suranal plate-
Stage TV: (Belonging to a later different brood; described July 24.) Length 23 mm.
The head now pea-green, not banded in front, nearly as wide as the body; well rounded, and of
the same shape as in T. polyphemus; it is of a deeper pea-green than the body, which is in general,
especially on the dorsal side, paler than in T. polyphemus. The labrum and jaws are pale.
There is a chestnut-colored ocellar patch.

The segments are now quite convex, swollen under the base of the tubercles, the second and
third thoracic segments being fuller and more angular than the uromeres; they are a little more
so than in Telea polyphemus.

The four dorsal tubercles of the second and third thoracic segments (two each) are larger
than the abdominal ones, and are tipped with dark carmine at the end, and each, besides one or
two short setae, bears a long black slender hah, about as long as the body is thick; the corre-
sponding hairs on the abdominal tubercles being about one- third as long. There are four well-
developed prothoracic tubercles, the dorsal ones larger, more rounded, and prominent than in
T. polyphemus, and also bearing besides three or four small, short pale hairs, and a black very
long one. The prothoracic tubercles are deep rosy pink, not coral-red. The lateral ones on the
same segment are nearly twice as large as those behind in the same series, and all on the body
are rosy pink or "crushed strawberry" color. The lateral infraspiracular ridge along the
abdominal segments is distinctly lemon-yellow. The spiracles are faint reddish green, quite
inconspicuous. The thoracic legs are reddish. The middle abdominal legs are green above,
below is a narrow distinct black stripe, the end yellow, while the planta is livid flesh color;
the anal legs with an anterior oblique yellow band, and a black spot corresponding to the black
stripe, with black hairs above, as on the middle legs. The suranal plate is faintly edged with
yellow.

The larva in this stage differs from T. polyphemus of the same age in the green head, the
distinct lateral yellow stripe below the spiracles, which are green, and not readily seen. The six
dorsal thoracic tubercles are distinctly larger and more prominent than the abdominal ones,
and they each bear a single very long slender black hair, besides one or two short ones; this is a

196 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

good generic character, separating it at once from T. polyphemus, and the suranal plate is not
edged with purple, but with faint yellow.

When fully fed,1 its length is 65 mm. Maine, August 20. The head is green, of a different
hue from the body, more like Paris green. The body is large, heavy, plump, and thick, much as
in T. polyphenols, and the tubercles are pinkish red, or crushed strawberry. The suranal plate
is edged with yellow in front, but the surface is coarsely granulated, and in color dull amber;
there is a similar long narrow patch on the side of the anal legs, bordered above with black
and straw-yellow. The spiracles are green with the edge of the linear opening ochreous. The
yellow lateral line is obscure. The body is still provided with white hairs, not arising from
tubercles. The body is pea-green, dorsally slightly tinged with ruddy.

Recapitulation of the more salient ontogenetic features.
A. Congenital features.

1. Setae tapering to a point, not bulbous, and finely barbed. Stage I. Most of them are three

or four times as long as the tubercles.

2. Some larvae in stage I with a very broad lateral dark band along the side of the body, some

without it ; no transverse stripes present, but the head in front is twice banded with dark
brown.

3. The 2d and 3d dorsal thoracic tubercles differentiated in stage I, being slightly larger than

the abdominal ones.

4. On the suranal plate are two rudimentary tubercles, each bearing a tuft of bristles.

5. The dorsal median tubercle on uromere 8 does not show such marked traces of its double

origin as stage I of C. promethea, or T. polyphemus, but it is more duplex than in S. cecropia.

B. Evolution of later Adaptational Characters.

1. Dorsal tubercles in stage II higher than before.

2. The lateral dark band disappears in stage II.

3. In stage III the dorsal thoracic tubercles become nearly twice as long and thick as the

abdominal ones.

4. The head is not banded in stage IV.

5. The tubercles brightest (pink or dark carmine) and most conspicuous in the last stage.

6. A distinct infraspiracular yellow line in stage IV, and the suranal plate and anal legs lined

with yellow, and the surface of the suranal plate and sides of the anal legs amber.

[The records of the United States Department of Agriculture indicate the occurrence of
T. luna in the following localities : New Hampshire (Derry, Center Sandwich) ; Vermont (Nor-
wich) ; New York (Brooklyn) ; New Jersey (Hackensack, Allendale) ; Pennsylvania (Spring
Creek, Lancaster, Tamaqua) ; OMo (Franklin) ; Maryland (Pearson) ; Virginia (Carlin Springs) ;
North Carolina (High Point, Wilkesboro, Raleigh) ; Kentucky (Louisville) ; Illinois (Douglas) ;
Arkansas (Orlando) ; Indiana (Rockville) ; Tennessee (Henry) ; Louisiana (New Orleans,
Wilsons Point) ; Mississippi (Craig) ; Florida (Astor, Madison, Kissiminee) . I picked up a
fragmentary specimen from the seabeach at Woods Hole, Mass.

The following are from the records of the Bureau of Entomology:

V. T. Chambers counted 22 Tachina eggs on a single T. luna larva; this larva produced a
moth, notwithstanding. (C. V. Riley.)

A. H. Mundt, of Fairbury, 111., sent eggs of T. luna which were infested with what was
supposed to be a species of Pteromalus. (T. Pergande).]

[Prof. M. II. Swenk reports that T. luna "is common in eastern Nebraska wherever walnuts
occur. We have specimens from Lincoln, Nebraska City, Weeping Water, Beatrice, etc."
Gitt July, 1912).]

"Not uncommon from here [Ottawa] westward throughout Ontario, and up to Winnipeg
in Manitoba. I have seen two specimens in Manitoba, but doubt if it extends farther than the
wooded country on the east of that Province. There are no maples, butternuts, hickories,
or walnuts native in Manitoba." (J. Fletcher, litt 1900.)

1 Dyar states that there are hut four stages.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 197

ANTHER^A Hiibner.

[Antherxa Hiibner, Verz. bek. S^hmett. (1S22?), p. 152. Type, according to Kirby, A. nylitta Drury.]

[Rothschild, Nov. Zool., II (1895), pp. 43-44, arranges the species thus:]

1. A. assamensis (Helf.)

2. A. Tielferi Moore. [Darjiling.]

3. A. perrotteti (Guer.). [Pondicherry.]

4. A. papliia (Linn.). [Java, Ainboina.] '

5. A. andamana Moore. [Andaman Islands.]

6. A. mylitta (Drury). [India.]

ab. cingalesa Moore.

7. A. semperi Feld. [Luzon, P. I.]

8. A. pernyi (Guer.). [North China.]

subsp. roylei Moore. [Darjiling.]
ab. confuci Moore. [Shanghai.]
ab. sJierviUei Moore.

9. A. larissa (Westw.). [Java.]

10. A.fritTiii Moore. [Darjiling.]

ab.fraterna Moore. [Himalayas.]

11. A. billitonensis Moore. [Billiton Island.]

12. A. yama-mai (Guer.). [Japan.]

[Rothschild states that no two specimens are alike, and treats the following
variations or aberrations as synonyms: sergestus (Westw.), rnorosa Butl.
Jutzina ~Butl.,f entoni Butl., calida Butl.]

13. A. sciron (Westw.). [Waigiou.]

14. A. pristina Walk. [Papua.]

[Jordan (1910) described A. castanea from Assam. Many other species have been described
by Moore (1892), Swinhoe (1892, 1893), Hampson (1892), and Lucas.]

[Watson, Wild Silk Moths of the World (Manchester, 1912), has given colored figures of
A. yama-mai (GueY.), A. compta Rothschild, A. mylitta (Drury), A. pernyi (Guer.), and A. anda-
mana Moore. He also figures the cocoons of all of these except compta. A. andamana is a curi-
ous plum-colored species, the wings with the ocelli relatively small, the anterior wings of the
male very strongly falcate.]

ANTHERXA YAMA-MAI Guerin.

Plates XXVI, figs. 2-5; XLVII, figs. 4-6.

[Bombyx yama-mai Guerin, Rev. Zool. (2) XIII (1861), p. 435; Pis. 11-13.]

I am indebted to Prof. Sasaki for the eggs, which hatched at the end of March.

Larva. — Stage I: Freshly hatched. Length 6 mm. Head large, chestnut red. Body
thick, of the general saturnian shape of the larva of Telea, etc., at the same age. Body straw-
yellow, with a narrow black and a lateral or subdorsal black stripe, the latter a little narrower
than the dorsal stripe; this dorsal stripe stops at the median tubercle on the eighth abdominal
segment, while behind this tubercle is a transverse black line or suture between the eighth and
ninth segments.

The setae or hairs are at first brown, very soon becoming black, but the tubercles at first
are all yellow; afterwards they begin to turn black at the base, the ends remaining yellow; at the
end of the stage they all become black. Thus, when from 24 to 36 hours old, the two dorsal
tubercles on the third thoracic tubercle become black, as also the median one on the eighth
abdominal segment. There is also a black triangular patch on the suranal plate, and one on
the side of each anal leg.

The tubercles of the second and third thoracic segments are very large and conical; the
median tubercle of the eighth abdominal segment is double, high; the two dorsal ones on the
ninth segment are high, and the supraspiracular tubercles are prominent.

' [The A. paphia of Kirby's Catalogue, from West Africa, is Nudaurelia dione (Fabr.).J

198 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

In the freshly hatched larva the black dorsal or heart line is heavier and more distinct than
in the larva at the end of this stage.

Cervical plate of the prothoracic segment gamboge-yellow, the front edge around each sub-
median tubercle whitish.

The hairs above are brown-black, while low down on the sides of the body, on the head and
prothorax, they are whitish.

The dorsal setae are rather stout, with slightly marked short spinules, while the setae of the
lateral tubercles (supraspiracular and infraspiracular series) are slenderer, with longer delicate
spinules, and longer than in Telea polyphemus, stage I, being about three times as long as the
tubercle itself.

Larva. — Fully grown. June 18, 1901. Length 75 mm. Of the size and general appear-
ance of Telea polyphemus, but the segments are not so angular and distinct. Head large,
rounded, nearly one-half as thick as the body, smooth, with pale hairs of uneven length in front
upon and on each side of the clypeus ; green a little darker than the body, which is of a delicate
pea-green, the hue of the underside of oak leaves.

Prothoracic segment lunate, the cervical plate yellowish on the front edge, and behind
greenish yellow. A few minute hairs on the front edge, but no warts, except a small 3-setiferous
dark green flattened one low down on each side of the same segment. Second and third thoracic
segments decidedly convex, the two dorsal tubercles, one on each side, fleshy, cmite distinct,
giving rise to two or three long black hairs, and four short, rather sharp stout setae; the two
tubercles are connected by a dark dusky shade. There are similar but smaller tubercles on
the first and second abdominal segments with six straw-yellow hairs arising, two in a line across
the segment, one dark one on each tubercle, and three or four spines. On abdominal segment
3-9 the tubercles are nearly obsolete, bearing only one or two hairs. While the dorsal and supra-
spiracular lateral tubercles are green and of the same hue as the body, those of the lowest infra-
spiracular row are turquoise blue; two on the side of the second and third thoracic segments,
the lowest being situated just above the base of the legs.

On the side of the second and third thoracic segments, just above each spiracle, is a conical
metallic polished silvery smooth tubercle, each bearing a slender black hair ; the tubercle on the
second segment is a little larger than the one behind it.

The skin is dorsally and on the sides covered with scattered minute clavate whitish setae,
as usual in the larvae of this family.

On the eighth abdominal segment is a small but distinct tubercle, with two or three spines
on each side, showing its double origin. The yellow hairs are about one-third as long as the body
is thick. Spiracles pale yellowish testaceous. A lateral whitish yellow line just above the spira-
cles and slightly edged above with livid or liver brown; on the eighth abdominal segment the
liver-colored brown predominates, and becomes the very distinct livid brown of the edge of the
suranal plate and sides of the anal legs. The thoracic legs are pale, the abdominal ones all
green except the anal in part; the abdominal legs bear on the sides black and white hairs.

Cocoon. — Regularly oval, no stalk, the surface like that of Bombyx mori; a large opening in
front; color a rich greenish yellow. Length 43 mm.; thickness 22 mm.

ANTHER4EA PERNYI Guerin.

Plate XXVII.
[Saturnia pernyi Guerin, Rev. Zool., 1855, pp. 6, 297; PI. 6, fig. 1.]

The tip of the male antenna? of A. pernyi and yama-mai end in a simple point, with rudi-
mentary pectinations, more so than in T. jwlyphemus.

The fore wings of 9 are less falcate than in A. yama-mai. The dislocated basal band is
redder than in A. yama-mai, and the extradiscal band is distinctly red, while that of A. yama-mai
is dusky brown, and the band beyond is distinctly white, while the same portion of the band in
A. yama-mai is narrower and pinkish. The ocellus on the fore wing of <? has a large round clear
space, while in d1 A. yama-mai it is small and narrow oval; in 9 the clear space is rather small
and oval, while in 9 A. yama-mai it is large and round. In A. pernyi 9 the outer half of the

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 199

ocellus is concolorous with the fawn-brown of the wing, while in A. yama-mai it is straw-yellow;
in <? there is no outer dark semicircle, while it is present in the <? of A. yama-mai.

The ocelli of the hind wing of A. pernyi is much as in A. yama-mai, but has more red on the
inside, and the black ring is narrower and less heavy.

The two species are very closely allied and apparently are of recent origin; perhaps A.
yama-mai is the later of the two forms, as its wings are scalloped, and scalloped wings are
apparently a secondary modification. The white extradiscal line of A. pernyi and the dark
brown band of A. yama-mai distinguish the two species.

Geographical distribution. — North China; A. yama-mai is the Japan form; they are probably
oidy climatic forms.

Larva. — Stage III: Length 25 mm. Ready to molt October 1. Food plant, oak. Body
of the general shape of Telea polyphemus, but with longer setse. The segments are decidedly
convex and angular. The larva differes chiefly from Telea polyphemus of the same stage in the
very long bulbous black setse, and in the entirely orange tubercles. Head color of a sere or
faded leaf, spottled with black in front; clypeus and labrum paler. The rest of the body pale
delicate pea-green.

Tubercles large, well developed, all orange colored, except those of the lowest row, which are
green.

The dorsal tubercles on the third thoracic segment are a little longer than those on the first
abdominal segment; those on the second intermediate in size between those on abdominal
segments 1 and 3; those on abdominal segments 2-7 are all of the same size. The median
dorsal tubercle on the abdominal segment 8 is as large as either one of the two dorsal ones on
abdominal segment I. No external silvery spot on the base, there being a very minute spot on
the front of the dorsal tubercles. The corresponding spots on the second and third thoracic
and first and second abdominal segments are much larger and more conspicuous, those on the
first abdominal segment being the largest. A similar elongated oval silvery spot on the outside
of the. base of the lateral tubercles on the second and third abdominal segments. From two to six
black hairs arising from each tubercle (six hairs on the dorsal tubercles), the hairs are long,
slender, and bulbous at. tip. There are eight such hairs on the median (eighth abdominal)
tubercle, which show signs of its double origin. The longest of these hairs are nearly one-half
as long as the body is thick.

A lateral yellowish band, inclosing the orange tubercles, situated above the minute linear
black spiracles, which becomes flesh-colored on the last segment. The tubercles of the lowest
lateral (infraspiracular) row are dull green and small. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal,
are yellowish green. Body speckled, especially on the sides, with what at first look like fine
whitish dots; these dots are battledore-shaped setae. The minute hairs scattered over the body
are pale green.

Stage IV: The larva? molted October 4 or early on October 5. Described October 5, p. m.
Segments still angular and convex. Length 30 mm. Tubercles yellow (not orange), the lowest
lateral row remaining green. The hairs are still dark bulbous, and some nearly as long as the
body is thick, a few fully as long, those arising from the dorsal are supraspiracular tubercles.
The flesh-brown line is now more distinct on the edge of the suranal plate, and concolorous with
the hinder part of the anal legs ; between this area and the green anterior part of the last segment
is a white line.

Head with two parallel large black-brown spots, on each side of apex of the clypeus, and
four small black dots on each side of the head.

The lateral tubercles on abdominal segments 2-4 very large and conspicuous, being swollen
and with a glistening surface, much as in the later and final stage. The three hinder of the setse
on the dorsal tubercles of the second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments have become
stiff acute dark spines nearly or two-thirds as long as the tubercles themselves ; the anterior three
setae remain from this stage onward to the last long hair-like setse ending in bulbs. The black
spiracles are now large and more conspicuous, those on abdominal segments 7 and 8 are raw
sienna ha hue. The yellowish lateral band is more reddish toward the end of the body.

200 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The metallic silvery spots on the outer side of the dorsal tubercles glisten and shine when
the larva moves, and appear to serve as a warning feature. At first, in this stage they are no
larger than hi the previous stage, but soon after ecdysis the striking ornaments rapidly enlarge
both on the dorsal and lateral tubercles, becoming larger and more conspicuous, much as in the
full-fed larva.

The battledore-like white setse are more conspicuous than before. On the second and third
thoracic and first abdominal segments is a small oblique black spot extending from the spiracle
upward along the outside of the lateral tubercles. A black ring at the base of the thoracic legs.
The ends of both thoracic and abdominal legs are flesh-reddish. The stiff thick hairs on the
base of the abdominal legs are black.

The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is still wider than long seen from
above, with four long hairs on each side. Some of the long pale green hairs arise along the back
near the tubercles, with them occur other minute ones; they all arise between and near as well
as outside of the base of the tubercles.

The larva molted October 20 and stage V was described on the 22d.

Stage V: Length 35-40 mm. The golden marks were not very distinct at first, but became
more so on the second day. Body bright pea-green, paler above than below. Head pale ash-
brown, with a black-brown V-shaped mark hi front (the edge of the V-shaped clypeus being
black-brown), with a short black line on each side; also eight black spots on the front of the
head, six above the clypeus; and one not far from the front edge of the clypeus. There is also a
faint broad dark shade on each side of the head.

Body thick, the segments very convex and angular. The attitude of the larva at times
is perfectly sphinx-like, the head being held upward and backward hi the well-known position.
Prothoracic dorsal plate green edged with yellow. No tubercles, but hi place of them vestigial
flattened ones, two on each side, each givhig rise to 4 dark hairs, and other shorter hairs. The
dorsal tubercles of the second and third thoracic segments large and high, conical, both pairs
of the same size, those of the first abdomhial segment a little smaller, while those on segments
2-7 are about one-half as large as those hi front; the median one on the eighth abdominal
segment is about as large as those on the second and third thoracic segments. On these tubercles,
as in stage IV, the setae arise from the front portion of each tubercle, they are brown ha color and
still very long — two-thirds as long as the body is thick — and still end hi a distinct bulb, which,
however, is shorter than in the adult ; arising on the hinder side of the extremity of each tubercle
are 3-4 stout curved spines. The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is yellow
and still wider than long, showing signs of its fused or double origin in a slight median impressed
line; this tubercle bears no spines, but four long curved setae. Other setae are scattered between
and outside of the dorsal tubercles and they are green still, as in stage IV.

On the outside of the dorsal tubercles of the first and second abdomhial segments the
bullate tense brilliant pearl -silvery spots are now very distinct; those on the abdomhial segments
behind much smaller and indistinct. Three of the tubercles of the supraspiracular row are
rather larger than on the third segment, being but little smaller than those hi front, and they
cover more of the tubercles, only the inner aspect being green. Infraspiracular row of 11 tuber-
cles small, but of a beautiful turquoise blue tint, with long radiathig brown hair-like setae. A
still lower row of three turquois blue tubercles on the thoracic segments, one on each segment, situated
just above each pair of thoracic legs.

Spiracles black, except the first (on first thoracic segment) and last (on eighth abdominal),
which are brown, with the median slit-like opening yellowish-brown. On the abdominal seg-
ments 5-7 an oblique dark streak above the spiracles.

Lateral spiracular line of a delicate orange-red, becoming brownish on the ninth abdominal
segment, and greatly widening on the edge of the suranal plate and farther expanding on the
anal legs; the hue of this line or band is much as in that of the leaf stalks of the oak, though less
reddish, but the protective resemblance is similar to that observed in the larva of Telea poly-
phemus. The lower side of the brown area is shaded with white. The body is also thickly
sprinkled with the white battledore-shaped setae, especially near the spiracular region. The

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 201

hairs on the lower side and on the abdominal legs are dark, almost black; as are those arising
from the blue tubercles. The tubercles of the spiracular row are now flesh-colored, not green.

Thoracic legs pale yellowish brown; abdominal legs green, including part of the anal pair;
the plantse are dark flesh in color. The principal change from the preceding stage is in the blue
color of the tubercles of the infraspiracular series.

Stage VI and last: Molted November 3 at 5.30 p. m. Described November 10. Length
38-45 mm.; the larva were undersized from being fed on hard, dry oak leaves so late in the
season. Directly after hatching the head is pale whitish, with a greenish tint and no spots.
The body very soon becomes greenish, and the red lateral band afterwards appears. In a few
minutes the hairs on the head and thoracic segments, at first limp and soft, straighten out;
those behind on the abdominal are still moist and curled up. At 6 p. m. the front edge of
the prothoracic segment had become straw-yellow. All of the suranal plate and the sides of
the anal legs are now whitish. The silvery spots are still dim, not yet bright and shining. The
thoracic legs are whitish and limp; the abdominal ones green. Three hours and a half later
(9 p. m.) the black spots on the head had appeared, being as in the previous stage, but the
head was still pale whitish and the legs limp and white. The long white hairs of the abdominal
segments are now extended at their full length. At 3 p. ni., November 4, the head and
legs had become browner and the larva had begun to feed.

Head large, nearly as wide as the body, ash-brown; front with eight conspicuous black
dots; clypeus-posterior edged with black, with a short black line on each side; also on the
side of the head a short dark shade passes up a little way from the ocelli.

Body cylindrical, the segments convex, somewhat angular, beautifully pea-green in hue.
Anal legs large, much as in Telea. The larva differs from that of Telea in the body being
provided with long hairs arising from the tubercles, these hairs being distinctly bulbous at
the end and dark brown, while there are other pale yellowish hairs arising from near or between
the tubercles. One of these flattened (?) hairs arises from in front of each tubercle. The
longer hairs are about two-thirds as long as the body is thick. No tubercles on the prothoracic
segment, only low flattened vestiges giving origin to fine slender hairs projecting over the
head. The silvery spots on the tubercles as bright as in stages IV and V. All the tubercles
(except those of the lowest series) of a pale purplish blue; the lowest (infraspiracular) tubercles
much deeper turquoise-blue, as in stage V. There are four stout spines on each dorsal tubercle,
besides the hairs, as in stage V. The hairs below the spiracular line and on the abdominal
legs black.

There are in this stage four large conspicuous metallic bullate spots on the dorsal region
of the first and second abdominal segments and on the sides of abdominal segments 1-3. The
battledore-shaped white hairs as in stages IV and V. The lateral reddish and livid line, and
the color of the anal legs as described under stage V. The spiracles of the prothoracic and
eighth abdominal segments pale sienna-brown; all those between are black with a median
pale brown slit. The tubercles hi general as in the previous (fifth) stage.

The dorsal tubercles of the third thoracic segment a little larger than those before or behind.
The median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment scarcely one-half as large as the dorsal
thoracic ones and now showing little signs of the median furrow, though the setae are grouped
together on each side, i. e. arranged bilaterally; yet the tubercle seen from above is broader
than long. The legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are as described under stage V.

ANTHERffiA PERNYI ROYLEI (Moore).

The Indian form or local subspecies of A. pernyi (cf. Hampson). There are 10 specimens
in the British Museum, all slightly paler than the China, Amur, and Japanese examples of
pernyi. The cocoon of pernyi has a stalk, that of roylei is without (Hampson). A. roylei is
from Darjeeling, N. W. Himalayas.

[Hybrids have been bred; pernyi $ xroylei 9 (hybr. kirbyi Tutt.) and roylei 2 X pernyi
9 (hybr. moorei Tutt.). A. pernyi has also been crossed with A yama-mai (hybrids perny-yama
Bourd. and inversa Tutt.)].

202

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XII,

/

ANTHER^A SEMPERI Felder.

Luzon, Philippines. The male has much smaller ocelli than the female. Evidently a
local form of A. pernyi.

ANTHERffiA HARTU Moore. [1892.]
Manchuria.

Imago. — A pale umber brown species, with rather large ocelli, ocher externally and on
inside faint purplish, concolorous with the extradiscal band common to both wings. [Jordan
describes it as dark brown, fringes bright yellow; ocelli almost alike on both pairs of wings,
surrounded by a narrow black ring, outer half yellow, inner half brownish red, transparent pupil
round, large.]

Larva. — (Mature; one blown, very poor, and one alcoholic, turned black).1 [Length
about 68 mm.] Body cylindrical, of usual Telea shape and size, segments moderately convex.
Lower lateral tubercles on pro thoracic segment, nine hairs in place of each dorsal tubercle;
two rather large broad low-conical dorsal tubercles on second and third thoracic segments,
each having five to six spines, and also hairs of unequal length; those of first and second
abdominal segments much smaller, about a third as large and the dorsal ones of segments 3 to 7
[sub] obsolete, represented by a low flattened small tubercle with six spinules, one longer than
the others; the single median tubercle on eighth segment is small, low, vestigial, with long
unequal stiff hairs. Anal legs dark with a paler (yellow?) line. Over the supraspiracular

tubercle on second abdominal
segment is a clear, swollen, vit-
reous, roundish area, situated
between the spiracle and the
tubercle. Body with thickly
scattered minute short clavate
hairs. In the alcoholic specimen
the dorsal tubercles on second
and third thoracic segments are
rather large, but low, not promi-
nent. The tubercles are soft, perhaps partially erectile, the median one on eighth segment
quite large and about two-thirds as high as those on second and third thoracic segments.
Cocoon. — Oval [yellowish white], with a stalk.

ANTHERffiA FRITHH Moore.

Antheraca/rithii Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Comp. II, p. 396, 1858.

Antheraea frithii Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 256, No. 3, PL LXV, fig. 1, 1859.

Antheraea frithii Butler, Illustrations Lep. Het., V, p. 59, PI. XCI, fig. S, 1881.

9 Very near yama-mai. Same hue. Ocelli slightly larger and without the thickened
black spot on front side of ocellus of hind wings. Extradiscal band of hind wings more scal-
loped. J more distinct than 9 . Ochre yellow patch on costa near apex; forewing more fal-
cate, more deeply excavated; extradiscal lines on hind wing much more scalloped. Ocellus
of fore wing a little more elongated elliptical, not so round.

[Darjiling.]

ANTHER.EA HELFERI Moore.

[Antheraea helferi Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. House, II (1859), p. 397.]
[Caligula Mferi Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 760.]

Small, no clear space, with very falcate wings filled hi with scales and a black subapical
spot. Hind wing ocelli like yama-mai, but clear space obsolete, and black thickening is wider
than even in yama-mai.

[Darjiling.]

h

J 7

,Fig. 19. A ntheraea hartii Moore. Knight del., from larva in British Museum.

1 [Jordan states that it is green, with a golden spot at the base of most dorsal warts. 1

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 203

ANTHERAEA MYLITTA (Druiy).

Plate XXVIII, fig. 1; CIV.

ANTHERAEA PAPHIA (LinnS).

Plate XL VII, fig. 1.

[The following notes are from a blown larva in the Paris Museum, referred to "A. paphia
L. (mylitta Drury)":] '

Larva. — Shape and size of Telea polyphemus; head chestnut, deeply incised above the
clypeus; thoracic segments convex; second and third, and first abdominal angular; pro thoracic
segment with a lateral well marked tubercle in front of spiracle, and one, more prominent,
below; other lateral tubercles on rest of body minute, and greenish. Two dorsal tubercles
of second and third thoracic segments quite large, golden yellow in front, the posterior more
membranous part with six small tuberculets bearing small stiff hairs, one larger than the others.
Homologous tubercles (two dorsal) on first abdominal segment one-third smaller than the others,
while those on segment 2 are a little smaller, and those on the other segments are a little smaller
still, and give rise to a single dark hair and two or three small hairs. The dorsal tubercle on
eighth abdominal segment is represented by two separate (a mm. apart) minute yelloioish low
flattened tubercles, each bearing a single hair, not to be seen in profile as also in Moore's figure
(Lep. Ceylon, vol. 2, PI. 125, lb.). Entire body green; a lateral reddish line, widening on
side of suranil plate, which is green above, as rest of body. Abdominal legs with black
short hairs; anal legs behind reddish, forming a large triangular spot, apex toward planta.
Spiracles yellow with a black ring within. Thoracic legs reddish. A white spot above second
abdominal spiracle (Moore makes two crescentic white [spots] above second and third abdom-
inal spiracles). [Length about 77 mm.]

In earlier stages, half as large, all the tubercles larger, red, with stiff hairs as in other genera;

see Moore's figure.

TELEA Hlibner.

[Telea Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett (1822?), p. 154.]

[The primaries have ten veins; vein 7 and 8 form a long stalk out of the subcostal, and vein
9 also from the subcostal, very close to the inception of vein 8. There is thus an essential
difference between this genus and Actias, in which vein 9 is from the same stalk with 7 and 8.
The dorsal vein is furcate, rather a'n unusual feature in this group. The secondaries are, as
usual, 8-veined, vein 7 very strongly curved. — J. B. Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, IX (1886),
p. 429. That is to say, IIIj originates far basad, being the first vein to separate from the radius,
as in Eacles. III2 is absent, III3 and III4 separate at about the same level as rVj and IV2, the
common stalks of each pair joining just beyond the origin (separation) of IIL..]

TELEA POLYPHEMUS (Cramer).

Plate XVII, figs. 3-5; XVIII; L, fig. 1; LVI; LXVI, figs. 1, 2 (ocuka); LXXIV, fig. 1.

[Attacus polyphemus Cramer, Pap. Exot., I, t. 5A,B (1775).

Bombyx polyphemus Fabricius, Spec. Ins., II, p. 168, n. 5 (1781).

Telea polypheme Hubner, Samml. Ex. Schmett II, (1S24?).

Telea polyphemus W. F. Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 751 (1892).]

Telea polyphemus Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, p. 792, June 7, 1904.

Imago. — Four 3 , four ? , and others examined. Body and wings tawny ochreous brown,
varying from a paler to a deeper shade. Prothorax and costal edge of fore wings whitish gray,
becoming less distinct on the under side. Fore wings, tawny ochreous brown, brighter clear
ochreous on the margin of both wings beyond the submarginal band. Within the basal lino
also slightly clearer ochreous, being freer from black scales. Basal lino widely dislocated on the

1 [This must be .4. mylitta (Drury); syn. paphia Cramer, not Linne. The Linnean paphia is given in Kirby 's Catalogue as equal to Nudaurclia
dione, but Rothschild considers it to be an entirely different thing, and identical with Antheraeajajia (Stoll) and rumphii Felder, supposed species
described from Java and Amboina, respectively.]

204 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

median vein; it begins behind or at the hinder edge of the costal band and is either straight or
incurved in its course to the median vein, and thence to the inner edge of the wing is either nearly
straight or slightly sinuous; it is broad, white, edged with pink and beyond narrowly bordered
with black. The extradiscal line is nearly straight or slightly sinuous, ending in the two black
spots on the costa, the spot on the costal edge linear, the one parallel to it on the inside being
about twice as broad, and in one ? nearly triangular; the line tends in some specimens to be-
come obsolete toward the apex and near the two black costal spots; the band is dark brown,
shaded externally rather irregularly so as to be scalloped on the outer edge with pale gray lilac,
or pinkish white.

On the hind wings this line is curved and is twice as broad as on the fore wings, and especially
the inner dark brown portion is broadest toward the middle and costal region. From the inner
of the two black spots a broad grayish lilac shade or dash passes nearly out to the apex. At
the outer end of the other or linear spot is a short mark of the same hue.

Discal spots rounded, elliptical, varying much in size, those of the fore wingwith the transverse
diameter greater than the longitudinal, the anterior end or side always reaching to vein II, but
the posterior never touching median, and in some examples the spot only extends half way across
the discal cell. In a well-developed discal spot or ocellus the vitreous or transparent center is
about half the width (in one ? much wider) of the entire ocellus, the discal vein dividing it into
two unequal portions, of which the inner is the smaller. This vitreous center is surrounded
by a broad ochre-yellow ring, wider on the outer than inner side, sometimes nearly twice
as much so; it is edged with a narrow linear black ring, and externally on the outside is a narrow
linear whitish-blue semicircle, not extending beyond either end of the discal vein.

Hind wings entire. Apex subacute, the outer edge bent at the end of the median vein.
Extradiscal line curved outward, a broad, diffuse dusky band, shaded externally with grayish
lilac, and beyond this line the wing is ochreous as on the fore wings. Discal spot very large,
and the ocellus itself, corresponding to that of the fore wings, is a little larger than in the anterior
wings and of the same general shape, but produced shaqily at each end (antero-posterior) ; the
yellow ring is decidedly thicker on the outside and is edged with a distinct fine linear black line.
It varies in size, either reaching the origin of the first median vem or ending quite a distance
from it. The ocellus proper is surrounded by a large oblong oval black shade, not only filling
the space or cell, but spreading over a little way into the cells on either side of the veins II and
median. It is bounded on the inner end by a red and white line, being a portion of the basal
line, and situated about half way between the base of the wings and the discal vein. On the
outside of the ocellus is a faint linear pale blue semicircle, while on the other side of the ocellus
or yellow ring about half and sometimes nearly two-thirds of the black patch is colored pale
blue, the blue scales varying in intensity and in some examples almost wanting.

Underside of the wings. The basal band of fore wings dark, the wing within paler and more
grizzled than the rest of the wing. On the hind wings this portion sends two narrow streaks,
one to each side of the ocellus, then spreading out trigonately. Middle of wing darker, nut-brown,
the outer edge of this shade vaguely scalloped, and the inner edge also in some examples; this
shade or broad band is succeeded by a lighter shade, either pale ash or dusky lilac, the outer
edge darker, corresponding to the extradiscal line above. The edge of the wing is either pale
ochreous or ochreous brown. The two apical spots are disconnected from the extradiscal band.
In the median shade a dull reddish brown, broad, diffuse band crosses the wing, inclosing the
discal spot when it is small, and when the spot is large, being interrupted by it.
There is no essential or striking difference between the sexes.

Expanse of fore wing, S 116-127 mm.; 2 125 mm.

Length of wing, a* 55-58 mm. ; 9 66 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings: Length, 2^-7 mm.; width, 2-7 mm.

Ocellus of hind wings, not including the black and blue patch, 4-7£; black patch,
10 by 6 to 16 by 12 mm.
In a quite pale ? the ocellus of the fore wmgs is unusually large and round, and the vitreous
center large and round.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 205

The discal ocellus varies greatly; in one S from Brunswick, Me., it is reduced to one- third
the size of that in the hind wings, and only extends to a little more than half way across the
discal cell, while there is no clear vitreous center (that in the ocelli of the hind wings is very small) ,
the yellow ochre oval spot being solid, opaque, with a few blue scales on the inside; on the left
wing the yellow spot is still smaller, shorter, and irregular.

[Geographical distribution. — Very widely distributed over the North American continent,
especially east of the Rocky Mountains. The following localities are from the records of the
United States Department of Agriculture: New York (Pawling, Brooklyn); New Jersey (Wald-
wick, Hammerton); Pennsylvania (Dreshertown) ; Ohio (Toledo); Illinois (Man-
chester, Malta) ; District of Columbia (Washington) ; Maryland (Towson, Hagers-
town); Virginia (Farmville, Manassas, Norfolk); South Carolina (Summerville,
Edisto Island) ; Alabama (Montevallo, Greensboro) ; Georgia (Thomasville, Bruns-
wick); Temiessee (Washington College); Florida (Jennings, Eustis); Louisiana
(New Orleans); Kentucky (Frankfort); Texas (Paris, Clear Spring); Kansas
(Oswego) ; Missouri (Cadet, St. Louis) ; Colorado (Fort Collins) ; Oregon (Jefferson) ;
California (Fillmore, Niles, Mountain View).]

[Mr. T. Pergande bred three T. polyphemus from cocoons found by Prof.
Comstock on water oak at Macon, Ga. He notes: "The moths are of a
purplish color, appearing different in this respect from the northern form of fig. w.— Teiea
T. polyphemus."] ^ ^f™

[Prof. M. H. Swenk reports (litt., 1912) that in Nebraska T.polyphemus occurs spur; shiny,
across the State, at least northwardly. "It is common in eastern Nebraska, and Wlt,h inner

' ^ ' surface cov-

Mr. Dawson has taken it at Gordon, Sheridan County, and in Monroe Canyon ered with very
Sioux County."] "Found from British Columbia [eastward] (but rarely) across the "tnffie short
prairies to Manitoba. It is one of our most abundant species of largo moths through-
out Ontario. * * * I have seen it in Montreal collections." (J. Fletcher, litt., 1900.)

Var. OCTJLEA Neumogen.
[Papilio, III, p. 71 (18S3).] Grote, Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. 5, XI, 1SS3, p. 53.

Two 9 from Prescott, Ariz., present the following characters: They are of unusual size.
The light ground color is as pale as my lightest northern 9 , while the dark middle portion of
the wing and the dark spot inclosing the ocelli of both pahs of wings is of much greater extent
than in any examples from the New England States.

This variety of the southwestern or arid region of Arizona and New Mexico differs from the
normal northeastern forms in the basal line showing more white, while the black outer edge is
wider and more distinct; between this black and white band is a narrow deep ochreous line;
the rest of the line from the median vein to the inner edge of the wing is a simple slightly curved
dark brown band. The extradiscal is (on the fore wings) a straight broad black-brown band
of even width extending to the two costal spots, but with no gray-lilac shade beyond ; on the
hind wings this band is wider and regularly curved. Between this and the ocellus the wing is
unusually blackish, and between the extradiscal and the ocellus is a faint brown line which curves
in a little before reaching the costa (this line is not present in northeastern examples). The
roseate patch near the apex behind the two costal black spots is more distinct than in the north-
eastern examples. Ocelli of the fore wings large, extending from the 4th II to the 1st median
or almost to it; the vitreous or clear center round, as wide as long, and the whole ocellus sur-
rounded by a broad diffuse black ring, which is prolonged to the 2d median vein in one example,
forming a large triangular black patch, which interrupts the transverse brown line. (In the
other example the black only reaches the 1st median vein, and the brown line is farther away
from the discal spot, nearly one-half way between the extradiscal line and the spot.)

Discal spots of the hind wings very large, though the ocellus itself is a little smaller than
that in the fore wings. The blue crescent is wide and intense in hue next to the ocellus; the

206 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xu,

inner half (within the discal vein) is deep orange yellow, the outer paler (in both wings). The
black cloud or patch is wider and rounder than usual.

Under side of wings much paler than in the normal form, especially in the outer margin
of the wings. The broad median band or median third of the wing is brown on the edges and
regularly scalloped externally, and irregularly so on the inside; the band is much more dis-
tinct and more regularly scalloped on the hind wings. The ocelli are smaller than above, and
not so round.

Expanse of fore wings, 9 150-168 mm.
Length of fore wing, 71-80 mm.

Ocellus of fore wings, 9 by 8; of hind wings, 8 by 8 mm.; on the under side of fore
wings, 8 by 8 mm.; of hind wings, 5 by 6 mm.

Whether this is a dry geographical race, peculiar to Arizona and the neighboring nearly
rainless, hot, arid regions, remains to be seen when we have more specimens for examination.
It is not decidedly paler than eastern examples and has considerable black in the spots and bands.
Did I not have a nearly similarly pale 9 from the Eastern States (exact locality unknown), I
should be inclined to regard oculea as a climatic variety, but until we have seen the larva, we
should hesitate about regarding it as such. [Var. oculea was taken by Snow in Gallinas Canyon,
N. Max.]

[Mr. J. Doll writes (litt., July, 1912) that the type female of T. polyphemus oculea "Differs
in pattern on the under side of hind wings in the wide bands almost uniformly on middle third,"
and adds, "all our oculea have the marked dark dash extending basally from the eye-spots on
the primaries." Mr. Doll further expresses the opinion that Druce's figure of T. aurelia in the
Biologia Centrali-Americana is " a fine figure of the 3 of oculea." Strecker (litt. to Dr. Packard)
also expresses the opinion that aurelia was oculea.]

[A female from Albuquerque, N. Mex., June, 1902 (J. G. McNary), must be referred to
oculea, although it lacks the evident dark shade basad of the ocelli on the primaries. It is
large (length of primaries about 69 mm.) and has little light color beyond the dark submarginal
band, agreeing hi this last character with the Mexican race (PI. LVI, figs. 3, 4) as well as with
oculea. The general color of the upper surface is very warm but light ochre-red, and the white
part of the upper section of the subbasal band on primaries is very broad and conspicuous.
On the under side the median broad area is shaded with a very fine cinnamon-red, while the basal
part of the secondaries is very white. The red median area on the hind wings is very broad.

I do not know how far north oculea occurs, but at Boulder, Colo., the insect is smaller,
with a strong white or pinkish shade beyond the submarginal band, and must be referred to
polyphernus proper. There are, however, several varietal forms:

Var. a. — General color above warm reddish-ochreous, like the Albuquerque oculea, but
region of wings beyond ocelli and before submarginal band more blackish; pinkish white shade
beyond submarginal band very distinct; ring round hyaline area on primaries (as in aU Boulder
specimens) pale yellow (in the Albuquerque oculea it is cinnamon); under side with more
blackish scales than in Albuquerque oculea; band on hind wings very much narrower, and
basal part hardly whiter than the part beyond the median band. Female. Boulder, July 20,
1906 (F. W. Ptohwer).

Var. b. — Strongly vinaceous-red ; shade beyond submarginal band delicate pale lilac; area
around ocelli of hind wings strongly blackened ; under side also strongly vinaceous, the lighter
parts of the secondaries suffused with pink; the median band of secondaries broad, formed
essentially as in the Albuquerque msect, but darker and more vinaceous. Male. Boulder,
June 3, 1912. Received from Miss Eva Miller. The female of this form (except that it lacks
the black suffusion around ocellus of hind wings) is figured by Holland in The Moth Book, PI.
IX, fig. 1.

Var. c (ab. nov. olivacea). — Ground color above pale grayish olivaceous; shade beyond
submarginal band white. Under side marked like var. b.; but colors olivaceous, with no
vinaceous or reddish whatever; dark markings deep brownish olivaceous; basal part of second-

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 207

aries whiter than in the other Boulder forms, but not so white as in the Albuquerque one.
Boulder. July, 1912 (O. Wangelin).

Other variations occur in the Eastern States. Dr. Holland states: "I have one or two
fine melanic specimens, hi which the wings are almost wholly black on the upper side. Albino
specimens are also occasionally found." Strecker (litt. to Dr. Packard, 1900) noted that a
male he raised from a cocoon sent by O. T. Baron from Mendocino, Cal., was quite typical
polyphemus.}

Life history.

According to Mr. E. B. Reed, this insect "frequently attacks maples, and from the enormous
size of the caterpillar and its voracious appetite a great deal of damage is often done." (Report
Ontario Ent. Soc. for 1872, p. 39.) Mrs. Dimmock has contributed the following historical
account of this insect to Psyche, IV, 277: *

Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 278-279) describes larva, cocoon, and imago; later (Treatise on Ins. Injur.
Veg., 1862, p. 384-386) he adds a figure of the imago, and (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 294, pi. 4, fig. 17) a figure of the
larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 226-227) describes larva and imago, and (op. cit., p. 209) describes the egg,
which he mistook for that of Smerinthus excaecatas. Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., 1867, v. i, p. 30-38, 85-94, 145-149, pi. 5-6)
gives an extended account of this species which he tried to rear, on a considerable scale, for its silk ; he describes the egg,
larva, pupa, and cocoon, ana figures the larva, pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos, as well as Ophion macrurum,
a parasite of the larva; he says there are at least six varieties of the imagos. Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 297, pi.
6-7) repeats Trouvelot's figures. Riley [?] (Amer. Entom., March, 1869, v. i, p. 121-122) figures the imago and describes
the larva and imago. Riley (4th Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1872, p. 125-129) describes egg, larva, cocoon, pupa,
and imago, and figures larva, pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos; contrary to Trouvelot, who stated that there
are six larval stages, Riley gives the number of molts as four, making five larval stages. Lintner (Entom. Contrib. [No.l],
1872, p. 6) gives a note on the coloration of the eggs, and (op. cit., No. 3, 1874, p. 152) describes the eggs. Gentry (Can.
Entom., May, 1874, v. 6, p. 86) describes the normal form and a variety of the larva. Grote (Can. Entom., Sept., 1S78,
v. 10, p. 176) states that this species is double-brooded in the South; Trouvelot (I. c.) was unable to raise two broods to
maturity in Massachusetts, and Brodie (Papilio, April, 1882, v. 2, p. 60) writes that " in long and warm seasons about 50
per cent are double-brooded, but this is against the increase of the species, as cold weather usually sets in before the
larvae are fully matured." Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Coram., 1881, p. 48) figures the larva. Saunders (Can. Entom.,
March, 1882, v. 14, p. 41^15) figures and describes the larva, pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos; he further
figures Ophion macrurmn, a parasite of the larva. Brodie (Papilio, May, 1882, v. 2, p. 83) states that normally this insect
comes from its cocoon at about 11 a. m. Wailly (Bull. Soc. Acclim. France, May, 1882, s. 3, v. 9, p. 265) gives some
notes upon the larva and imago. A compilation of the food-plants results as follows: Quercus, TJlmas, Tm'a [Harris, 1841
and 1862]; Tilia americana and Rosa [Harris, 1869]; Acer, Salic, Populus, Corylus, Betula, Vaccinium [Trouvelot]
Carya, Juglans nigra, J. cdnerea, Cratsegus (Amer. Entom., 1869, v. 1, p. 121); Quercus virens, [Chambers (Amer.
Entom., March, 1870, v. 2, p. 156)]; apple, quince, plum, Prunus virginiana, Platanus, Gleditschia [Riley]; Betula lento.
[Young (Can. Entom., Oct., 1880, v. 12, p. 212)]; Hamamelis virginiea [Kyle (op. cit., p. 213)]; Castanea vesca. Fagus
[Wailly (Journ. Soc. Arts, 31 March, 1882, v. 30, p. 528)]; Tilia europa-a, Cratxgus coccinea, C. tomentosa, C. crus-galli,
Amelanchier canadensis, Ribes cynosbati, Quercus alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Corylus americana, C. rostrata, Fagus
ferruginea, Carpinus americana, Ostrya virginiea, Carya tomentosa, C. amara, C. alba, Betula lenta, B. excelsa, B. alba,
B. papyracea, Alnus incana, A. serrulata, Salix alba, S. humilis, Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides [Brodie (Papilio,
April, 1882, v. 2, p. 58-59)]. Chestnut, as a food-plant, is only mentioned by Wailly, who reared the larvae in England,
but they are often found in eastern Massachusetts, on Castanea vesca.

[The following life history of T. polyphemus was originally published by Packard in Proc.
Amer. Acad., 1893:]

The larvae, usually feeding on the oak, have been found on the chestnut, and in Maine on the beech.

Egg. — Regularly oval-cylindrical, each end alike; flattened at each pole; surface chalky white, with a very broad,
conspicuous dark-brown band. Under a lens, the surface of the shell is seen to be finely pitted or granulated ; under a
half-inch objective, the surface is seen to be covered with round shallow depressions bordered with a well-marked rim;
these orbicular areas do not touch each other, there being quite wide spaces between them ; they are arranged obliquely.
Length of egg 2.6 mm., breadth 2.2 mm.

Larva. — Stage I. Hatched June 12. (Described when 20-24 hours old.)

The brood hatches all at once, or nearly so. Length 5 to 6 mm.

The head is large and full, rounded as usual in the family; as wide as or slightly wider than the body, i. e., the pro-
thoracic segment, not taking into account the lateral tubercles. It is deep bright brick-red; the labrum, antennae, and
jaws yellowish. The body gradually tapers backward from the head.

1 [Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lcp. Ins. Georgia, vol. 1 (179"), p. 93, figure T. polyphemus as feeding on Quercus lobulata Solander, MSS.,
the tree now known as Q. stellata.]

208 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

The body is of a soft, pale greenish yellow; the tubercles pale yellowish, contrasting with the color of the body.
The prothoracic segment flares in front, the edge turning up and bearing two large dorsal tubercles which are double.
The prothoracic tubercles are very prominent, projecting on each side, and are about twice as large as the second and
third thoracic ones, and bear twelve bristles. These tubercles and those of the same series on the ninth abdominal
segment are much larger than the intermediate ones. There is a slight differentiation in size and color of the dorsal
tubercles, those of the thoracic and ninth abdominal segments being of the same size, and larger than those on abdominal
segments 1 to 7, and also of a deeper yellow shade. The bristles are pale, those on all the thoracic tubercles, dorsal and
lateral, a little darker than those on the abdominal segments, and darker at the tips. They are but little longer than the
tubercles, a nd there are about six on each abdominal tubercle. Under a half-inch objective the bristles are seen to be
not only docked at the tip, but the latter is slightly but distinctly swollen or bulbous, and sometimes containing an
oval mass of the coagulated secretion.

The median dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is as large as those on the thoracic segments; it is
twice as wide as long at the base, and is more deeply divided than any other of our Attaci known, very plainly showing its
origin from two originally separate dorsal tubercles; each fork is well developed, being about as long as thick, and each bear-
ing from four to five bristles.

All the tubercles of the ninth segment are very large, about as large as those of the thoracic segments. The suranal
plate is large, nearly equilaterally triangular, and bears near the apex two tubercles, each of which gives rise to eight
bristles; they are smaller in proportion, and nearer together, than those of C. promelhea.

The prothoracic segment is pale yellowish in front, chestnut-colored behind, becoming blackish on the sides low
down. At the base of the lateral prothoracic tubercles are three black rings. On the side of each abdominal Begment
1 to 8 is a pair of parallel black slashes, situated between each of the upper and lower lateral tubercles; on the second and
third thoracic segments they meet on the middle of the back as chestnut-colored stripes. On each side of the ninth
abdominal segment is a large pale yellowish amber tubercle.1 In some individuals all the tubercles on the body are
amber-yellow.

The thoracic and abdominal legs are pale greenish, with no markings. The thoracic feet bear near the ungues the
usual three tenant hairs which are long-lanceolate, and moderately broad. The number of crotchets on the abdominal
feet is 24, larger by 8 than in the other Attacidae observed.

June 17 they had become larger, fuller, and from 9 to 10 mm. in length. The body is of a beautiful soft glaucous
green, the tubercles yellowish, those on the prothoracic segment tinged with reddish; the black-brown slashes on the
sides of the body are still present, but narrower. They are voracious feeders.

June 19, at Providence. (Like Mr. Bridgham's second drawing, stage II.) I have not seen them cast their skins,
though they must have done so. They are now 11 mm. long. They still retain the black slashes. All the tubercles are
yellowish; the body being of a beautiful glaucous green. In some individuals the lateral prothoracic tubercles are
reddish.

Figure 21. Dorsal view of the eighth to tenth abdominal segments of the larva in stage I, showing the double
tubercle (d') on the eighth segment (VIII), and the two separate dorsal tubercles (d) on the ninth segment (IX), with
the two subdorsal tubercles of this segment (sd), together with the suranal plate (X) and its armature.

Figure 22. A view of the double dorsal tubercle [d') of the same stage, showing the median line of union of what in
embryonic life were probably separate dorsal tubercles, like those on the segments in front and behind; m, the muscles
moving the setae; sd, the subdorsal tubercles; m, the retractor muscles of the tubercle; a, one of the seta;, much enlarged,
with the bases of two others; a', a", a"', ends of other seta;, containing at the end globules of the medullary fluid. The
setae are seen to be smooth, without spinules of any sort. It is to be observed that in the double dorsal tubercle there
are only four setae on one side and five on the other, but five must be the normal number, and the number usual in the
larvae of the group at this stage.

Stage II: June 23. Length II to 15 mm. They have most probably molted, the lateral pair of upright parallel
slashes having disappeared. The spiracles are now black and very distinct. The tubercles are deep orange at the end,
the dorsal ones bearing mostly blackish bristles, with one or two white ones, those on the side of the body being pale;
the lateral tubercles are orange, all the prothoracic tubercles deep orange, and the segment itself is edged with greenish
yellow orange. The thoracic legs are deep orange; the abdominal legs green, tipped at the plants with yellow orange.

There is now a lateral curved white band connecting the lateral tubercle on the ninth segment with the corresponding one
on the suranal plate. Along the back and between the dorsal tubercles the skin has a soft glaucous bloom. The head is
dark chestnut-red, as before.

In this stage the larvae frequently assume a sphinx-like attitude, while those of P. cecropia and S. cynthia do not
seem to, but these two species are in general more active, trying to escape from confinement.

Stage III : Molted July 1. Length 20 to 25 mm. The color of the head and tint of the body as before. The larva
now differs in the segments being more convex and angular, or in tranverse section somewhat square, somewhat as in the
last stage. All the tubercles are alike in being pea-green at base, becoming deep reddish orange at the end, and bearing
partly black and partly white spines or bristles, except the two median short tubercles on the prothoracic segment,
which are yellow, and concolorous with the yellow margin of the whole segment. There are more white bristles on the
abdominal than on the thoracic segments.

1 In A. luna (he suranal plate is triangular, but slightly shorter than in T.polyphtmus, the two tubercles are wider apart, not so near the end of
the plate, and am much lower and flatter, while those of T. polyphcmus are quite high and slender, papilliform.

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

209

The spiracles are unusually narrow, being vertically almost linear, and orange-red, i. e., concolorous with the tuber-
cles at the end, and now directly behind them is the more or less distinct yellowish lateral slightly oblique stripe connecting
the lateral tubercles of the lower and of the upper row, and which touches each spiracle. (These were indicated, though
less distinctly, in stage II.)

The beautiful pale purplish whitish band or edging on the suranal plate, and connecting the two lower lateral
tubercles of the ninth abdominal segment, is now very distinct; above it is edged within with a linear brownish line
forming a V, which does not reach the tubercles on either side, in fact, only extends about half way from the end of the
suranal plate to the base. The median dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is still plainly double, and
larger than any of the others.

We thus have assumed in this stage the characters of the larva in its final stage.

The excellent differential characters separating this genus from other Attacinae are now defined, and the same will
apply to the larvae of the third stage of Platysamia, Callosamia, and Actios, as well as Samia (Philosamia).

The following descriptions apply to two individuals specially observed during this stage:

One (A) in stage II was seen to cast its skin July 5, at 11.15 to 11.30 a. m. The head was pale greenish yellow, like
a peach, but without the reddish pink tu.ge. (A. luna appears to permanently retain the greenish tint.) The thoracic
legs are greenish. All the tubercles are lemon-yellow, the short bristles on the thoracic tubercles black, those on the
abdominal segments turning black. The long whip-like hairs are white. The V-shaped band on the edge of the suranal
plate is a deep labradorite-azure. The lateral stripes are not yet very distinct. The spiracles are deep orange.

Fig. 21.

At 12.30 p. m. the head had turned almost chestnut-brown, and by 1 p. m. was of the normal dark chestnut-red hue.

Before casting its skin, it spins a thin carpet of silk threads, to which it clings with its crochets while in the process
of exuviation.

Another caterpillar (B) in stage II about molting was first noticed at 11.30 a. m. The head was small, about half as
large as in the next stage, pressed forward; the prothoracic segment above has a large yellow patch extending back to the
next segment. The region is about half as wide as the whole segment, being that portion situated behind the two middle
dorsal tubercles, and the brown membrane or neck connecting the head and the succeeding segment is tense. Now all
the tubercles are deep orange-red, while there are no fine white hairs arising from the thoracic tubercles, and those arising
from the abdominal tubercles are much shorter, nearly one-half, than in the next molt (A). It fastened its crochets
in the silk carpet it had spun previous to the beginning of the process of exuviation, so that the convulsive movements
of the head and thoracic segments may not cause it to fall over while in the act of throwing off the old skin. The head
is about one-third, and almost one-half, larger after molting than before.

Now and then before the skin splits, and is cast off, the larva was observed to make a series of convulsive movements
of the head and thoracic region.

It finally cast its skin between 2 and 3 o'clock p. m., and this individual looked like A when I first saw it.

This larva also was observed resting with its head and thoracic region raised in a sphinx-like attitude, jerking its
head sideways when disturbed. The pale chestnut face forms, with the folded thoracic feet, a continuous patch of
color, of the same tint as that of the leaf buds, and the base of the leafstalks of the oak. In eating I do not see that the
maxillae and labium are of any service, but on the contrary seem to be in the way. Both are in lepidopterous larvae
rudimentary, and the labium in the main functions as a spinning organ.
83570°— 14 14

2 10 MEMOIRS RATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xii,

Stage IV: Molted July 11-12. Length 40 to 45 mm. This differs but little from Btage III. The head is of the
same color as in the three previous stages, and about half as wide as the body. The segments are rather more angular
above than before. The prothoraeic segment is yellow in front; the tubercles are small, and of the same yellow tint.
All the other tubercles, both dorsal and lateral, are orange-red; the dorsal tubercles have on the outside of the base, and
extending nearly half way tip, a bright spot with a decided pearly color and luster; this spot is wanting on the infraspiracular
tubercles. Most of the bristles are black broadly ringed with white, or white at the base, and on the distal half. The
median dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is still distinctly seen to be double, being bilobed at the end,
each lobe or subtubercle bearing about four white setae, one of them black.

Along the sides of the body project long white hairs. The spiracles are orange-brown, as before. The suranal plate
is edged with flesh-pink, and the anal legs are bordered behind with the same smooth flesh-pink margin The thoracic
legs are reddish amber, black at their ends. The middle abdominal legs are green; the plantaa livid purplish; above
the planta is a dark patch, bordered above with yellowish.

Stage V: Molted July 22-24. Length 60 mm. It now scarcely differs from the preceding stage. The silver tint
on the outside of the base of the dorsal and subdorsal tubercles, and on the upper side of the base of the infraspira-
cular tubercles, is a little more distinct than in stage IV, as in the latter stage the second and third thoracic dorsal and
subdorsal tubercles are more orange than those on the abdomen, which are deep coral-red; but in some of stage
IV the thoracic ones are coral-red.

The head is reddish chestnut, and is the same in hue as in stages I to IV. The prothoraeic segment is edged with
yellow, the pale yellowish lateral stripe as in stages III and IV. The spiracles are deep orange-red. The segments are
now convex and almost angular, more so than in the other native forms of this group, unless we except A. luna.

One of this brood began to spin and had completed the exterior of its cocoon by August 1.

The object of the purplish edging on the suranal plate and anal legs was impressed upon me while observing a large
full-fed caterpillar resting by a short leafstalk, the leaf having been broken off so as to be a quarter of an inch long and
curved. In color and shape it exactly resembled the purplish edgings of the suranal plate and legs, and thus added to
the protective resemblance to a leaf and its stalk.

A fine large T. polyphemus was observed at Providence, September 27, on the chestnut. I was struck with the
resemblance of the outline of the creature's back — the segments being angular so as to render the body serrate, each
tooth-like form of the segment surmounted by a tubercle and long hair — to the serrated edge of the leaf, each of the teeth
ending in a long hair. It is not improbable that the ancestors of Telea, Actias, and others with angular segments, may
originally have fed on trees with such serrated leaves, and that later they adopted as their more usual food plant such
trees as the oak, in which the edges of the leaves are either smooth or simply lobed.

Recapitulation of the more Salient Ontogenetic Features.
A. Congenital Features.

1. The setae (bristles) of stage I but little longer than the tubercles, and both truncate and distinctly bulbous at tip.

2. A slight but distinct differentiation in size and color of the dorsal tubercles, those of the 3d thoracic and 9th abdominal

segments being of the same size, and larger than those on uromeres 1-7, and of a deeper yellow shade. (Stage I.)

3. The homologue of the "caudal horn" is distinctly double, and more deeply divided than in any other American

genera of Attacinae; each fork about as long as thick. (Stage I.)

4. Abdominal legs each with twenty-four crotchets (a larger number by 6 to 8 than in the other genera), stage I.

5. Each abdominal segment (uromere) with a lateral pair of transverse black slashes in stage I.

6. The two tubercles in stage I on the suranal plate slender, papilliform, and approximate.

B. Evolution of later Adaptational Characters.

1. The lateral pair of black transverse stripes on each uromere nearly or quite disappear in stage II.

2. The segments more convex and angular in stage III.

3. Appearance of a yellowish lateral oblique stripe connecting the lateral tubercles of the lower and upper row, in

stage III.

4. Appearance of the pale purplish edging of the suranal plate and anal legs, in stage III.

5. Appearance in stage IV of the pearly spot on the outside of the dorsal tubercles.

The generic characters are mostly assumed in stage III.

TELEA AURELIA Druce.

Telea aurelia Druce, Biologia Centr.-Amer. , Tab. 83, fig. 3.
[Telea aurelia Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), IX, p. 278 (1872).]
Telea aurelia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I [p. 934], 1892.

Imago. — One 6* . Judging solely by the figure of Mr. Druce this seems to be only a climatic
variety of T. polyphemus, differing from that species only in markings. On the fore wings the
basal line is darker, the dark shades of the northern form being intensified. The ocellus differs
in having the dark outer ring heavier and wider, and within it the discal space is shaded with
brown to the basal fine. The middle of both wings is darker and the extradiscal fine common

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NOKTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 211

to both wings is broader and scalloped externally. The ocellus of the hind wing. is about the
same as in T. poly "ph emus ; the nearly clear space being as large and the yellow ring around it
as wide, but deeper orange. The two apical black spots and the rose patch underneath are just
as in normal T. polyphemus. It is of the same size, and the fore wings expand 11 cm. [Mexico.]

METOSAMIA Druce.

Metosamia Druce [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), IX (1892), p. 276J.

The only true generic difference from Telea is the markedly scalloped wings [of the males].
It has no affinities with Samia, as the name would imply.

METOSAMIA GODMANI Druce.

Plate LI, fig. 6; LXXV, fig. 1.

Metosamia godmani Druce [Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), IX (1892), p. 277].
[This is the type of the genus.]

Imago. — Also a large species, but the wings are not scalloped [in the female] and it apparently
scarcely differs from Telea polyphemus, from which it is evidently derived. In color and markings
it differs from M. montezuma and T. polyphemus in the basal line being formed of two white
spots, that near the costa being triangular, the other portion of the line being a straight slash
across the base of the submedian cell. Extradiscal band as in T. polyphemus, but on the hind
wings it is straight. Ocelli of the fore wings without the blue semicircle; that of the hind
wings with a small discal clear space, and no black or blue shade within, though there is a narrow
blue semicircle. Female antennas pectinated to tip. Length of anterior wing 83 mm.; ocelli
17 mm.

Geographical distribution. — [Mexico.]

METOSAMIA MONTEZUMA Salle.

Plate LXXV, fig. 2; LXXVI, fig. 1.
[Saturnia Montezuma Salle, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1856, p. xcii.]

Imago. — This species is in the antennas and shape of the wings just as in Telea polyphemus
except that the outer edge of the fore and hind wings are scalloped, especially the hinder ones.
The ocelli are almost identical; the basal line of the fore wings is disconnected. The extradiscal
black line is the same. The two apical black spots are as in Telea, but behind them is a white
patch lined behind with brown, this shade touching the end of the extradiscal band. In the
ocellus of the bind wing the clear space is smaller than in T. polyphemus. The outer edge is
divided into seven large scallops, that on the first median vein being a little longer than the
others. Expanse of fore wings 16 mm.

Geographical distribution. — Mexico .

SAMIA Htibner.

[Samia Hubner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. (1822?), p. 156. Type according to Kirby S. cecropia.]
[Platysamia Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., V (1865), p. 229.]

SAMIA CECROPIA (Linne).

Plates V, figs. 4-6; VII; VIII, fig. 1; LI, figs. 3, 4; LV; LXXIV, fig. 4.

[Bombyx cecropia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., I, p. 447, No. 3 (1758); Mus. Ulr., p. 368 (1764); Clerck, Icones, t. 49, fig. 1

(1764); Hiibn. Eur. Schmett., Bomb., fig. 282 (1818?).
Attacus cecropia Drurt, 111. Ex. Ent., I, t. 18, fig. 2 (1773); Cram., Pap. Ent., I, t. 42, A, B (1775); Abb. & Smith,

Lep. Georg., I, t. 45 (1797).

Hyalophora cecropia Duncan, Nat. Libr., Exot. Moths, p. 132, t. 11 (1841).— W. F. Kirby.]

m

Mrs. Dimmock has contributed to Psyche (IV, 276) the following historical sketch of this

insect:

Harris (Kept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 279-280) describes the larva, imago, and cocoon of this species; later
(Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 385, 387-389) he adds figures of the larva, pupa, cocoon, and male imago; and still
later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 294-205) he again describes the larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 223-224)

212 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol.su,

describes larva, cocoon, and imago. Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., March, 1867, v. 1, p. 31) gives a note on the cocoon.
Riley (Amer. Entom., Feb. 1870, v. 2, p. 97-102, and 4th Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1872, p. 103-107) describes
the eggs and figures and describes the larva, pupa, cocoon, and male imago. Sprague (Can. Entom., April, 1870, v. 2,
p. 82) describes the eggs. Saunders (Can. Entom., Oct., 1S71, v. 3, p. 149-155) figures and describes the larva, cocoon,
and male imago. Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 125) describes the young larva. Worthington (Can.
Entom., Sept., 1876, v. 8, p. 165-166) notices some color varieties of the imago. Gentry (Can. Entom., March, 1877,
v. 9, p. 41— 49) describes the egg, different stages of the larva, and cocoon. Grote (Can. Entom., Sept., 1878, v. 10, p. 176)
says this species is double-brooded in the Southern United States. Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 113)
figures the larva. Neumoegen (Papilio, Jan., 1882, v. 2, p. 18) states that this species usually emerges from the pupal
State about 5 p.m.; Brodie {op. cit.. May, 18S2, v. 2, p. 83), on the contrary, states that the emergency normally takes
place about 10 a. m. Riley and others state that the larva has five stages, but Wailly (Bull. Soc. Acclim., France,
May, 1882, s. 3, v. 9, p. 266-267) writer that it has six stages. Brodie (Papilio, Feb., 1882, v. 1, p. 32-33) gives a list
of 49 species of plants belonging to 20 genera on which the larva will feed. The genera are Tilia, Acer, Negundo, Primus,
Spirxa, Crataegus, Pyrus, Amelanchier, Ribes, Sambucus, Ulmus, Quercus, Fagus, Corylus, Carpinus, Betula, Alnus,
SalLx, and Populus. From other authors the following genera are compiled: Berberis, Liriodendron, Syringa, Carya,
Gledilschia, Rubies, Ceanothus, Ampelopsis, Cephalanthus , Fraxinus , Vaccmium , and Rosa.

Imago. — s and $ . Body brick-red, abdomen banded with white, with a lateral white
line.

Fore wings gray or grizzly brown, tinged with brick-red at the base of the wing and on the
outside of the basal line. The latter is gra}r, edged externally with black and either forming a
distinct angle on the [cubital] vein or the line is a little curved. The middle area of the whig
is rather dark, without any decided reddish tint. Extradiscal line brick-reddish, white toward
the inner edge of the wing; the line is slightly curved outward opposite the discal spot and
either slightly or distinctly scalloped. Discal spot large, semicircular, directed outwards,
extended parallel with the costa; it is black on the edge, brick-red within, and white at the
inner end witliin. It varies in size, but is about one-fifth as long as the wing itself. The
grizzly black-brown shade of the whig reaches to the ocellus in cell II2 and breaks up into a series
of intracellular triangles projecting into the pale rich Vandyke brown margin of the wing.
These scallops frequently become detached, forming a series of black patches, the two largest
of which are situated hi cell median 1,2.

The ocellus is rounded oval, almost pyriform, black, enclosing a semicircular blue line,
with the sinus partly filled with pale vandyke-brown scales; a red line above the ocellus, and a
reddish apical shade. Toward the costa is a costo-apical zigzag white line slightly shaded
with red and composed of two large pointed scallops, and a part of a small one on the costa. A
clear black-brown scalloped submarginal line, the apex of each scallop either pointed or behind
the first median vein obtuse and broad and resting on the veins; this line ends in a black spot
on the costa near the apex, the white apico-costal line arising from the inner end of the same
black spot. Beyond this line the wing is clear pale rich Vandyke brown, clear of spots and
scales, and inclining to be a little deeper in tone on the edge of the wing.

Hind wings marked like the anterior ones, but with no basal line. Discal spot larger by a
third, and inclosing much more white near the base, and not reaching very near the extradis-
cal line, winch is a broad white line broadly edged externally with brick red shading into brown.
Beyond is a scalloped pale vandyke brown line. This shade or diffuse line is succeeded by
series of about six blackish brown elongated spots which are contracted on the middle of the
inner side. Beyond are two marginal parallel lines, the outermost the fainter of the two.

Under side of the wings with more white scales, the discal spots show a greater expanse of
white than above. Legs entirely brick-red.

Expanse of wings, 6* 155, ? 135; length of fore wing, S 76, $ 72 mm.
Size of discal spots on fore whigs, 14 by 5 mm.; on hind wings, 16 by 6 \ nun.

[Geographical distribution. — The records of the United States Department of Agriculture
indicate the occurrence of S. cecropia in the following localities (the collectors' names are not
given) : Massachusetts (Holyoke) ; Maine (Riclunond, Bucksport, South Lewiston) ; New
Hampshire (Sanbornville) ; New York (Charlton, East Steamburg, Hillsdale, New York City,
Onondaga Hill, Brooklyn, Rockville Center); New Jersey (Hammerton, Basking Ridge;
Freehold) ; Pennsylvania (Dreshertown, Norristown, Roulette, North East, Connellsville) ;

No. 1.

BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD.

213

Fig. 23.— Samia cccropia. De-
tails of femalo antenna, show-
ing forked pectinations.

Delaware (New Castle) ; Maryland (Faulkner, Hurlock, Baltimore, Rockville, Smithsburg) ;
Virginia (Buekner, Lloyds, Bluestone, Robious, Fort Royal) ; District of Columbia (Washing-
ton) ; West Virginia (Wytheville) ; Obio (Knoxdale, Hicksville, Dayton, Bremen, Toledo) ;
Illinois (Alma, Mokena, Downers Grove, St. Joseph); Indiana (Coatesville, Freetown); Mis-
souri (Reeds, House Springs, Andras) ; Minnesota (Winona, Duluth) ; Wisconsin (River Falls) ;
Michigan (Brant, Pioneer) ; North Dakota (Dickinson) ; South Dakota (Huron, Rapid City) ;
Iowa (Albia); Nebraska (Calaway, North Loup, Lexington, McCook,
Belvidere) ; Kansas (Great Bend, Burlington, Emporia, Kinsley) ; Okla-
homa (Thurston, Adair) ; Texas (Hockley, Galveston, Dime Box, Boerne,
Flatonia) ; Arkansas (Fallsville, Taylor) ; Mississippi (Chatawa, Pasca-
goula, University, Holly Springs, Pass Clrristian) ; Louisiana (Collings-
burg, Montgomery) ; Florida (Freeport) ; Tennessee (Limestone, Devalls
Bluff); North Carolina (Wilkesboro) ; South Carolina (Bluffton); Ken-
tucky (Milton); Montana (Helena). The record from Helena, Mont.,
was based on a specimen sent by Messrs. Child and Jones, and deter-
mined as S. cecropia by Prof. Comstock in 1880. The record from
McCook, Nebr., was based on data supplied by Miss S. M. Le Hew, which
were considered at the time (1889) to indicate S. cecropia. It seems pos-
sible that north of Colorado S. cecropia may in part invade the territory
of S. gloveri; perhaps it has spread westward in recent years. I recently
asked Prof. M. H. Swenk, of the University of Nebraska, to give me the
Nebraska records for cecropia and gloveri. To my surprise he replied that
there was no definite record of gloveri for that State, but that cecropia
occurred throughout. His data (given July 22, 1912) are quoted in full,
as they are likely to be of historic interest hereafter: "We have over-
whelming evidence that this insect occurs throughout the State and is as abundant in
western Nebraska as in eastern Nebraska, if not more so; in fact, in some localities it is
abundant enough to be a pest on orchard and shade trees. Here at Lincoln we have found
it very common and it is abundant in the vicinity of Omaha. Mr. R. W. Dawson, my
assistant, tells me that he found it common in Sioux County during different years, both in
Warbonnet Canyon hi the Hat Creek Basin and at Glen. In 1905 at Gordon, Sheridan County,
he found these larvae very abundant, thousands of them on the trees in town, which were being
badly defoliated. Looking over my economic record I find the following instances of occurrence

in damaging numbers in western Nebraska: At Rushville,
Sheridan County, June 17, 1908, Mr. S. B. Higgins sent larvae,
and reported it as injuring his apple trees, and stated that it had
done so for two years past. At Sidney, Cheyenne County,
April 24, 1909, Mr. L. Bordwell reported these larvae as greatly
injuring the trees in that vicinity. From Bigspring, Deuel
County, September 13, 1908, Mr. E. F. Stevens sent specimens
and said the worms were destroying his plums. From Stratton,
Hitchcock County, Mr. T. E. Wellman sent cecropia cocoons
March 7, 1910, with a statement that the insect injured plum
foliage in that vicinity. From North Platte, Lincoln County,
August 27, 1909, Mi-. Frank Soukup sent specimens and
reported the insect injuring box elders and honey locusts.
September 4, 1908, Mr. F. C. Stoner sent specimens from
Sumiyside, Brown County, with a statement that the larvae were eating the foliage of his
fruit trees. We have also received specimens from Blue Hill, Nelson, and Inavale, with
similar reports. Along with your card requesting this information comes a letter from Mitchell,
Scotts Bluff County, within a few miles of the Wyoming line, accompanied by a specimen of the
cecropia moth for identification. If you will note these localities you will see that they embrace
practically all sections of western Nebraska, and from the reports the bisect is abundant enough

FIG. 24. — Samia cccropia. Female genitalia.
From an alcoholic specimen.

214

MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vol. XH,

to attract the attention of our correspondents as a pest. All of these reports have been verified
by specimens."]

[Strecker in litt. reported S. cecropia from New Orleans, La. Dr. James Fletcher (litt.,
1900) said it occurred not uncommonly from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick, up to the western Limits of Ontario, but he did not recall ever having seen a
specimen in Manitoba.]

Life history.

[The following account of the transformations of S. cecropia appeared in Proc. Amer. Acad.
Arts and Sciences, 1893:]

From some eggs received from Mr. H. Meeske, of Brooklyn, N. Y., the larvae hatched out at Providence during
the night of June 14.

Egg. — It is large, flattened, oval-cylindrical. Length 2.5, breadth 2 mm. The shell is dull chalky white, is seen
under a triplet to be pitted, but under a half-inch objective the pits are seen to be in close irregular wavy parallel rows,

the pits themselves showing a tendency to
be grouped into twos or threes.

Larva. — Stage I: Length when first
hatched (June 15), 6 to 7 mm. On emerg-
ing from the egg the larva is mostly black,
the head, body, and hairs are jet-black, but
the tubercles are pale yellowish green, the
hairs or bristles they bear being black; the
abdominal legs also are pale, the thoracic
ones black ; shortly after emerging the larva
turns entirely black. One larva was ob-
erved drawing itself slowly out of the hole
it had gnawed in the egg, having eaten its
way through the eggshell at 11.30 a. m.,
June 15. It was mostly black, but the pale
yellowish green tubercles were flattened
down close to the body, and the hairs or setae
in each verticil or pencil were united in one
pencil-like mass and bent to one side on the
body. The abdominal legs were pale livid,
the thoracic ones black. In 10 minutes more
the tubercles had become erect, higher and
longer (probably swelled out by the pres-
ence of the blood ), and by this time the hairs
had assumed their radiate arrangement.

In one or two minutes more, viz, from
11 to 12 minutes after extricating itself
from the egg, the tubercles had all become
of full length, and erect, and the black
setae, or hairs, had now spread out in a
verticillate way, as normal. In an hour more the larva had turned perceptibly darker, and in three-quarters of
an hour more it had turned entirely black. The spiracles, however, are yellowish green, and thus are rather con-
spicuous. The body is stout and thick, the head is as wide a3 the body. On the prothoracic segment are four dorsal
tubercles, two on each side of the median line. Along the body are six rows of tubercles, each usually bearing about
five radiating se tag; those of the two dorsal series are larger than the subdorsal ones. The tubercles are rather short
and stout, fleshy; and are one-half to two-thirds as long as the bristles. The latter are stout, taper to one end, which
under a half-inch objective is seen to be blunt, slightly bulbous, and clear, so that these setae are evidently glandular
in function; they are slightly rough with rudimentary spinules. On the eighth abdominal segment, instead of two
tubercles, one on each side of the median line, as on abdominal segments 1 to 7, there is a single median tubercle,
about twice as large round as those on each side, though no higher, and it is evidently the result of the. concrescence
in the embryo stage of two tubercles, such as are to be seen on the segments in front. It is transversely broad at base,
and also bears 8 or 10 setae, or nearly twice as many as the homologous tubercles on the other segments. The thoracic
feet bear at their tips three lancet-shaped flattened acute tenant hairs; while the abdominal legs bear about 16 crotchets.
Figure 25 represents the last three abdominal segments; VIII bearing the median double tubercle d', and IX the
ninth pair (the right subdorsal tubercle on the ninth segment not being drawn); X the suranal plate with its armature,
the two lateral tubercles, bearing each six setae; the tubercles in front usually bear five setse.

Fig. 25.

no. i. BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA— PACKARD. 215

Figure 26. The double median dorsal tubercle of the eighth abdominal segment, showing a light median furrow,
the probable line of union of what in the embryo were originally separate tubercles; it bears 10 setae, arranged in two
lateral groups of five each.

Stage II. (Described one or two days after molting.) Length 14 mm. The head now is quite small, scarcely
one-half wider than the body; it is entirely black.

The body is dull dusky livid greenish; the tubercles are somewhat yellowish at base on the conical portion, but
the slender chitinous portion is shining black, and the radiating bristles are all black; one or two of them are longer than
the column or chitinous portion of the tubercle. The thoracic tubercles are slightly longer than those on the abdominal
segments, and the single median one on the eighth abdominal segment is slightly larger than those on the seventh and
ninth segments, and is now about twice as thick as those on the side, and bears eight bristles, the lateral ones on the
same segment bearing five. The prothoracic segment is a little darker than the others; it bears a chitinous black
plate about four times as broad as long, bearing on the front edge four setiferous tubercles of equal size, one at each
end, and with two yellow spots. The tubercles in general are now long and slende., with a conical base, the stalk
contracted and rather slender in the middle, the head enlarged and giving off the four or five bristles. There are now
five rows of indistinct black spots, along the body, like those so distinct in Philosamia cynthia, but they are not distinctly
seen; those of the median row are somewhat diamond-shaped. One was observed while molting, June 23. Length
15 mm., becoming 17 mm. The larva is more like P. cynthia, as directly after molting it is yellowish, and the five
rows of black spots are now very conspicuous, the median dorsal ones being more or less diamond -shaped; but the
tubercles and spines are all black. The head is black, but pale on the labrum.

In this stage, just before molting, it spins a floor of silk longer than its body, on which to stand, its crotchets being
fastened in it during the process of exuviation.

On June 28, at 9 a. m., one had just molted, having been seen to draw itself out of the crumpled end of its skin.
All the tubercles of the two dorsal rows are amber-yellow, except those on the second and third thoracic segments,
which are a little larger than the others, and deep orange. The four pro-
thoracic and also the two lateral rows are pale greenish, without any flesh
tints. At this time both the head and the prothoracic segment are entirely
pale greenish yellow, and the body is deep yellow, like that of P. cynthia,
with the black spots very conspicuous; all the spines, however, on all the
tubercles are black. The tubercles ' are now much stouter than before, but
are not yet spotted on the sides with black, as they are later in this stage. Its
length soon becomes from 10 to 20 mm.

Half an hour later (9.30 a. m.)it had not changed, but by 11 o'clock
a.m. the four prothoracic tubercles (rather, however, three, as the inner one
on the right side is wanting, another malformation) and the second or
lower lateral row had turned dark, while the upper lateral row had begun
to turn dark at the base. The black patches on the sides of the dorsal
tubercles had also begun to appear; also the region at the base of the
antennae, as well as the clypeus and labrum, had turned pale. FlG 26.

At 12.45 p. m. the black tints became more pronounced. The pro-
thoracic spines had all turned, as well as the two lateral ones, except those on the sixth abdominal segment, which
were still pale at the end. In the first or upper lateral row the tubercles were pale at the end. Of the two dorsal
rows, those of the abdomen are lemon-yellow, and dusky at base, the two on the ninth segment being pale sea-green
with a black patch or band on the side extending around behind. The double large median tubercle on the eighth
abdominal segment is now lemon-yellow, like those in front, with a large trapezoidal black patch on the posterior half,
which does not reach up as far as the origin of the black spines. The spiracles are ringed with black.

By 3 p. m. all the dark portions and markings had become jet-black; there are now 10 black spots on each segment,
and the larva had now attained a length of 18 mm.

Stage III; Length 20 mm. The following is the description of this stage when fully completed, and the color of
the markings fully established. The head is black, with the clypeal and labral regions green, while an irregular green
band passes back from the labrum above the eyes to the side of the head, the latter being now about two-thirds as wide
as the body. The larva is cylindrical, the tubercles are high and thick, the longer bristles being as long as the tuber-
cles themselves. All the prothoracic tubercles are black; the two dorsal ones on each side being united by a black
shining bridge at their base. The tubercles of the second and third thoracic segments are now deep coral-red, with
black bristles; they are larger than the abdominal ones, and are very showy. The two dorsal rows of abominal tuber-
cles are lemon-yellow with black spines, and black at the base behind and on the sides. The single median spine on
the eighth segment is nearly twice as thick as the others of the same segment on each side. The two lateral rows of
tubercles are black, with the ends of a beautiful pale blue, approaching lapis-lazuli . There are a median and two lateral rows
of black spots, situated between the spines; the median dorsal series consists of two spots, one in front of the other;
while the spiracular series consists of two, one in front and the other behind, but lower down than the spiracle. In
some examples the body is yellowish.

i One tubercle on the left side of the third abdominal segment has no spines, a malformation never before observed.

216 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. vol. xn,

The thoracic legs are black; those of the abdominal region green, but shining black on the outer side; the anal
legs with a shining black patch nearly covering the outside of the leg. In one example the tubercles are aborted on
the left side of the second and